| British Columbia (Capital Regional District), Victoria — Beacon Hill |
| | Death, life and happiness are in the story of Beacon Hill.
On these headlands, where an ancient race once buried their dead, early settlers erected beacons to guide mariners past dangerous Brotchie Ledge.
Here, too, ever since Victoria was founded in 1843, people have gathered to enjoy sports and a vista of timeless appeal. — Map (db m49255) HM |
| British Columbia (Capital Regional District), Victoria — Figures and Medallions of the Library Wing of Parliament Building |
| | [Medallions, top row]
Milton – Sophocles – Shakespeare – Socrates – Dante – Homer
[Statues, anti-clockwise from the top left]
Colonel R.C. Moody
1813-1887
Commander of Royal Engineers in 1858, erected New Westminster as capital of B.C., planned the Cariboo Road.
David Thompson
1770 – 1857
Greatest of fur trade explorers. In 1812 traversed Kootenay area, descended the Columbia from source to mouth.
Sir Anthony Musgrave
1828 – . . . — Map (db m49045) HM |
| British Columbia (Capital Regional District), Victoria — Finlayson Point |
| | Named after Roderick Finlayson Chief – Factor Hudson’s Bay Company at Victoria 1844 – 1872.
Before the arrival of white men this was the sit of an ancient fortified Indian Village.
A battery of two 64 pound wrought iron rifled guns stood here 1878 – 1892 for protection against and expected Russian invasion. — Map (db m49244) HM |
| British Columbia (Capital Regional District), Victoria — Knowledge Totem |
| | Carved by Master Carver Cicero August and his sons Darrell and Doug August for the Cowichan Tribes, on the occasion of the closing of the XIV Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand and the beginning of Victoria’s role as host of the XV Commonwealth Games, August 18-24, 1994 in Victoria, British Columbia.
The loon, fisherman, bone game player and frog represent lessons of the past and hope for the future.
Erected February 2, 1990 — Map (db m49043) HM |
| British Columbia (Capital Regional District), Victoria — World’s Tallest Totem Pole — The Legend of the Totem |
| | 127 Feet, 7 Inches
Carved by Mungo Martin • David Martin • Henry Hunt
Dedicated July 2, 1956
Percy B. Scurrah, Mayor of Victoria
Hon. Ray Williston, Minister of Education
Stuart Keate, Sponsor
Raised by public subscription through the Victoria Daily Times
The Legend of the Totem
“Memento of the Nation’s infancy, symbol of a proud race. Monument to rare native art. Proof of a united community interest and the purest form of Canadiana.” (Victoria Daily Times) . . . — Map (db m49250) HM |
| British Columbia (Cariboo Regional District), Fort St. James — Fort St. James |
| |
English:
Simon Fraser and John Stuart established Fort St. James among the Carrier Indians in 1806. Originally a North West Company post, it passed to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821. From the beginning an important centre of trade and cooperation with the Indians, it became, under the Hudson’s Bay Company, the chief trading post in north-central British Columbia and the administrative centre of the large and prosperous district of New Caledonia. Throughout its history Fort St. . . . — Map (db m42736) HM |
| British Columbia (Greater Vancouver Regional District), North Vancouver — St. Paul's Church — L'église Saint-Paul |
| | {In English:} The oldest surviving mission church in the Vancouver area has long been a focal point of the Mission Reserve. Chief Snat, a renowned Squamish leader, assisted by the Oblate missionaries, was largely responsible for building the first church here in 1868 and for securing this land as a reserve in the following year. In 1884 the early chapel was replaced by the present structure and in 1910 corner towers and transepts were added. The church is named in tribute to Bishop Paul . . . — Map (db m32481) HM |
| British Columbia (Greater Vancouver Regional District), Surrey — Historic Port Elgin — Transportation & Communication — Part of Surrey’s Built Heritage |
| | River Routes
Located near the intersection of the King George VI Highway and the Nicomekl River, the Port Elgin area has been a crossroads for various forms of traffic for thousands of years. For centuries prior to the arrival of the first European settlers, Natives regularly canoed up the Nicomekl River and down the Salmon River as they made their way to the salmon-fishing platforms in the Frasier Canyon.
The Hudson’s Bay Company’s chief trader James McMillan and his party of men . . . — Map (db m63715) HM |
| British Columbia (Kitimat-Stikine Regional District), Moricetown — Moricetown Canyon |
| | This site, once the largest village of the Bulkley Valley Indians, later was named after the pioneer missionary, Father Morice. Salmon, staple food of the Indian, concentrated in the canyon and were caught with basketry traps, dip-nets, and harpoons. Indians still catch salmon with long gaff nooks and smoke them at this historic native fishery. — Map (db m9072) HM |
| British Columbia (Skeena-Queen Charlotte Regional District), Tyee — “K-Shian” – The Skeena |
| | The Skeena, “river of mists,” makes a major cleft through the Coast Mountains. To Coastal Tsimshian Indians and Interior tribes it was vital to trade and travel. In later years, Port Essington, near the river’s mouth, became the main port of this swift, treacherous waterway – a route serving pioneers from the 1860s to 1914 when the railway was built. — Map (db m9074) HM |
| New Brunswick (Charlotte County), Welshpool — Passamaquoddy Tribe / La Tribu Passamaquoddy |
| |
Passamaquoddy Bay takes its name from the Native American Passamaquoddy Tribe. The word means People of the Pollock-Spearing Place. The Passamaquoddy have a rich heritage, once occupying much of what is now eastern Maine and western New Brunswick. They lived inland, seasonally, where during the colder months they subsisted mainly by hunting and fishing. During the warmer months, they moved to the shore (where there were cooler temperatures and fewer biting flies) to harvest abundant . . . — Map (db m63617) HM |
| Ontario, Ottawa — Silent Messengers of the Arctic — Inuksuk created by Kananginak Pootoogook, 1997 |
| | For generations, the Inuit have been creating impressive stone markers on the Arctic landscape. Inuksuk means "acting in the capacity of a human." They serve many functions, including guiding travellers, warning of danger, assisting hunters and marking places of reverence. — Map (db m39750) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Amherstburg — Simon Girty U.E. — 1741 - 1818 |
| | Girty's life crossed cultural boundaries between native and white societies on the frontier of American settlement. In 1756 his family was captured by a French-led native war party in Pennsylvania. Simon was adopted by the Seneca, then repatriated in 1764. An interpreter at Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh), he became an intermediary with native nations. In 1778, dismayed over rebel policy on the natives, Girty fled to Detroit. During the Revolutionary War and subsequent conflicts in the Ohio Valley, he . . . — Map (db m34688) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Amherstburg — The "Tecumseh Stone" |
| | Tradition has it that the Indian leader Tecumseh stood upon this stone to deliver a final address to the British at Amherstburg after the Battle of Lake Erie. Donated in 1939, it originally stood near the corner of Dalhousie and Gore Streets. In his speech Tecumseh asserted, in part:
Father, listen...You always told us to remain here and take care of our lands. It made our hearts glad to hear that was your wish; our great father the king is the head, you represent him. You always told . . . — Map (db m34412) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Amherstburg — The Great Sauk Trail |
| | Part of an ancient network of Indian paths, the Great Sauk Trail, as it came to be known, extended from Rock Island in present-day Illinois to the Detroit River. It played a significant role in the communications between the native peoples in the upper Mississippi Valley and the British in this region, particularly during the period of Anglo-American rivalry following the American Revolution. For four decades pro-British tribes such as the Sauk and the Fox made annual pilgrimages along the . . . — Map (db m36976) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Amherstburg — The Wyandot — Les Hurons de Detroit |
| | This area was once the home of the Wyandot, remnants of the Huron, Neutrals, and Petuns who were dispersed by the Iroquois in the 1640's. Some eventually reunited and settled along the Detroit River, where they became known as the Hurons of Detroit, or Wyandot. After the fall of New France, the Wyandot became supporters of the British during the American Revolution although many remained neutral in the War of 1812. In the 1840's a number of the Wyandot were moved to a reserve in Kansas while others stayed to help develop this region. — Map (db m37340) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Windsor — 1748 |
| | The original cross
Was erected in
1748
By the Jesuit
Missionaries
— • —
Was re-enacted at the Old Boys re union Aug., 1909
Re-enacted and this permanent cross erected by the
Border Cities Old Boys in Aug., 1922 — Map (db m37519) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Windsor — Jesuit Mission to the Hurons |
| | In 1728 a mission to the Huron Indians was established near Fort Pontchartrain (Detroit) by Father Armand de la Richardie, S.J. The mission was moved to Bois Blane Island and the adjacent mainland in 1742. In 1747 it was destroyed by disaffected Hurons and a party of Iroquois, and the next year re-established in this vicinity. The Huron Mission became the Parish of Assumption in 1767 and was entrusted with the spiritual care of the French settlers on this side of the river as well as the . . . — Map (db m37386) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Windsor — Montreal Point in 1782 — The Huron First Nation's gift to the Roman Catholic Church |
| | In the year 1782 the Huron First Nation gave Montreal Point to the Diocese. The Jesuit Fathers constructed the Assumption Parish in 1787, the first Roman Catholic Parish west of Montreal, Quebec. Today the park, named Assumption, is owned and managed by the City of Windsor for its citizens. The City has some 8 kilometers, (5 miles), of riverfront parks for your enjoyment. The Department of Parks and Recreation invites you to explore the city's network of riverfront and neighborhood parks. — Map (db m37389) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Windsor — The Capture of Detroit |
| | Confident of victory, General Hull had invaded Canada in July 1812, but failed to take advantage of his early success and the demoralization of the defenders. Fear of the Indians then rallying to the British cause and an inability to maintain supply lines dictated Hull's withdrawal to Detroit. In a daring move on 16 August General Brock embarked his troops at McKee's Point, crossed the river and forced the surrender of the Americans. This important victory raised the spirits of the Canadians . . . — Map (db m34321) HM |
| Ontario (Essex County), Windsor — The Siege of Detroit 1763 |
| | Shortly after the founding of Detroit in 1970 a village of Ottawa Indians was established on the south shore of the river in this vicinity and its inhabitants lived on friendly terms with the French garrison and settlers. However after the British took control of Detroit and other western posts in 1760, relations with the Indians deteriorated. In 1763 the great Ottawa chief, Pontiac, raised a strong confederacy of Indian tribes and attacked several British posts. Detroit was besieged from May . . . — Map (db m36944) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Chippawa — Battle of Chippawa |
| | [Text on the West Side]:
Battle of Chippawa
5 July 1814
In memory of all those who fought on this ground, many of whom are buried nearby,
and to commemorate the peace that has prevailed between Canada and the United States
since that time.
This monument was erected and dedicated by
The Niagara Parks Commission.
October 2001.
Brian E. Merrett, Chairman
The Niagara Parks Commission
[Text on the South Side]: . . . — Map (db m49393) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Chippawa — Chippawa Battlefield Panel 1 — Background to a Battle |
| | On these fields and the surrounding woods 4,000 American, British, Canadian and Native forces fought the first major battle of the Niagara campaign of 1814. When the last shots died away on Samuel Street's farm, more than 800 lay dead and wounded. Since 18 June 1812, when the United States declared war on Great Britain, a small force of British Regulars, Canadian Militia and Native Warriors had turned back seven American invasions of Canada.
On 3 July 1814, Major General Jacob Brown, . . . — Map (db m49398) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Chippawa — Chippawa Battlefield Panel 2 — Opening Strikes — July 5, 1814 3:00 p.m. |
| | At dawn 5 July 1814, parties of Canadian-Militia and British allied Native Warriors scouted the American camp. They began sniping from the bushes on the north side of Street's Creek and this continued throughout the morning. Around noon, General Brown ordered General Porter to take some of his men and end this harassing fire.
At about 2pm, Porter led his New York and Pennsylvania Militia and allied Warriors into the woods to the west, crossed the creek and drove the scouting parties . . . — Map (db m49399) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Chippawa — Chippawa Battlefield Panel 5 — Final Stages — July 5, 1814 5:30 p.m. |
| | As the battle raged, more American artillery deployed to the middle of the plain between the 11th U.S. and the lone 25th U.S. company, less than 100 meters (109 yards) from the British line. General Brown then led Ripley's brigade across Street's Creek to the west in an effort to envelop the entire British Force. However, the creek was chest deep, the undergrowth thick and Ripley's men never did join the fight on the plain. Meanwhile, with point blank canister raking his line, the enemy's . . . — Map (db m49403) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Queenston — 2. The Treacherous River Cliff — The Battle of Queenston Heights Walking Tour — Stop 2 of the 5-stop walking tour |
| | "An unguarded trail up this steep cliff was the only route which the Americans had to the heights of Queenston. The trail was to your right but does not exist any longer. Trapped on the river shore by unrelenting gunfire, the Americans contemplated a desperate action: the ascent of this cliff. The British, positioned on a ledge between here and the Village of Queenston did not detect the movement and the attackers took the Heights by surprise. However, later in the battle this cliff became a . . . — Map (db m55030) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Queenston — 5. The Decisive Battle — The Battle of Queenston Heights Walking Tour — Stop 5 of the 5-stop walking tour |
| | On the plateau before you, the British and Americans met for battle. The British formed a line to your right, the Americans to your left. General Sheaffe formed a British counter-offensive force of nine hundred men in a line shoulder to shoulder. The Americans were slightly greater in number but had not been reinforced with troops or arms since the arrival of the Indians. They had to meet the British with their backs to the river precipice. The British combined force advanced with fixed . . . — Map (db m55028) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Queenston — Indians at Queenston Heights — October 13, 1812 |
| | Warriors of the Six Nations of Iroquois (Mohawks, Oniedas Onondagos, Cayugas, Senecas, Tuscaroras), mainly from the Grand River, fought as allies of the British in this historic battle with the Americans. Speaking distinctive dialects and with different religious beliefs, these Indians were drawn together for the battle by John Norton, a resourceful and courageous commander. Norton, a man of Cherokee and Scottish ancestry, was a Mohawk (Teyoninhokarawen) by adoption. With John Brant . . . — Map (db m49168) HM |
| Ontario (The Regional Municipality of Niagara), Queenston — The Battle of Queenston Heights — The Battle of Queenston Heights Walking Tour |
| | The Battle of Queenston Heights
The village below you and the heights on which you are standing were the stage for the famous Battle of Queenston Heights.
It took place during the Anglo-American conflict 1812-1815 known as the War of 1812. During the early morning hours of October 13, 1812 an American invasion force camped at Lewiston crossed the Niagara river and gained control of the heights of Queenston. After many hours of fierce combat, they were crushed by a combined . . . — Map (db m51682) HM |
| Yukon Territory, Haines Junction — The Tatshenshini River — La rivière Tatshenshini |
| | {English} The Tatshenshini River, known as Shawshe Chu in the Southern Tutchone language, begins in northwestern British Columbia and flows nearly 200 kilometers through the traditional territory of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations into the Gulf of Alaska. The Tatshenshini is a traditional travel route with great cultural and spiritual significance to Southern Tetchome and Tlingit First Nations. Flowing down rugged canyons carved through coastal mountains, post glacier-filled valleys, . . . — Map (db m49612) HM |
| Alabama (Autauga County), Prattville — A County Older Than the State, Autauga County |
| | Created in 1818 by an act of
Alabama Territorial Legislature.
Autauga Indians lived on creek
from which the county takes its name.
Autaugas were members of the Alibamo tribe.
They sent many warriors to resist
Andrew Jackson's invasion in Creek War.
County was part of the territory ceded
by the Creeks in Treaty of Ft. Jackson, 1814.
Prattville county seat since 1868.
Earlier: Jackson's Mill, Washington, Kingston. — Map (db m27907) HM |
| Alabama (Blount County), Blountsville — Blountsville |
| |
1820-1889 seat of Blount County a county older than the State.
Named for Tennessee Governor W. G. Blount who sent Andrew Jackson to aid Alabama settlers in Creek Indian War, 1812-1814.
Indian Chief Bear Meat lived here at crossing of old Indian trading paths.
1816 - Tennesseans began trading post here and called village Bear Meat Cabin.
1820 - named changed to Blountsville and made county seat.
1889 - County seat moved to Oneonta. — Map (db m28038) HM |
| Alabama (Blount County), Oneonta — Blount County — A County Older Than the State |
| | Created Feb. 7, 1818 by Alabama Territorial Legislature from lands ceded by the Creek Indian Nation. Named for the Tennessee Governor W. G. Blount, who sent militia under Andrew Jackson to punish the Creeks for Fort Mims massacre. Jackson fought and won the Creek War. Creek gave up half of their lands in Treaty of Ft. Jackson, 1814. Some of Jackson's men were first settlers of Blount. County seat moved here in 1889. — Map (db m24353) HM |
| Alabama (Bullock County), Union Springs — Indian Treaty Boundary Line |
| | The Treaty of Fort Jackson of August 9, 1814, by Major General Andrew Jackson on behalf of the President of the United States of America and the Chiefs, Deputies and Warriors of the Creek Nation, established a boundary line between the Mississippi Territory and the Creek Nation. The line began at a point ten miles from the mouth of the Ofucshee Creek directly to the mouth of the Summochico Creek on the Chatahouchie River. The Creek Treaty of Washington, signed on March 24, 1832, ceded the . . . — Map (db m61025) HM |
| Alabama (Bullock County), Union Springs — Indian Treaty Boundary Line |
| | The Treaty of Fort Jackson of August 9, 1814, by Major General Andrew Jackson on behalf of the President of the United States of America and the Chiefs, Deputies and Warriors of the Creek Nation, established a boundary line between the Mississippi Territory and the Creek Nation. The line began at a point ten miles from the mouth of the Ofucshee Creek directly to the mouth of the Summochico Creek on the Chatahouchie River. The Creek Treaty of Washington, signed on March 24, 1832, ceded the . . . — Map (db m61026) HM |
| Alabama (Calhoun County), Alexandria — Lincoyer — and The Battle of Tallasehatchee |
| | At this site, on Nov. 3, 1813, after the Battle of
Tallasehatchee, known then as Talluschatches,
during the Creek Indian War,
Gen. Andrew Jackson found a dead
Creek Indian woman embracing her living
infant son. Gen. Jackson, upon hearing that the
other Creek Indian women were planning to kill
the infant, as was their custom when all relations
were dead, became himself the protector
and guardian of the child.
Because of his compassion, Gen. Jackson took
the infant to Fort . . . — Map (db m36551) HM |
| Alabama (Calhoun County), Alexandria — Tallasseehatchee — Creek Indian War 1813-14 — Nov. 3, 1813 |
| | Gen. John Coffee, commanding 900 Tennessee Volunteers, surrounded Indians nearby; killed some 200 warriors. This was first American victory. It avenged earlier massacre of 517 at Ft. Mims by Indians. — Map (db m27610) HM |
| Alabama (Calhoun County), Jacksonville — Chief Ladiga Trail - Jacksonville |
| | The Chief Ladiga Trail was named for a Creek Indian leader who signed the Cusseta Treaty in 1832. Under the terms of that agreement, the Creeks gave up claim to their remaining lands in northeast Alabama. Because he had signed the treaty, Ladiga was allowed to select some land in Benton County for his wife and himself. A year after the treaty, he sold part of his holdings for $2,000 to a group of speculators headed by Charles White Peters. That land later became Jacksonville. After selling the . . . — Map (db m36438) HM |
| Alabama (Calhoun County), Jacksonville — Jacksonville, Alabama — “Gem of the Hills” |
| | Life here has long centered on education beginning in 1834 when a one-acre plot of land was reserved for a schoolhouse. Through the years, various institutions of higher learning developed that culminated into present-day Jacksonville State University. Land that was to become Jacksonville was purchased from Creek Indian Chief Ladiga in 1833. Originally called Drayton, its name was changed to Jacksonville in 1836. Jacksonville experienced a rich heritage as the county seat of Calhoun County. Its . . . — Map (db m36429) HM |
| Alabama (Calhoun County), Jacksonville — Site of Indian Trading Post |
| | This is the place
where one of the
original Creek
Indian Trading Posts
stood in 1830.
Ladiga was Chief
of the tribe. — Map (db m36483) HM |
| Alabama (Chambers County), LaFayette — Chambers County |
| | Chambers County, created December 18, 1832 from Creek Indian cession. Named for Dr. Henry C. Chambers of Madison County, member of Constitutional Convention 1819, legislature of 1820, elected U.S. Senator 1825 but died enroute to Washington.
County government organized 1833 by Judge James Thompson of Jefferson County. First officers were: Nathaniel Greer, Sheriff; William House, Clk. Cir. Ct.; Joseph J. Williams, Clk. Co. Ct.; Booker Lawson, John Wood, William Fannin, John A. Hurst, . . . — Map (db m18162) HM |
| Alabama (Chambers County), Lanett — 141-10 — Ocfuskooche Tallauhassee |
| | A flourishing, ancient town of the Muscogee Indians known as Ocfuskooche Tallahassee (Old Town) stood on this site. English traders from Charles Town visited it about 1685. A trail known as "Old Horse Path" led from this village to the Tallapoosa. Ocfuskooche
is known to have existed through Colonial and Revolutionary times but, soon after 1790, the town was abandoned and its inhabitants moved westward to settle on the Tallapoosa River. The westward surge of settlers and bitter frontier fighting forced the move. — Map (db m36315) HM |
| Alabama (Clarke County), Thomasville — Choctaw Corner |
| | Established by Choctaw and Creek Indians about 1808 as the northern limit of boundary line between their lands. This line begins at the cut-off in South Clark County, follows the watershed between Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers without crossing water.
The disputed territory boundary was settled by two ball games, one between the warriors and one between the squaws of each tribe. The Choctaws won both games clearing forever their title to the lands.
Actual site of corner is 1.7 miles North, N.E.. — Map (db m38586) HM |
| Alabama (Clarke County), Whatley — Kimbell - James Massacre — ←½ mile— |
| | Sept. 1, 1813
Creek Indian War. 1813-14
Part of War of 1812. British used Pensacola as base to arm, incite Indians against U.S..
Prophet Francis led Indians in this raid on Kimbell home. They Killed and scalped 12 of 14 (two survivors left for dead); pillaged house, Killed livestock. — Map (db m47635) HM |
| Alabama (Clarke County), Whatley — Old Indian Trail |
| | Here passed the Old Indian Trail used as a dividing line between the Choctaw and Creek Tribes.
General Andrew Jackson and his troops rested here for the night in 1813. — Map (db m47633) HM |
| Alabama (Clarke County), Whatley — Old Line Road |
| | Commences at the Cut-Off, or the first high ground in that vicinity, follows the watershed between the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers, and ends at Choctaw Corner. Established in 1808 by the Creek and Choctaw Indians as the dividing line between their lands. — Map (db m47628) HM |
| Alabama (Colbert County), Cherokee — Bear Creek Mound |
| | The village site was occupied as early as 8000 B.C. by hunters who stayed only long enough to prepare their kill. From the time of Christ to 1000 A.D., migratory people of this area practiced limited agriculture.
The nearby fields and streams offered an abundance of nuts, fruits, game and fish.
These people shaped this mound and built a crude temple on its summit to house their sacred images. — Map (db m36061) HM |
| Alabama (Colbert County), Sheffield — History of Sheffield |
| | Side A Prehistoric man arrived in this area bout 10,000 years ago.
Later Indian cultures left many stone artifacts and pottery vessels.
In the 1780s, a French trading post and Indian village were located near the mouth of Spring Creek. The town of York Bluff was laid out in 1820 and Andrew Jackson brought land for a plantation. A few houses and store were built but that "town" dwindled away. In 1832, the first railroad in the state terminated at Tuscumbia Landing near Spring Creek. . . . — Map (db m35624) HM |
| Alabama (Colbert County), Tuscumbia — American Indian History |
| | Side 1
Oka Kapassa (Ococoposa), meaning "Cold Water", was the Chickasaw name given to Spring Creek and to a trading post established near the Tennessee River about 1780. About 1817, Michael Dickerson and others were greeted at what by then was called Big Spring by Chief Tuscumbia, a Chickasaw rainmaker. The settlers named the new town in his honor in 1822. Colbert County, formed in 1867 from the Northern half of Franklin County, was named for Chickasaw Chieftains George Colbert, . . . — Map (db m28585) HM |
| Alabama (Colbert County), Tuscumbia — History of Tuscumbia, Alabama |
| | The area around the Big Spring was inhabited by prehistoric Native Americans as early as 10,000 years ago. The first settlement was a French trading post and Indian village about 1780 on Cold Water Creek (Spring Creek) near the river. The first permanent white settlers were Michael Dickson and family, who arrived by keel boat about 1817, followed shortly by four brothers-in-law, Isaiah McDill, James McMann, Hugh Finley and David Matthews. Jackson's Military Road was constructed through . . . — Map (db m35414) HM |
| Alabama (Colbert County), Tuscumbia — Sacred Tears — By Branko Medenica — September 19, 2003 |
| | Panel 1
Tuscumbia and much of the Shoals area played an integral part in the "Trail of Tears" with the Tennessee River route and the overland routes. In 1825, the U.S. Government formally adopted a removal policy, which was carried out extensively in the 1830's by Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The result was particularly overwhelming for the Indians of the southeast, primarily the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole. While some resisted removal by . . . — Map (db m29285) HM |
| Alabama (Colbert County), Tuscumbia — Tuscumbia Big Spring |
| | Tuscumbia Big Spring
Big Spring (average daily flow 35,000,000 gallons) provided water for town founded on its banks.
Michael Dickson of Tennessee was first settler (about 1817). Town laid out in 1819 and incorporated as Ococoposo (Cold Water, 1820).
Name changed to Tuscumbia (1822) for a Chickasaw Indian. Confederate and Union soldiers camped here intermittently during wartime.
(1861~1865). Site of Tennessee Valley Fair in the 1800's, later Colbert County Fair until 1930's.
Spring park . . . — Map (db m28581) HM |
| Alabama (Dale County), Daleville — Daleville, Alabama |
| | Daleville, originally called Dale, was the county seat of Dale County from 1831-1841. William Harper was probate judge of Dale County, which was originally included in present-day Coffee County until 1841, present-day Geneva County until 1868, and part of Houston County until 1903. Dale County was named for General Sam Dale, foremost pioneer guide scout, messenger, and leader of settlers through the Creek and Choctaw nations of the Southeast and Gulf Coast. Noted for being cautious and cool in . . . — Map (db m41145) HM |
| Alabama (Dallas County), Selma — Ecor Bienville — 1702-1743 — The first recorded name of Selma |
| | This tablet commemorates the engagement between
Jean Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur de Bienville,
Governor of the Province,
and
The Alibamo Indians.
In 1714 Bienville made a friendly visit to this section. — Map (db m37658) HM |
| Alabama (DeKalb County), Fort Payne — Cherokee Indian Removal |
| | Under the provisions of the Cherokee Removal Act of 1830, a log stockade was built, “Two hundred yards Northeast of Big Spring.” The spring supplied abundant water for the Cherokees, the soldiers and livestock. Fort Payne was used as both an interment camp and a removal fort. It was built by Capt. James H. Rogers on a site chosen by Capt. John G. Payne. Rogers and 22 soldiers began construction of the fort on April 13, 1838 and remained until the departure of the last group of . . . — Map (db m36743) HM |
| Alabama (DeKalb County), Fort Payne — Fort Payne’s Fort |
| | The fort, consisting of a log house and large stockade, was built in 1838 by order of General Winfield Scott, commander of military forces responsible for the removal of Cherokee Indians.
Soldiers occupying the fort were commanded by Captain John C. Payne, for whom the fort was named.
Indians in the DeKalb County area who refused to move westward voluntarily were gathered and held in the stockade pending their forceful removal to the Indian territory.
Chimney still standing on . . . — Map (db m28030) HM |
| Alabama (DeKalb County), Fort Payne — Sequoyah — (1760-1843) |
| | Born in Tennessee, Sequoyah moved to Wills Town (DeKalb County, Alabama) area of the Cherokee Nation in 1818.
Here, in 1821, he invented an 86 symbol alphabet providing the Cherokees with the only written Indian language in the United States.
(Sequoyah, Maker Cherokee Alphabet) — Map (db m28033) HM |
| Alabama (DeKalb County), Fort Payne — Site of the Willstown Mission — 1823-1839 |
| | Also resting place of
Supt Ard Hoyt
1770-1828
Missionary to the
Cherokee Indians
Here and at Brainerd
1818-1828 — Map (db m36965) HM |
| Alabama (DeKalb County), Fort Payne — Wills Town Mission |
| | The mission was established in 1823 by the American Board of Missions to further education and Christianity among the Cherokee Indians. Mission operated until the Indian removal in 1838.
Grave site of Reverend Ard Hoyt, first superintendent, marks the location of the mission near the corner of 38th Street and Godfrey Avenue. — Map (db m28035) HM |
| Alabama (DeKalb County), Valley Head — Site of Cherokee Council Tree |
| | Here stood
The giant Black Spanish Oak
Under which
Traditionally
Sequoyah
Taught his newly invented
Alphabet
Tree felled by a storm
1934 — Map (db m28036) HM |
| Alabama (Etowah County), Attalla — “The Junction” — Attalla |
| | For thousands of years, two important Indian trade routes ran across what was to become Etowah County. The “High Town Path” ran from Charlestown, S.C. west to the Mississippi River, near Memphis, TN. The “Creek Path” begins at Pensacola, Fl. and runs northwest into the Ohio Country.
Two miles west of this spot, on Big Wills Creek, the two routes formed a “Junction,” and became a combined path across Racoon (Sand) Mountain, where it again divided.
By . . . — Map (db m39226) HM |
| Alabama (Etowah County), Gadsden — The Legend Of Noccalula |
| | White settlers in the hills of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina pushed the Cherokee Indian tribes into North Alabama. The Cherokee in turn encroached upon Creek Territory. There were sporadic battles between the tribes.
Black Creek Falls had long been a trading station and ceremonial ground. Legend is that Noccalula, a beautiful daughter of a Cherokee Chief, had been promised by her father to a Creek sub-chief as an exchange for peace between the Nations. . . . — Map (db m37459) HM |
| Alabama (Etowah County), Gadsden — Turkey Town Monument — Chief Turkey-Turkey Town Valley Expedition-May We Never Forget |
| | The surrounding area and this well was part of Turkey’s Town, once a capitol of the proud Cherokee Nation. Chief Turkey was the principal chief during the late 1700’s.
On October 25, 1864, the Turkey Town Valley Expedition of the XV Corps Union Army led by Major General Peter J. Osterhaus was stopped by the Confederate Calvary led by Joseph Wheeler at this site. Total casualties: US 287 CS 92.
May we never forget the men and women of Turkey Town Valley who labored and fought to . . . — Map (db m26837) HM |
| Alabama (Greene County), Eutaw — Welcome to Eutaw, Alabama: The Gateway To The Black Belt — County Seat of Greene County |
| | In 1838, Greene County citizens voted to change the town seat from Erie to Eutaw. The City of Eutaw, Alabama was incorporated as a town by and act of the State Legislature on January 2, 1841. Greene County had been named for General Nathaniel Green. The name, Eutaw, was chosen to commemorate the Battle of Eutaw Springs fought in South Carolina in 1781, the battle in which General Greene defeated the British. Since the county had been named for him, the people chose to name the town after his . . . — Map (db m37967) HM |
| Alabama (Hale County), Moundville — Moundville |
| | Site of a prehistoric Native American political and ceremonial center from about A. D. 1100-1500 that, at its height in the 13th century, was America’s largest community north of Mexico. Between 1,000 and 3,000 people lived in this town fortified by a one-mile long wooden wall studded with guard towers. Moundville served as the capital of a powerful chiefdom of about 10,000 people living in smaller villages over a 60-mile stretch of the Black Warrior River Valley from present day Tuscaloosa to . . . — Map (db m30700) HM |
| Alabama (Houston County), Dothan — Poplar Head Spring |
| | Located near this marker is the Poplar Head Spring which served as a meeting place for Indian traders prior to the arrival of the white and black settlers. The Alibamu Indians of the Chattahoochee River basin met the Creeks of the Choctawahatchee River basin at the springs frequently to trade. The first whites and blacks arrived in the early 1830’s. Of these the lumber and turpentine operators came first. They were followed by William Cawthon, a cattle king from Georgia. By 1858, the community . . . — Map (db m41141) HM |
| Alabama (Jackson County), Rocky Springs — Trail of Tears |
| | In May 1838 soldiers, under the command of U.S. Army General Winfield Scott, began rounding up Cherokee Indians in this area who had refused to move to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. About 16,000 Cherokees were placed in stockades in Tennessee and Alabama until their removal. Roughly 3,000 were sent by boat down the Tennessee River and the rest were marched overland in the fall and winter of 1838-1839. This forced-removal under harsh conditions resulted in the deaths of about 4,000 . . . — Map (db m18047) HM |
| Alabama (Jackson County), Stevenson — Crow Town |
| | Side A One of the Five Lower Towns established by the Chickamauga Cherokees in 1782 under the leadership of Dragging Canoe. Territorial Governor William Blount reported to the Secretary of War in 1792 that: “Crow Town lies on the north side of the Tennessee (River), half a mile from the river, up Crow Creek, 30 miles below the Suck. (It) is the lowest town in the Cherokee Nation and contained 30 huts in 1790. The Creeks and Northward tribes cross (the river) here.”
All of . . . — Map (db m28473) HM |
| Alabama (Jefferson County), Birmingham — East Lake Community |
| | The Creek Indian Cession of 1814 opened this section of Alabama to settlement. At the time of statehood in 1819 many pioneer families had located here in what later became known as Jones Valley. By 1820 the area was called Ruhama Valley as a result of the religious fervor of Hosea Holcomb who preached mercy or "Ruhamah." As early as 1839 a post office named Rockville was established for the local community.
Major growth came in 1886 as a result of the promotion of the East Lake Land . . . — Map (db m26680) HM |
| Alabama (Lauderdale County), Florence — Andrew Jackson's Military Road — -1817- |
| | Construction of this road, as ordered by General Andrew Jackson, began in May 1817 by troops of the U.S. Army for national defense purposes. Beginning near Nashville, Tennessee and continuing to Madison, Louisiana, it shortened the distance from Nashville to New Orleans by 200 miles. This road followed early Native American trails that were uses by Jackson's Army during the War of 1812. The military road served as a major transportation route for early settlers of North Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and the Old Southwest Territory. — Map (db m28563) HM |
| Alabama (Lauderdale County), Florence — Cherokee Chief Doublehead's village around 1800 |
| | About 1800 Doublehead located his village at this site, where his brother-in-law Tahonteeskee had previously lived. Doublehead's log house was built along the same style of those of the white settlers. Chief Doublehead had previously led raids against Tennessee settlers from Moneetown, located southwest of here. In 1806 a reserve was set aside for Doublehead between Elk River and Cypress Creek. He leased large tracts of land to white settlers who were later evicted by the U.S. Army. His own . . . — Map (db m28958) HM |
| Alabama (Lauderdale County), Florence — Prehistoric Mound — (Probably Built Between 100 B.C and 400 A.D.) |
| | This is the highest domiciliary mound in the Tennessee Valley. It was probably built between 100 B.C. and 400 A.D. by a prehistoric people of the ancient Woodland Culture. Such mounds served as bases for ceremonial temples or chief's houses. This mound, originally encircled by an earthen wall, contains no burials. It is 43 feet in height. Its base measurements are 310 feet by 230 feet. Its flat top measures 145 feet by 90 feet. Evidence indicates that nearby there were two smaller mounds, villages and cultivated fields. — Map (db m28457) HM |
| Alabama (Lauderdale County), Florence — Prehistoric Native Americans / Historic Native Americans — (Circa 8,000 B.C. ~1500 A.D.) / (Circa 1550 A.D.~ 1816 A.D.) |
| | Side A This area near the mouth of Cypress Creek was inhabited by Archaic People as early as 8,000 B.C. Their main food consisted of freshwater mollusks from the river.
(These mussels were the origin of the name "Muscle Shoals.")
The Woodland and Copena Cultures, associated with the nearby large Florence Mound, arrived around 2,000 B.C. and remained almost 3,000 years. About 800 A.D. the Mississippian Civilization established villages here and on adjoining islands.
Many of the . . . — Map (db m28454) HM |
| Alabama (Lauderdale County), Rogersville — Heritage Park |
| | Side A
The settlement of what is now eastern Lauderdale County (known as "Over Elk)" by non-Native Americans commenced by 1807.
Federal land sales were held in Huntsville during the spring of 1818.
Although much of the land was described as a "howling wilderness," there was a rush to buy. Records of these sales show purchasers were Samuel Burney, Andrew Rodgers, Archibald Fuqua and dozens more. Andrew Rodgers bought 79 acres in what became the downtown business district and as a . . . — Map (db m32473) HM |
| Alabama (Lauderdale County), Waterloo — Trail of Tears |
| | Thousands of Cherokee Indians passed through Waterloo in the 1830s when they were forced by the U.S. government to move West on the "Trail of Tears". Most came by boat from Tuscumbia and camped here to await transfer to larger steamboats. During the encampment several births, deaths, and escapes occurred.
One party of 1,070 Cherokees traveled overland from Ross Landing in Tennessee due to low water in the upper river. Following the general route of U.S. Hwy. 72 to Florence, they arrived here . . . — Map (db m29277) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Moulton — Warrior Mountain |
| | This area was the home to Indians, settlers, people of mixed ancestry and their descendants. Local bluff shelters contain evidence of occupation from Paleo Indian (10,000 BC) through the Mississippian Period (1540 AD). Chief Tuscaloosa (Black Warrior), mentioned by Desoto (1540), was a noted Creek Indian leader. A 1733 map identified the southern drainage from these mountains as the Tuscaloosa River. The first known written occurrence of "Warrior Mountains" was made by rifle maker John Bull . . . — Map (db m37445) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Cherokee Council House Museum |
| | The Oakville Indians Mounds Museum is based on a seven sided Cherokee council house. This type of council house was used during the cooler months and an open sided rectangular pavilion during warmer weather. The descriptions used for the museum's construction came from Lt. Henry Timberlake, who visited the Cherokee capitol at Chota in 1761 and William Bartram who visited Cowe in 1765. Timberlake's description " The townhouse, in which are transacted all public business and diversions, is raised . . . — Map (db m36033) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Cherokee Indian Removal |
| | In the early 1800's Cherokees of this area were under the leadership of Doublehead and Tahlonteskee. After Doublehead's assassination in 1807, Tahlonteskee notified President Jefferson that he and his people were ready to move west. In 1808 Tahlonteskee and 1,130 followers moved to present day Dardanelle, Arkansas. That band became known as Cherokees West and later the Old Settlers. The Blue-Water Town Creek Village was the final Alabama home of both Cherokee leaders, Doublehead is supposedly . . . — Map (db m36030) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Copena Burial Mound |
| | Copena Indians built this mound with baskets of dirt some 2000 years ago. The Copena name was derived from their use of copper and galena (lead ore) found in their burials along with gorgets and celts. The mounds were a burial site with the dead encased in a plaster of clay covered with layers of soil. The many burial mounds within a few miles are evidence of an extensive cultural center. The perennial springs and fertile lands encircled by West Flint Creek contributed to a large population. . . . — Map (db m36039) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Creek Indian Removal |
| | Black Warriors' Path played a critical role as a route for Creek Removal. On December 19, 1835, some 511 Creek emigrants passed along the path through present ~ day Oakville Indian Mounds Park. In September 1836, a group of Creeks left Tallassee in a wagon train of 45 wagons, 500 ponies, and 2,000 indians. This contingent followed along Black Warriors' Path and passed through the present ~ day Oakville Indian Mounds park on September 23, 1836. It's ironic that the route used by General John . . . — Map (db m36027) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Doublehead |
| | Doublehead, (c1744-1807) aka Dsugweladegi or Chuqualatague, was the son of Great Eagle (Willenawah) and grandson of Moytoy. Among his siblings were Pumpkin Boy, Old Tassel and the unnamed grandmother of Sequoyah. After his sister's son John Watts Jr. was elected chief over him.
Doublehead moved into Lawrence County and became a powerful Cherokee leader.
While living at Browns Ferry from c1790~c1802, the head of the Elk River Shoals, Doublehead terrorized settlers on the Appalachian frontier . . . — Map (db m36037) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Historic Indians |
| | Five Historic Indian tribes lived in this area. By 1701, The Yuchi were living at the shoals on the Tennessee River. In early 1700s the Yuchi left, some moving to the Cherokee Nation on the Hiwassee River, TN and others to Chattahoochee River, GA. After a dispute with the Cherokee, some Yuchi moved south to the AL - GA border. Although some Creeks lived in the area by the late 1700s, their lands lay south of the Tennessee Divide. The treaty of Fort Jackson took Creek lands in southern Lawrence . . . — Map (db m36040) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Oakville Indian Mound |
| | Rising 27 feet high, this is the largest woodland mound in Alabama, with a base covering 1.8 acres and a flat of over one acre. Built by prehistoric Copena Indians, the mound is 2,000 years old and constructed from earth probably carried one basket at a time from the Oakville pond area, 300 yards to the east. The Copena, named for their use of copper and galena, were prolific mound builders, as shown by the remains of over 20 mounds in the surrounding area. They were primarily farmers and . . . — Map (db m36031) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Oakville — Town of Oakville |
| | Based on the large number of local mounds and artifacts, this site shows evidence of Indian occupation over 2000 years ago. According to tradition about 1780, Oakville became a Cherokee town located on Black Warriors' Path. By the early 1820's, Celtic people of Scots~Irish ancestry had moved here in large numbers often intermarrying with the local Indians. Prominent names of this era included Irwin, Hodges, McNutt, McWhorter and McDaniel. Wiley Galloway was a teacher of the first known school . . . — Map (db m36036) HM |
| Alabama (Lawrence County), Town Creek — Trail of Tears |
| | Form the late 1700's to 1807 a Cherokee Chief named Doublehead guarded this area, that was claimed by both the Cherokee and Chickasaw Nations as sacred hunting grounds against encroachment of white settlers.
Chief Doublehead had the reputation of eating flesh from his victims and was a fierce warrior. Greed for land by the states and encroachment of the early European settlers led to distention between the Native Americans and U.S. Government. This led to President Andrew Jackson's the Indian . . . — Map (db m29264) HM |
| Alabama (Lee County), Auburn — Auburn - Alabama |
| | Settled by Judge J. J. Harper and others from Harris County, Georgia, in 1836.
This region was opened to settlement
in 1836-37 by the removal of the
Creek Indians to lands west
of the Mississippi River.
Erected by
The Alabama Officers Club
Daughters of the American Revolution
March 14, 1934 — Map (db m39830) HM |
| Alabama (Lee County), Loachapoka — Loachapoka Historic District |
| | One of the larger settlements of the upper creeks at the time of indian removal to the west, 1835-1837. Their last council fire was held here before their forced migration to Oklahoma. Pioneer families began pouring in after 1836. Today's cemetery was known as pine level; the first Baptist Church was located there. A half mile south was Ball's Fork Trade Center and Stage Coach Junction Loachapoka can be interpreted as "land where turtles live" or "turtle killing place." — Map (db m31357) HM |
| Alabama (Limestone County), Athens — A County Older Than the State — Limestone County |
| | created Feb. 6, 1818 by Alabama Territorial Legislature from lands ceded by Cherokee Nation 1806 and by Chickasaw Nation in 1816. Named for creek (and its limestone bed), which runs through county.
Few settlers here until Indian treaties.
Athens became county seat in 1818.
Limestone was the first Alabama county to be occupied by Federal troops during the Civil War. — Map (db m29109) HM |
| Alabama (Limestone County), Athens — Lucy's Branch/Legacy of The Little Elk Community |
| | Lucy's Branch This site is named for Lucy Bedingfield, daughter of a slave and a Cherokee Indian. She was born 1832, and her Indian name was Finch. She married Meredith Bedingfield, a slave and had 9 children. Lucy was an astute and avid storyteller. She purchased 170 acres in June 1888, for $600, recorded by U.S. Paten #43463. One of the last known Indian Chiefs in the area formerly occupied this land. Lucy mortgaged the farm several times by making her mark. She used "Gold Coins of the . . . — Map (db m32776) HM |
| Alabama (Limestone County), Elkmont — Sims Settlement |
| | Side A (North side) In the fall of 1806 a group of settlers led by William and James Sims, traveled from east Tennessee on flatboats down the Tennessee River and up the Elk River to this area. They landed near Buck Island and spread out into the surrounding countryside, seeking homesites in what they thought was "government" land that would soon be for sale to settlers. The area they settled, covering several square miles, from Elk River to New Garden became known as "Sims Settlement." . . . — Map (db m64252) HM |
| Alabama (Macon County), Shorter — George Stiggins — 1788-1845 |
| | Unmarked grave in Cubahatchie Baptist Church Cemetery. Half-blooded Creek Indian, planter, soldier, Indian agent,
and historian, Stiggins lived on a nearby farm fronting the Federal Road from 1831 until his death. There he wrote "A
Historical Narrative of the Genealogy, Traditions, and Downfall of the Ispocoga or Creek Indian Tribe of Indians"
from his firsthand knowledge of the Creeks, their leaders, and the Creek War of 1813-14. His sister, Mary, was
married to William Weatherford (Red Eagle). — Map (db m60534) HM |
| Alabama (Madison County), Brownsboro — Trail of Tears — Drane/Hood Overland Route |
| | In May 1838 soldiers, under the command of U.S. Army General Winfield Scott, began rounding up Cherokee Indians in this area who had refused to move to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. About 16,000 Cherokees were placed in stockades in Tennessee and Alabama until their removal. Roughly 3,000 were sent by boat down the Tennessee River and the rest were marched overland in the fall and winter of 1838-1839. This forced-removal under harsh conditions resulted in the deaths of about 4,000 Cherokees. . . . — Map (db m33318) HM |
| Alabama (Madison County), Fisk — 2F3 — Tennessee / Alabama — Lincoln County |
| | (Tennessee) Established 1809; named in honor of MAJOR GEN. BENJAMIN LINCOLN of the Revolutionary Army. After service at Saratoga, he was put in Chief Command in the Southern Colonies. Later, he was Secretary of War under the Confederation, 1781-83.
(Alabama) Derived from Creek Indian phrase meaning "Here We Rest." In the early 1700s, several Spanish expeditions visited the state. In 1702 the French founded Mobile and settled near Tallapoosa. Alabama became a territory in 1817, a state in . . . — Map (db m30570) HM |
| Alabama (Madison County), Huntsville — Andrew Jackson |
| | On this spot, camped his army, October 11, 1813, after marching from Fayetteville, Tenn.,~"32 miles without halting,"~ enroute to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. — Map (db m30382) HM |
| Alabama (Madison County), Huntsville — Madison County |
| | Made a county in 1808 by order of Governor of Mississippi Territory.
Area ceded 1805, 1806 by Cherokees, Chickasaws.
This was the first land in Alabama ceded by these great civilized tribes. — Map (db m27848) HM |
| Alabama (Madison County), Madison — Trail of Tears — Drane Overland Route |
| | Early in the 1800's gold was found from Virginia to Alabama including a rich belt on Cherokee Indian land in what is now Dahlonega, GA.
causing a huge influx of miners and a land grab by new settlers.
Pressure and greed from politicians led to the removal of Indians from their homeland by force, fraudulent treaties, and settler hostilities. The U.S. Government sanctioned forced removal by passing the Indian Removal Act of 1830 affecting Cherokee from AL, GA, FL, MS, TN and the Carolina's. . . . — Map (db m28784) HM |
| Alabama (Marengo County), Demopolis — White Bluff |
| | Composed of limestone or “Selma
chalk” which abounds in fossils.
Called “Ecor Blanc” by
eighteenth-century French explorers
and cartographers.
Named “Chickasaw Gallery” because
early Indian inhabitants harassed
boats from here.
Landing site of Bonapartist exiles
who established the
“Vine and Olive Colony” in 1817. — Map (db m38001) HM |
| Alabama (Marshall County), Arab — Bear Meat Cabin Road |
| | Starting as an ancient Indian trail, the north–south road through Arab in 1816 was known as Bear Meat Cabin Road. By 1818, it had become an important Federal trade route through the Alabama Territory known as the St. Stephens – Huntsville Road. Designated as a post road in 1822, it became the main mail route between New Orleans and Cincinnati over which Alabama’s first stage line traveled. Philip Clack received a State charter to operate the section through Arab as Clack’s Turnpike. . . . — Map (db m40134) HM |
| Alabama (Marshall County), Guntersville — History of Guntersville |
| | (Side A) This area's proximity to the Tennessee River and Indian trails made it a crossroads for early habitation, settlement, and trade. Archaeological studies reveal it was first inhabited about 12,000 years ago by Paleo-Indians. They were followed by various tribes of Native Americans. The Cherokees arrived in the late 1700s and called the area Kusa-Nunnahi, meaning Creek Path. In 1785, John Gunter became the first white man to settle here. He married the daughter of the local . . . — Map (db m33305) HM |
| Alabama (Monroe County), Burnt Corn — Old Federal Road — Burnt Corn |
| | Burnt Corn, Monroe County's earliest settlement, became the crossroads of the Great Pensacola Trading Path and The Federal Road. Settler Jim Cornells returned from Pensacola in 1813, finding his home destroyed and his wife kidnapped by a Creek Indian war party. As the Creeks returned from procuring arms in Pensacola, Cornells and volunteers ambushed the Indians. Thus began the Creek Indian War of 1813-1814. — Map (db m47687) HM |
| Alabama (Monroe County), Perdue Hill — Fort Claiborne — Creek Indian War 1813-1814 |
| | Built by Gen. Ferdinand L. Claiborne as a base for his invasion of the Alabama country with U.S. Regulars, Lower Tombigbee Militia, and friendly Choctaws. Claiborne’s campaign culminated in the American victory over the Creeks at the Holy Ground. — Map (db m47641) HM |
| Alabama (Monroe County), Perdue Hill — Piache |
| | Piache, an Indian town visited by DeSoto in 1540 was near here.
DeLuna made a settlement here, Nanipacna in 1560.
Fort Claiborne was erected on the south bluff, in 1813.
LaFayette was entertained here, 1825.
Erected by the Alabama Society of Colonial Dames.
March 1939 — Map (db m47639) HM |
| Alabama (Montgomery County), Montgomery — Alabama River: The Grand Avenue |
| | Twelve miles above Montgomery the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers unite to form the Alabama which meanders over four hundred miles on its way to Mobile Bay. This river has played major role in region's history, being a thoroughfare for Native Americans, European explorers, and Americans who settled along its fertile shores and used it as a means of getting cotton to Mobile and world markets. Ferries served the population until the building of Tyler Goodwyn and Reese's Ferry bridges in the first . . . — Map (db m26591) HM |
| Alabama (Morgan County), Decatur — A County Older Than The State, Morgan County |
| | Alabama Territorial Legislature created this county in 1818 from lands ceded by Cherokee Indians in 1816. County first named Cotaco, for large creek in county. Named Morgan County in 1821 for Maj. Gen. Daniel Morgan, Revolutionary hero, winner over British at Battle of Cowpens. County was often invaded by both armies in War between the States. Until 1891 county seat at Somerville. Then county seat moved to Decatur. Named for Stephen Decatur, naval hero against Tripoli pirates and in War of 1812. — Map (db m27759) HM |
| Alabama (Russell County), Fort Mitchell — Asbury School and Mission — 1 Mile North of Fort Mitchell |
| | In September 1821 Rev. William Capers was sent to Fort Mitchell, by the South Carolina Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, to negotiate with the chiefs of the Creek Indian Nations for a mission which would teach their children reading, writing and other white-man skills. In 1822 Asbury Manual Labor School was established with Rev. Isaac Smith, Superintendent; 33 resident students; 3 teachers; houses; school; and farm. The school closed in 1830 following the removal to the West of a . . . — Map (db m26121) HM |
| Alabama (Russell County), Fort Mitchell — Fort Mitchell — <----- 5 miles ----- |
| | Built during Creek War 1813 by Georgia Militia on main Indian trade route to Tombigbee River.
U.S. Troops stationed here until 1837. 1836 Lower Creeks corralled here for forced removal to the West. — Map (db m26069) HM |
| Alabama (Russell County), Fort Mitchell — Fort Mitchell Military Cemetery |
| | This military graveyard was established soon after Fort Mitchell was built by General John Floyd of the Georgia Militia. Located just south of the stockade, the cemetery was used between 1813 and 1840 during the fort's occupation by Georgia and United States soldiers. The first burial was that of John Ward, an interpreter on the staff of General Floyd. Ward died of pneumonia in November 1813. A line of approximately 25 soldiers' graves is located adjacent to the site of the fort's dispensary. A . . . — Map (db m26122) HM |
| Alabama (Russell County), Fort Mitchell — Indian Ball Ground |
| | The most popular game among the Indians of this region was "stick ball." This field has been constructed so that the game may be enjoyed again in the Chattahoochee Valley where it was played for hundreds of years. Sometimes known as "little brother to war," the game was played with an intensity second only to war. Hand crafted sticks with small loops on the end were used to catch and throw a small deer skin ball often filled with squirrel fur to make it "lively." One of the last games played . . . — Map (db m26020) HM |
| Alabama (Russell County), Fort Mitchell — J.W. and Ethel I Woodruff Foundation Interpretive Trail |
| | Native plants played a significant role in the daily life of the Creek Indian civilization that inhabited the Chattahoochee Valley until relocation to Oklahoma in the 19th century. During the Woodland Period, the local inhabitants were skilled hunters and gatherers of native plants, nuts, and fruits. During the Mississippian Period (A.D. 700-1000) the Indian culture matured in its corn based agricultural practices and became less dependent upon readily available native trees and shrubs for . . . — Map (db m48166) HM |
| Alabama (Russell County), Fort Mitchell — John Crowell |
| | Marker Front:
Near here is the site where John Crowell lived, died, and is interred. Colonel Crowell was born in Halifax County, North Carolina, on September 18, 1780; moved to Alabama in 1815, having been appointed as Agent of the United States to the Muscogee Indians. In 1817, he was elected as Alabama's first and only Territorial Delegate to the 15th Congress, where he served from January 29, 1818, until March 3, 1819. Upon Alabama's admission as a State, he was elected its first . . . — Map (db m26116) HM |
| Alabama (Russell County), Fort Mitchell — The Creek Trail of Tears |
| | Approximately one mile due east of this marker, back down the Old Federal Road, called by frontiersmen and Indians the Three Notched Trail or the Three Chopped Way, stood Fort Mitchell, an early 19th century American fort that in 1836 was one of the principal gathering places for the forced removal of the Creek Indians from their homes on the Chattahoochee River to the West. Weakened by starvation, defrauded of their lands and swindled out of most of their possessions, thousands of Creeks, . . . — Map (db m26100) HM |
| Alabama (Saint Clair County), Ashville — A County Older Than The State, St. Clair County — Created in 1818 in first session of Alabama Territorial Legislature |
| | from lands ceded by Creek Indian Nation in Treaty of Ft. Jackson, 1814.
Named for Gen. Arthur St. Clair, hero of Revolution, governor of Northwest Territory.
First settlers from Tennessee, Georgia - veterans of Creek Indian War, 1813-14.
County seat since 1822 here at Ashville, named for John Ash, prominent settler.
Growing population south of Backbone Mt. led to Pell City branch county seat, 1902. — Map (db m28143) HM |
| Alabama (Saint Clair County), Ohatchee — Fort Strother |
| | Creek Indian War Headquarters of Gen. Andrew Jackson 1813 - 1814 Erected By St. Clair County — Map (db m28144) HM |
| Alabama (Shelby County), Chelsea — City Of Chelsea — Incorporated March 1, 1996 — Mayor S. Earl Niven |
| | Side A
Creek Indians once owned and hunted the land where the City of Chelsea now stands. In 1813, Andrew Jackson and his army won millions of acres of Creek land from the Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, including the area where Chelsea is located. Soon afterward, white settlers began flocking into the area, and by the mid-1800s, several pioneer homesteads were located among the hill and hollows. When the railroad came through in 1908, people began moving closer to the . . . — Map (db m38488) HM |
| Alabama (Talladega County), Childersburg — Coosa |
| | Important Indian town for over 250 years and capital of Coosa province.
Visited by DeSoto in 1540, and later by Spanish, French, British colonial explorers and traders. Early writers tell of abundant food crops, wild and cultivated, supporting a large population. — Map (db m57994) HM |
| Alabama (Talladega County), Childersburg — De Soto's Visit |
| | Two miles
north of this spot was
the Indian town
Cosa
visited by
De Soto
July 16, 1540
This stone erected by
the National Society of
Colonial Dames of America
in Alabama
1936 — Map (db m44230) HM |
| Alabama (Talladega County), Childersburg — DeSoto Caverns |
| | Named for the famous Spanish explore who traveled through this area in 1540. Over its rich history it offered shelter for native Indians for centuries (a 2,000-year-old Woodland Period burial was excavated by archeologists in the mid-1960s), became the first officially recorded cave in the U.S. (1796), and served as a Confederate gunpowder mining site during the Civil War.
One of the largest show caves in the southeastern U.S., the main room of the caverns stands 12-stories high and is as . . . — Map (db m45034) HM |
| Alabama (Talladega County), Childersburg — History Of Childersburg |
| | Childersburg traces its heritage to the Coosa Indian village located in the area. DeSoto, accompanied by 600 men, began his march across North America in June 1539. Traveling from Tampa Bay, Florida, northward through what became the Southeastern United States, DeSoto's expedition began searching for riches. Upon entering the area that would become Alabama, DeSoto and his men marched southward along the Tennessee River to Tali. From Tali, they marched to the banks of the Coosa River. In the . . . — Map (db m45137) HM |
| Alabama (Talladega County), Sylacauga — Sylacauga |
| | Settled in 1748 by Shawnee
Indians from Ohio.
They joined Creek Confederacy,
fought against U.S. in War of 1812,
were moved west in 1836.
Settled before 1836 by men
who had fought in this area
under Andrew Jackson.
Indian name: Syllacogga or Chalakagay. — Map (db m40595) HM |
| Alabama (Talladega County), Talladega — Battle Of Talladega — Nov. 9, 1813 |
| | Here Andrew Jackson led Tennessee Volunteers and friendly Indians to victory over hostile “Red Sticks.”
This action rescued friendly Creeks besieged in Fort Leslie.
Creek Indian War 1813 - 1814. — Map (db m28205) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Alexander City — Menaw, War Chief — About 1766 - 1837 |
| | Indian farmer - merchant chose to resist whites' advance on Indians' lands. In Creek War he led Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend. His warriors were beaten by Jackson's superior force but Menawa escaped. — Map (db m50355) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Alexander City — Youngsville |
| | Following the Creek Cession in 1832, settlers, mostly from Georgia and the Carolinas, occupied this section of the Creek Nation. Among the first settlers was James Young who purchased land a half-mile west near a trading post called Georgia Store.
Community life can be dated from 1837 when Griffin Young opened a post office in his store and eight men and women, “The Baptist brethren settlers of Youngsville” organized Fellowship Primitive Baptist Church. The store and the church . . . — Map (db m28658) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Dadeville — Battle Of Horseshoe Bend — One hundredth anniversary — 1814 - 1914 |
| | This tablet is placed by
Tallapoosa County
in commemoration of the
one hundredth anniversary
of the
Battle Of Horseshoe Bend,
fought within its limits
on March 27, 1814.
There the Creek Indians, led by
Menawa and other chiefs, were
defeated by the American and
allied indian forces under
Gen. Andrew Jackson.
This battle broke the power
of the fierce Muscogee, brought
peace to the Southern frontier,
and made possible the speedy
opening up of a large part of the
State of . . . — Map (db m28751) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — A Bloody Contest — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | Any officer or soldiers who flies before the enemy-shall suffer death.
With these harsh words, Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson marched his soldiers 52 miles from the Coosa River to Horseshoe Bend and a bloody contest with the Red Sticks. His battle map shows how he positioned his troops early that Sunday morning, March 27, 1814.
In the field before you-in 1814 a forest of pine, oak, and hickory-Jackson's troops prepared for battle. A half mile ahead stood a log barricade, with the . . . — Map (db m46674) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — Charge! — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | Having maintained for a few minutes a very obstinate contest, muzzle to muzzle, through the port-holes, in which many of the enemy's balls were welded to the bayonets of our musquets, our troops succeeded in gaining possession of the opposite side of the works. The event could no longer be doubtful...
Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee Militia
After a two-hour cannon bombardment of the Red Sticks' barricade, Maj. Gen. Jackson discovered that some of the Gen. Coffee's Creek and . . . — Map (db m46676) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — Designed for Defense — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | ...[The Creek] had erected a breast-work, of greatest compactness and strength-from five to eight feet high, and prepared with double rows of port-holes very artfully arranged...an army could not approach it without being exposed to a double and cross fire from the enemy who lay in perfect security behind it.
Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee Militia
The Red Sticks-a militant branch of Creek society-built the 400-yard-long barricade (breast-work) of dirt and pine logs. . . . — Map (db m46677) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — Futile Escape — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | I ordered [Lt. Jesse] Bean to take possession of the Island below, with forty men, to prevent the enemy's taking refuge there...as many of the enemy did attempt their escape...but not one were landed-they were sunk by [Lt.] Beans command ere they reached the bank.
Gen. John Coffee, Tennessee Militia
Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson sent Gen. John Coffee and 1,300 men to surround Horseshoe Bend here on the banks of the Tallapoosa River. Jackson hoped Coffee's 700 Tennessee mounted . . . — Map (db m46389) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — Gun Hill |
| | Here at 10:30 on the morning of March 27, 1814, general Jackson quickly emplaced his single battery, one 3-pounder and one 6-pounder. He immediately opened a lively but ineffective fire on the center of the sturdy log barricade. After his Indian allies entered the peninsula stronghold form the rear, he ordered a frontal assault on the stubborn wall. — Map (db m51671) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — Horseshoe Bend Battleground Monument |
| | Here on the Horseshoe Battleground General Andrew Jackson and his brave men broke the power of the Creek Indians under Chief Menawa March 29, 1814 — Map (db m51673) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park — Who Were the Creek? |
| | Horseshoe Bend National Military Park
The park offers activities designed to commemorate the events that occurred here on March 27, 1814. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend ended the Creek Indian War and added nearly 23 million acres of land to the United States.
For Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson the victory led to national fame and a successful bid for the Presidency of the United States. Stop at the visitor center for information on daily activities, special events, hiking, fishing, and . . . — Map (db m46232) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — The High Ground — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | [The] high ground which extended about mid-way from the breastwork to the river was in some manner open, but the declivity and flat which surrounded it was filled with fallen timber, the growth of which was very heavy, and had been so arrayed that every tree afforded them... a communication or cover to the next, and so on to the river bank...
Col. Gideon Morgan, Cherokee Regiment
Throughout the afternoon of Mach 27th this area was the scene of brutal and deadly close combat. The . . . — Map (db m47498) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — They Fought to the Last — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | By dark, more than 800 Red Stick warriors were dead and at least 350 women and children were prisoners. Jackson's army suffered 154 men wounded and 49 killed. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend effectively ended the Creek Indian War. Five months later, with the Treaty of Fort Jackson, the Creeks ceded to the United States nearly 23 million acres of land in what is now Alabama and Georgia.
No other evening will come, bringing to [my] eyes the rays of the setting sun upon the home [I have] left . . . — Map (db m51665) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — Tohopeka in Flames — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | In this meadow 350 women and children, sheltered in the village of Tohopeka, listened to the sounds of battle drifting back from the barricade 1,000 yards away. Alarmed, they watched as enemy Cherokee and Lower Creek warriors crossed the river, cutting off all hope for escape. In minutes Tohopeka, their only refuge, was in flames.
The village under attack, may have included as many as 300 log huts, which resembled simple log cabins. Tohopeka meant fort or fence in the Muskogee (Creek) . . . — Map (db m47469) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — While the Long Roll Was Beating — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | I never had such emotions as while the long roll was beating...It was not fear, it was not anxiety or concern of the fate of those who were so soon to fall but it was a kind of enthusiasm that thrilled through every nerve and animate me with the belief that the day was ours without adverting to what it must cost us...
Maj. John Reid, Tennessee Militia
While General Coffee's men took position across the Tallapoosa River. Major General Jackson stationed his remaining soldiers here, . . . — Map (db m46675) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Daviston — With Deer Tails in Their Hair — Horseshoe Bend National Military Park |
| | On the morning of the battle, Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson’s Indian allies surrounded the lower portion of Horseshoe Bend.
The Cherokee were positioned across the river from where you stand; the Lower Creek were farther upriver to your left.
Hearing distant cannon fire, Cherokee and Lower Creek warriors swam across the river, stole Red Stick canoes from this bank, and took them back to the other side. Hundreds of Indians---adorned with deer tails---then canoed across, a few at a time, to . . . — Map (db m47446) HM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Horseshoe Bend National Military Park — Horseshoe Bend Campaign Combatants |
| |
In memory of the
Soldiers and Indian allies
who died in combat with the
Upper Creek Indians during the
Horseshoe Bend Campaign in
the Creek War of 1813-1814
In memory of the
Upper Creek Warriors
who died in combat with
United States forces during
the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
March 27, 1814 — Map (db m64594) WM |
| Alabama (Tallapoosa County), Jacksons Gap — Fort Okfuskee — ←— 6 mi. west —« |
| | Built in 1735 by British from Carolina in futile attempt to gain trade of the Creek Indians from the French, located at Fort Toulouse, 40 miles south. Okfuskee was the largest town in Creek Confederacy. — Map (db m22232) HM |
| Alabama (Tuscaloosa County), Tuscaloosa — “The Indian Fires Are Going Out” |
| | The Trail of Tears led thousands of Creek Indians through Tuscaloosa, capital of Alabama in 1836. Chief Eufaula addressed the legislature with these words:
"I come here, brothers, to see the great house of Alabama and the men who make laws and say farewell in brotherly kindness before I go to the far west, where my people are now going. In time gone by I have thought that the white men wanted to bring burden and ache of heart among my people in driving them from their homes and yoking them . . . — Map (db m28995) HM |
| Alabama (Tuscaloosa County), Tuscaloosa — Gabriel Moore — Governor 1829 - 1831 |
| | During his term our state moved from frontier to urbanity. The University of Alabama was officially opened. Construction was begun on our first canals and railroads, supplementing existing steamboats and unpaved roads. The Choctaws exchanged their territory in West Alabama for lands west of the Mississippi. — Map (db m29023) HM |
| Alabama (Tuscaloosa County), Tuscaloosa — John Gayle — Governor 1831 - 1835 |
| | He extended state laws into Indian lands and actively encouraged illegal white settlement there. A treaty with the Creek Indians in 1832 forced them to leave the state and resulted in nine new counties in east Alabama. Their "Trail of Tears" took the Indians through Tuscaloosa. — Map (db m29028) HM |
| Alabama (Tuscaloosa County), Tuscaloosa — John Murphy — Governor 1825 - 1829 |
| | He initiated construction of the Capitol, the University of Alabama, and the State Bank. The legislature passed laws, known as slave codes, to severely restrict the rights of slaves, while citizens began to press for the removal of Alabama's remaining Indians. — Map (db m29020) HM |
| Alabama (Tuscaloosa County), Tuscaloosa — The Black Warrior River |
| | Plied for thousands of years by Indians, then by early explorers and American settlers, this river extends 169 miles from the Sipsey and Mulberry Forks near Birmingham to its confluence with the Tombigbee at Demopolis. It drains 6228 square miles of one of the world's most ancient watersheds and has 130 species of fish and many rare plants and animals. Part of a navigable waterway system, this point is 339 river miles above Mobile. About 5 billion gallons of water flow past here each day. In . . . — Map (db m28901) HM |
| Alaska (North Slope Borough), Barrow — Paġlagivisi! — Welcome to the Ancient Village of Ukpiaġvik — “The Place Where We Hunt Snowy Owls” |
| | Sharing Food, Sharing Life – Then and Now
Ukpiaġvik, which means ‘the place where we hunt snowy owls,’ was one of several ancient villages in the Barrow area. Our ancestors settled here primarily to hunt the great bowhead whales. But their diet – just like ours today – was supplemented by the harvest of Nature’s other gifts, including the highly valued snowy owl. Even with the conveniences of the 21st century, it is the gathering and sharing our Native foods that . . . — Map (db m49595) HM |
| Alaska (Skagway County), Skagway — Skagway Centennial Statue — 1897 |
| | Skagway was originally spelled S-K-A-G-U-A, a Tlingit Indian word for “windy place.” The first people in the area were Tlingits from the Chilkoot and Chilkat villages in the Haines-Klukwan area. From a fish camp in nearby Dyea, they used the Chilloot Trail for trading with the First Nations people of the Yukon Territory. The windy Skagway valley was favored for hunting mountain goats and bear, but no one settled here until 1887. That June, Skookum Jim, a Tlingit from the . . . — Map (db m43007) HM |
| Arizona (Apache County), Lupton — One Days Ride to Zuni |
| | In November of 1776 a party of Spanish explorers and Indian guides passed through this area on their way to the Zuni Mission in what is now New Mexico. Franciscan Fathers, Francisco Atanasio Dominquez and Silvestre Velez De Escalante, had embarked from Santa Fe with hopes of discovering an overland route to the presidio at Monterey. However, cold weather and rugged terrain forced them to turn south and return to Santa Fe. While they never succeeded in finding a shorter route to California, the . . . — Map (db m36577) HM |
| Arizona (Apache County), Window Rock — About the Navajo Code Talkers |
| | About the Navajo Code Talkers
During World War II the Japanese possessed the ability to break almost any American military code. Over 400 Navajos, with 29 being the original Navajo Code Talkers, stepped forward and developed the most significant and successful military code of the time using their native language. So successful was this innovative code that military commanders credited it with saving the lives of countless American soldiers and with the successful engagements of the U.S. . . . — Map (db m51537) HM |
| Arizona (Apache County), Window Rock — In Remembrance of Our Warriors / Navajo Warrior Memorial |
| |
In Remembrance of Our Warriors
Who Made the Ultimate Sacrifice and/or
Missing in Action,
They will never be forgotten
and to us they will always be young in our thoughts.
Nelson Lewis • Walter Nelson • Willie A. Notah • Edie Charlie Begaye • Lee D. Tsosie • John C. Nelson • Calvin D. Largo • Bobby J. Martinez • Wilson Begaye Kee • Edmund Smith • Hosteen Plum* • Leonard Tellowhair • Lee Duane Todacheene • Norman Graham • Ralford J. Jackson • Paul Kinlacheeny • Raymond ***lie • . . . — Map (db m27911) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Benson — Council Rocks |
| |
Four miles southeast at
Council Rocks
Apache peace treaty with Cochise
was ratified in 1872
Near Dragoon Springs on October 12, 1872, General O.O. Howard and Cochise, Chief of the Chiricahua Apache Indians, ratified a peace treaty ending years of warfare between that tribe and the white settlers. Cochise's stronghold was hidden deep in the Dragoon Mountains beyond. — Map (db m27877) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Bowie — Centennial of Chiricahua Apache/U.S. Cessation of Hostilities 1886 |
| | [Side 1: In English :]
September 4-8, 1986, Arizonans marked the return of the Chiricahua Ex-Prisoners of War and their descendants in ceremonies that completed a spiritual circle. We remembered and reflected on the clash between National Expansion and the Chiricahua's determination to resist and remain free on their land, and on how so few could have so great and lasting impact on so many. Together we struggled with notions of equality and cultural differences and achieved a . . . — Map (db m42513) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Bowie — Fort Bowie — National Historic Site |
| | A Regional Legacy
Cochise. Geronimo. Though their reputations were fierce, the Chiricahua Apaches didn't stop explorers, prospectors, settlers, and merchants from Westward immigration. To establish a lifeline between the East and California, the Butterfield Overland Trail was built in 1858, directly through the heart of Apache Pass. But as the Apaches' land and lifestyle became threatened, they retaliated with attacks on traveling parties and raids on settlements.
The Bascom Affair, a . . . — Map (db m37761) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Bowie — The Bascom Affair / Bascom-Cochise Meeting Site |
| | The Bascom Affair
On February 4, 1861, 2nd Lt. George Bascom, and his detachment of 54 men encamped two hundred yards east of here. Bascom’s mission was to find Cochise, recover a kidnapped boy and return livestock assumed taken by the Chiricahua Apaches.
During the meeting with Cochise and members of his band, Bascom ordered Cochise held hostage until the boy and his livestock were returned. Knowing neither he, nor his people had committed the acts, the Apache chief was insulted . . . — Map (db m42008) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Cochise — Sulphur Springs |
| | This valley owes its name to the two springs located one mile north of this monument. From 400 A.D. to 1450 A.D. Indigenous Indians farmed the region. Their bedrock mortar pits remain on the nearby hill. Later Chiricahua Apaches, Spaniards, Mexicans, Anglo-American immigrants and U.S. soldiers used the Springs as a camping ground. Between 1857 and 1878 several stage lines, including the Butterfield Overland Stage Company, operated a relay station here. In 1872, with Tom Jeffords as agent, the . . . — Map (db m37768) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Dragoon — Dragoon Springs Stage Stop — Land of Legends — Coronado National Forest |
| | Coronado National Forest
Land of Legends
The Dragon Springs Stage Stop
The San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line began service across Arizona to the Pacific coast in July, 1857. Its route included a stop here near the Dragoon spring. The San Antonio Line was commonly known as the "Jackass Mail" because mules were used to pull the coaches, and passengers were packed on mule-back across the Colorado Desert.
The Overland Mail Bill was passed by Congress in 1857 to begin twice weekly mail . . . — Map (db m44636) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Elfrida — Chief Cochise |
| | Greatest of Apache Warriors
Died June 8, 1874
In this his favorite stronghold
Interred secretly by his followers
The exact place of burial was known to only
One white man – his blood brother
Thomas J. Jeffords — Map (db m37766) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), San Simon — Geronimo Surrender Monument |
| | "Near here Geronimo, last Apache Chieftain and Nachite with their followers surrendered on Sept. 6th 1886 to General Nelson A. Miles. U. S. Army. Lieutenant Chas. B. Gatewood with Kieta and Martine Apache scouts, risked their lives to enter the camp of the hostiles to present terms of surrender offered to them by General Miles.
After two days Gatewood received the consent of Geronimo and Nachite to surrender.
The surrender of Geronimo in Skeleton Canyon, on that historic day, forever . . . — Map (db m28355) HM |
| Arizona (Cochise County), Sierra Vista — Apache Scout Memorial |
| | Eyes of the Army
Presented by the
Huachuca Museum Society
1995
Sculpted by Dan Bates — Map (db m28231) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — A Gathering Place |
| | ]Panel 1:]
Between 1100 and 1200, more people lived in this area than ever before, or since. Located along routes linking large populations to the northeast and south, villages here were well situated for trade. As people, goods, and ideas converged on the area, a complex society of several thousand evolved. This particular village became the heart of a thriving community and was a landmark, a gathering place, and a ceremonial center.
It is remarkable that this land, so dry and . . . — Map (db m60079) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — A Legacy of the Past |
| | Box Canyon and Lomaki ruins are a short 15-minute walk from here, along the edges of ancient earthcracks. The 1/4-mile trail will take you back in time over 800 years to the remnants of this once-thriving community. You will see the few native plants that grow in this high-desert environment; how the eruptions of Sunset Crater Volcano affected the ancient inhabitants; and the plaza where daily activities such as cooking and grinding corn took place.
The whole picture of this prehistoric . . . — Map (db m60114) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — A Village/Abandonment |
| |
A Village
You are entering the “Citadel,” a ruin from the late 1100s. Research has not been completed so it is important that we leave things as they are. Will there be extra storage spaces found, possible evidence for the defense theory? We do know this is one of the larger pueblos in Wupatki National Monument and could have been the home for many families. You are welcome to speculate about what will be found here, as we do.
Abandonment
What happened? Exact . . . — Map (db m60089) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — Ancient Landscapes |
| | Eight hundred years ago, a savannah-like grassland covered much of this high desert with abundant grasses. The residents would have collected and burned much of the nearby fuel, necessitating long walks to adjacent areas to gather wood. Sparse annual rainfall forced the inhabitants to catch and save as much water as they could, or walk miles to other sources.
Since the use of the area by modern ranchers, the land has undergone other dramatic changes. Cattle grazing stripped much of the . . . — Map (db m60105) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — Box Canyon Ruins |
| | The Box Canyon ruins are typical of many pueblos found in this region. Early inhabitants constructed walls of nearby sandstone and limestone, and used local soils to cement the stones together. The flat roofs were built of timbers laid side-by-side, covered with smaller branches and finally plastered over with mud.
Smoke was vented from the rooms through a square hole in the ceiling, which frequently served as the only access to the room. Doorways were small and windows almost . . . — Map (db m60094) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — Daily Life |
| | Plaza
An open area in the pueblo near the rim of the earthcrack is known as the plaza. In pueblos, the plaza was the center for many daily activities including grinding corn, making pottery, working obsidian into arrowheads, processing other plants for food, and cooking. It would have also been used for meetings, conducting trade, and as a controlled play area for children. During the warmer months, the plaza received extensive use from dawn until after dusk; rooms inside the pueblo were . . . — Map (db m60110) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — Dry Land Farming |
| | Volcanic activity to the south produced giant fissures or earth cracks throughout the Wupatki area in the Kaibab Limestone. This formation covers most of the western half of Wupatki National Monument. The Sinagua and Anasazi Indians who inhabited these ancient pueblos probably found the earthcracks to be the most productive farming sites. There is no evidence of streams close by which could be used for water. All of the farming was dependent on the rainfall.
Corn, squash and other crops . . . — Map (db m60098) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — Sunset Crater Volcano |
| | The distant San Francisco Peaks would have looked much like they do today. To the east, however, Sunset Crater Volcano would still have been belching black smoke and cinders when the Sinagua and Anaszi lived here. The thick layer of cinders over the sandy soil helped hold moisture, which was beneficial to the growing of crops.
Eventually, even Sunset Crater Volcano grew quiet, and the winds blew the cinders away and dried out the soil.
Why the Lomaki residents departed is not . . . — Map (db m60107) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — The Citadel / Natural Features |
| |
The Citadel
It was a remarkable achievement, to use primitive mortar and local stones to build the walls above you straight up from the edge of the top of the rock. “The Citadel” is the modern name given to this ruin because of its location, but archeologists wonder why the Anasazi often built in high, hard-to-get-at places. Some theories say it was defensive. Others say it was to avoid building on croplands, or for sun and breeze. Or was it more simple? Today we often . . . — Map (db m60087) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — The Navajo Code Talkers |
| | The original thirty-two Code Talkers were organized to develop codes based on their native language which were used extensively during World War II. These and many other Native Americans served bravely throughout the Pacific and other combat zones.
Charlie Y. Begay • Roy Begay • Samuel Begay • John Benally • Willsie Bitsie • Cosey S. Brown • John Brown • John Chee • Benjamin Cleveland • Eugene Crawford • David Curley • Lowell Damon • George Dennison • James Dixon • Carl N. Gorman • Ross . . . — Map (db m33344) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Flagstaff — Wukoki |
| | Wukoki, a modern Hopi word for “Big House” was once home for two or three prehistoric Indian families. The inhabitants are believed to have been of the Kayenta Anasazi culture, judging from the types of artifacts found during excavation and stabilization. This site, occupied from approximately 1120-1210 A.D. afforded its occupants a commanding view of the surrounding terrain. The unusual three-story height, combined with its position atop this Moenkopi Sandstone outcrop, lends . . . — Map (db m60078) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Grand Canyon National Park — Bright Angel Trail |
| | Each year thousands of hikers enter Grand Canyon on the Bright Angel Trail. They follow a tradition - and a trail route - established by prehistoric people. For centuries humans have used this route for two key reasons: water and access. Water emerges from springs at Indian Garden, and erosion along the Bright Angel Fault creats a break in the cliffs, providing access to the springs.
When prospectors arrived here in the late 1800s, Havasupai Indians were using the route. Prospectors . . . — Map (db m39563) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Grand Canyon National Park — El Tovar Hotel — Begun 1903, Completed 1905 |
| | Named for Don Pedro de Tovar, the first European to visit the Hopi Indian villages in 1540, the hotel was constructed by Hopi Indian craftsmen at a cost of $250,000 employing logs shipped by train from Oregon and native Kaibab Limestone. The El Tovar Hotel has been host to thousands of visitors since its dedication in 1905 and is operated by the National Parks Division of Fred Harvey, Inc. The El Tovar Hotel has been listed in the Historical Registry of the United States since September 6, 1974. — Map (db m39477) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Grand Canyon National Park — Hopi House — Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter |
| | Hopi House opened on January 1, 1905, the first Grand Canyon work of architect Mary Colter. To complement El Tovar, their new hotel, the Fred Harvey Company commissioned Colter to design a building to display and sell Indian arts and crafts. Colter designed Hopi House to resemble a true Indian dwelling, modeling it after structures in the Hopi village of Old Oraibi.
When it opened, Hopi House contained sales areas and a museum. Upper floors housed Hopi families who worked here. Visitors . . . — Map (db m39478) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Grand Canyon National Park — Hopi House — Constructed in 1905 |
| | Designed as living quarters for Hopi artisans and as a place to sell Hopi crafts and souvenirs, this building represents the efforts of the Fred Harvey Company to revive Southwest Indian arts and crafts. Designed by Mary Jane Colter, the building was modeled after part of the Hopi village at Third Mesa, in Oraibi. It retains much of its original appearance. — Map (db m39509) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Grand Canyon National Park — Tusayan Museum and Ruin |
| | Cohonina and ancestral Pueblo (Kayenta Anasazi) people lived in this area in prehistoric time. The ancestral Puebloans built Tusayan about AD 1185. A visit to the museum and a short walk through the remains of the village will furnish a glimpse of the way of life of people at Grand Canyon more than 800 years ago.
Excavation of the Tusayan ruin was conducted in 1930 under the direction of Harold S. Gladwin and the staff of the Gila Pueblo of Globe, Arizona. They named it Tusayan . . . — Map (db m39631) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Grand Canyon National Park — Tusayan Ruin Trail |
| | Allow about 30 minutes to tour Tusayan Ruin. The 0.1 mile loop trail through the main ruin is paved and wheelchair-accessible; the side loop to a prehistoric farming site is not. Signs along the way explain the site's features. An interpretive trail guide with greater detail about Tusayan's inhabitants is available to your right.
Tusayan Ruin is a remnant of a small village of about 30 people who lived here for 25 to 30 years in the late 1100s. The architecture was typical for that period. . . . — Map (db m39633) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument — "The Peaks" |
| | They dominate the horizon, rising 12,633 feet (3851 m) to Arizona's highest point. Visible for miles from all directions, they stand guard over a land which has long sustained people in spirit and natural resources. All of the region's Native peoples revere them.
Spanish friars christened these peaks as San Francisco Mountain in 1629 to honor their St. Francis of Assisi. The first wave of Spanish explorers, surprised that such large mountains did not spawn lakes or streams, charted them the . . . — Map (db m41664) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument — Changes to Come |
| | Buried under Sunset Crater's lava and cinders are perhaps dozens of pithouses. Those excavated revealed few artifacts; even building timbers had been removed. This suggests people had ample warning of the impending eruption.
The changed environment forced new adaptations, which included migration from the area. Those who stayed nearby had to adapt their traditional agricultural technology to lower elevations and cinder-covered land.
Wherever we live, changes occur around us. Some changes . . . — Map (db m41693) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument — Geological Infant |
| | Erupting less than 1,000 years ago, Sunset Crater is the youngest in an impressive field of volcanoes all around you. The 1,000-foot-high (305m) cinder cone we see today formed when basalt magma rose directly to the surface through a primary vent. Gas pressure produced a roaring fountain of lava estimated at 850 feet (260m) high.
Pressure blasted the lava into pieces, which cooled in flight and piled into this cone-shaped hill. As gas pressure decreased, lava oozed several times from the . . . — Map (db m41665) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument — The Power to Symbolize |
| | As a living ancestral homeland to the Hopi, Zuni, Yavapai, Havasupai, Navajo, Western Apache, and Southern Paiute, Sunset Crater is remembered, revered, and cared for.
People return often, bringing prayers and engaging in timeless traditions. Through the land, the past comes into the present, stories are recalled and values are evoked.
Hopi people believe that their ancestors' spirits, the Katsinas, travel from the San Francisco Peaks to the Hopi villages and back each year via . . . — Map (db m41678) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — A Community Sharing the Land |
| |
This was a community of relatives and neighbors. Its members worked together to haul water, hunt animals, and gather plants. They likely assisted each other with large fields on the rims. They shared walls and resources, joy and sorrow, success and failure.
While cross-canyon dwellings may seem difficult to reach, a network of paths quickly closed the gaps. Close communication between households would have been common and necessary to a cooperative lifestyle.
At least five cliff . . . — Map (db m61366) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — A Complex Community |
| |
The Island Trail, visible below you, follows the sharp meander of Walnut Creek. Many cliff dwelling rooms, unique in this area, were built throughout the canyon at the level of this trail. On both rims are numerous pithouses and pueblos.
On the very top of the rock promontory or "island" before you, are more rooms. Walls were constructed to block easy access to them.
Maybe this intriguing arrangement of sites met seasonal, security, social, or ritual needs.
Why Here?
Walnut . . . — Map (db m61304) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — A Days Work |
| |
Puebloan traditions reach far back in time and are the basis for the social organization portrayed here. What responsibilities might you have had in this community, given your age and gender?
[Photo captions read]
Hopi men plant and tend the fields; women are the expert potters and piki bread makers.
———————
Hopi life early 1900s
Photos: Cline Library Special Collections, NAU — Map (db m61350) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — A Ribbon of Life |
| |
Perhaps people living here 800 years ago called this place Wupatupqa ("long canyon"), as it is known to some of their descendants, the Hopi. It was no doubt known as a place of abundance, given its wealth of plant and animal life and the presence of water.
A creek flowed intermittently through the gorge below you. Use the pictures to orient yourself; you are looking upstream. Walnut Creek rarely flows anymore, its waters impounded for use by the city of Flagstaff.
Significant . . . — Map (db m61305) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — A Time of Change |
| |
When a volcanic eruption occurred near what is now Flagstaff, Arizona, people lost homes and lands they had cultivated for at least 400 years. A major life events for locals, the eruption was also visible to large population centers across the Southwest. Many people knew something significant had happened.
In the decades that followed, sparsely inhabited areas like Walnut Canyon and nearby Wupatki became densely settled.
By 1150, clustered communities replaced scattered farming . . . — Map (db m61325) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — An Efficient Design |
| |
Overhanging ledges protected rooms from snow and rain, and shaded them during summer months. Thick walls of stone and mud insulated them from harsh winds and retained essential heat in winter.
Small doors were covered with animal skins, mats, cotton cloth, or sticks woven together. Air entered at the bottom, circled past a small fire, and carried most of the smoke out a hole above the door. — Map (db m61365) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — Cliff Homes and Canyon Life |
| |
As recently as the mid-1200s, families lived, worked, and played in Walnut Canyon. Tending crops on the rim, traveling to gather food, and collecting water from the canyon bottom were part of a daily routine.
It may be difficult to imagine living here, constantly negotiating this rugged terrain. Our motorized lives make it easy to forget that, throughout most of history, peoples' existence was much more physical.
Who Were They?
Walnut Canyon's farming community flourished . . . — Map (db m61302) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — Departure |
| |
Despite all it had to offer, in time Walnut Canyon became a difficult place for farmers to live. Drier, colder conditions meant crop failures. More people and diminished resources meant nutritional stress, disease, and conflict.
However, these stressful time brought new means of coping. By 1250, people joined others in bigger villages to the south and east where archeological evidence suggests new beliefs and rituals arose.
"Many reasons are given for clan migration in Hopi . . . — Map (db m61370) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — From Ocean to Alcove |
| | Limestone forms the massive overhang above you and the ledge you are standing on. In between, softer layers of silty limestone have retreated, eroded away. All of the cliff dwelling rooms in Walnut Canyon — more than 300 — were built in natural alcoves like this.
If you have visited Grand Canyon, you have met these rocks before. This is the Kaibab Formation, the rim rock of both canyons. Below, as in Grand Canyon, are the Toroweap Formation and Coconino Sandstone.
[Diagram . . . — Map (db m61342) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — Migration is not abandonment. |
| |
Walnut Canyon was once filled with the sounds of a busy community as families hunted, planted, and harvested with the seasons. Children were born, grew up, and raised children of their own. They were neither the first nor the last to use and value what this canyon has to offer. But they left behind the greatest legacy.
When they moved on they did not give up their responsibility to care for this ancestral village and those left behind. Sites were and are revisited by descendants. Prayers . . . — Map (db m61328) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — Problem Solving |
| |
Time has worn away details that once made these rooms complete. Still, bits of evidence tell us people devised ways to make their homes comfortable, durable, and suitable for changing circumstances.
Rooms were added as families grew or storage needs increased. Some rooms in Walnut Canyon show a surprising degree of remodeling at various times suggesting generations of reuse.
Regular replastering of outside walls kept moisture out and walls sound.
Inside walls were plastered too, . . . — Map (db m61341) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — Room Functions |
| |
Most rooms in this community did not house people. Archeologists think many rooms, like the one to your left, were used to store tools, food, and water. Residents could have stored a 100-day water supply without much difficulty, given large pottery vessels and the abundant storage rooms found in the canyon.
The larger rooms here are typical of living spaces, where people slept and sought shelter from bad weather. Family size is unknown, but several people probably lived together in one . . . — Map (db m61347) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — Tension and Harmony |
| |
With its steep and sheer walls, Walnut Canyon provided homebuilding advantages along with controlled access. Living here, people were situated to monitor their world. This was not uncommon; most villages of the time had some form of passive defense and line-of-sight communication.
Horizontal ledges served as pathways connecting home to home, such as those visible across the canyon. Game trails, natural breaks, and side canyons were the avenues linking the rim to the canyon floor. . . . — Map (db m61326) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — The Perfect Shelter |
| |
For each room tucked into this rock alcove, nature provided the back wall, floor, and leak-proof ceiling; no excavation was needed. Builders simply laid up unshaped blocks of limestone for side walls, enclosed the front, and opened their doorway to the canyon. Here, only two walls remain.
How to Treat a Wall
Many hands have been at work on these walls: the women who first skillfully plastered them, the vandals who defaced them, and the preservation specialists who now repair them. . . . — Map (db m61340) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — The Quest for Water |
| |
During the spring thaw, snowmelt rumbled through the narrow passage below you. Water flowed again during the summer monsoon. Shaded pools held precious water after the flow ebbed. Walnut Creek was the lifeblood of the community.
Still, people had to store large quantities of water for the dry months. They likely supplemented their supply by packing snow into large pots and collecting runoff from overhanging cliffs.
Women and children probably had the task of retrieving water from the . . . — Map (db m61356) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Walnut Canyon National Monument — What Happened Here? |
| |
"It is very dusty work to dig for relics....We dug for an hour or more, and found...cornstalks, corncobs in abundance, beans, gourds, nuts, reeds, arrows, bowstrings,...coarse cloth, a child's sandal, a measuring stick with notches at regular intervals, smoothly worn sticks of hard wood, bone needles, a fish line, soapweed needles, broken pottery, etc. In visiting other dwellings we added to these relics, and came away heavily laden."
One woman's account of her trip to Walnut Canyon as . . . — Map (db m61368) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Wupatki National Monument — Community |
| | This area seems quiet and lonely today - but not 800 years ago. This valley was used for farming and hunting by the people living in Citadel, Nalakihu, and other nearby pueblos, all inhabited at about the same time. (You can see the ruins of at least eight pueblos from here).
We don't know what their language sounded like, nor exactly what their ceremonies were; but people built homes, tended crops, prayed to their gods, and raised their children here. — Map (db m41716) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Wupatki National Monument — Nalakihu |
| | Nalakihu - A modern Hopi name, "House Outside the Village"
Farmers lived here about 800 years ago. (Roof beams gave tree ring dates in the late 1100s.) The way the walls join show this small pueblo was not built all at once, but was added onto. Roof remains indicated parts were two stories high. The pottery seems the same as that from the large ruin on the rock ahead, so these pueblos may have been lived in at the same time.
You may enter the rooms, but remember, old walls are fragile, . . . — Map (db m41713) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Wupatki National Monument — The Ballcourt — A Mexican Idea at Wupatki |
| | Ballcourts were common in southern Arizona from A.D. 750 to 1200, but relatively rare here in the northern part of the state. This suggests that the people of Wupatki intermingled with their southern Arizona neighbors - the Hohokam - who may have borrowed and modified the ballcourt idea from earlier contact with the Indian cultures of Mexico.
There is continued speculation about the uses of the ballcourts. Because of the work involved in building a ballcourt and the numbers that have been . . . — Map (db m41696) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Wupatki National Monument — The Blowhole |
| | This blowhole - a crevice in the earth's crust that appears to breathe - is one of several found in the Wupatki area. It connects to an underground passage - size, depth, and complexity unknown - called an earthcrack. Earthcracks resulted from earthquake activity in the Kaibab Limestone bedrock and have enlarged over time.
Archaelogists have yet to uncover any evidence of prehistoric structures or uses at the blowhole. Its connection to the Wupatki Pueblo remains a mystery.
Today, the . . . — Map (db m41701) HM |
| Arizona (Coconino County), Wupatki National Monument — Where Were The Fields? |
| | Farming then did not mean vast fields like we use today. Anasazi and Sinagua people modified these small terraces to grow hand-tended corn, cotton, beans, and squash. We know the climate was about what it is now, very dry for farming. The terraces caught vital run-off from rain.
Behind you are rock circles that appear to be ruins of individual, separate rooms. These are common, but we do not know what they were used for. — Map (db m41715) HM |
| Arizona (Graham County), Fort Thomas — Geronimo |
| | Named for the rebellious medicine man who led the Chiricahua Apaches on their last raids, to surrender, and then into exile in Florida and Oklahoma. Their descendants lived in Eastern Arizona again. This was also the site of original Camp Thomas, established in 1876 to keep Geronimo's tribesmen on their farmlands along the Gila River. — Map (db m28050) HM |
| Arizona (Greenlee County), Duncan — Apache Grove |
| | This area served as a resting place for Apache war parties during the raids of the 1880's. Near here Felix B. Knox, a cattleman and gambler, stayed behind to face Indians while his wife, children, and hired man escaped in a buckboard. Out of respect for his valor, they did not mutilate his body. — Map (db m36371) HM |
| Arizona (La Paz County), Ehrenberg — In Memory of Hualapai Ancestors — Yu’ Nyihay Jamj Vo:jo — La Paz Trail of Tears - April 21, 1874 – April 21, 1875 |
| | We honor our ancestors who died violent deaths at the hands of their captors and at this concentration camp. We greet the spirits of our ancestors and embrace their strength and above all else, their will to survive this holocaust: the Hualapai People’s strength and cultural survival endures to all future generations to come. — Map (db m36012) HM |
| Arizona (La Paz County), Parker — Poston Memorial Monument |
| | [ The single 30 foot concrete pillar of the monument symbolizes "unity of spirit". The hexagonal base represents a Japanese stone lantern. The 12 small pillars situated around the monument make it a working sundial. Mounted on the 30 foot pillar base are six plaques and on a nearby kiosk are four additional plaques ]
[ Plaques mounted on Monument Base: ]
[ Photo Number 1 ]
Poston
This memorial monument marks the site of the Poston War Relocation Center . . . — Map (db m32258) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Apache Junction — Alchesay |
| | Alchesay led his people in war and peace
Alchesay Canyon, to your right, was named for a great leader. Chief Alchesay, born around 1853, was a leader among the White Mountain Apache. Other Apaches looked up to him not only because he towered six feet tall, but also because they respected his judgment.
He served as one of the celebrated Apache Scouts during the Apache Wars. The Scouts were famous for their endurance, cunning and tracking ability-eleven of them, including Alchesay, . . . — Map (db m34073) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Fort McDowell — Grave of Dr. Carlos Montezuma — (Wassaja) — 1855-1923 |
| | Greatest of the educated Apaches, this Mohave-Apache Indian was taken captive at the age of Six by Pima Indians. He was sold to a white man who educated him as a physician. Dr. Montezuma had a splendid practice in Chicago and became a champion of Indian rights, but he died of tuberculosis in a brush hut near here, refusing all medical care. — Map (db m27680) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Mesa — Mesa Grande |
| |
This property
has been placed on the
National Register
of Historic Places
By the United States
Department of the Interior — Map (db m49878) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Mesa — Prehistoric Irrigation in the Salt River Valley |
| | Approximately 300 B.C. Prehistoric Indians entered the Salt River Valley. They developed an extensive canal system and raised corn, beans, squash, agave and cotton.
Over 500 miles of Hohokam canal have been recorded in the Salt River Valley. Estimates suggest that the canals may have supported between 30,000 and 60,000 people with up to 100,000 acres under cultivation. Some of the canals extended over 12 miles in length. For reasons still unknown, the Hohokam abandoned their canal system . . . — Map (db m49877) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Phoenix — Father Albert Braun O.F.M. — Born September 5, 1889 Died March 6, 1983 |
| | Father Albert was a young missionary and teacher to the Mescalero Apaches in New Mexico and other tribes in Arizona.
Father Braun was an Army chaplain in World War I and World War II receiving the Purple Heart and two Silver Stars for his heroic service. He was a prisoner of war for 40 months in the Phillipines.
He came to Arizona in 1949 and assisted the poor in McNary, Parker on the Colorado River and St. John's Indian Mission. He was also a teacher at St. Mary's
High School in . . . — Map (db m26830) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Phoenix — In Memory of the Students of this School who Enlisted in the Army and Navy during the World War |
| | Killed in Action
Lee Rainbow * Wallace Antone
Honor Roll:
Charles Laws • Isaac Jese • Oliver Sneed •
Wm. T. Moore •
Joe McCarthy •
Peter Moore •
Charles Gougn •
Seth Oldman •
Harvier Adams •
George Bell •
Roy Left Hand •
Guy Maktima •
Joseph Pallan •
Juan P. Enas •
Hudson Lockwood •
Fred V. Jackson •
Blaine Carlisle •
Jose Martinez •
Marcus Carbaha l •
Harley Shipes •
James Little Son •
Charley George •
Conrado Martinez •
Edward Johnson • . . . — Map (db m27252) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Phoenix — Navajo Code Talkers — United States Marine Corps - World War II |
| |
"Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima" Major Howard Connor, USMC 5th Marine Division
Signal Officer
In recognition of the Navajo Code Talkers who
distinguished themselves in developing a Navajo
language code - the only unbreakable code in
modern military history. As members of the United
States Marine Corps these young Navajo men
performed a unique and exemplary military service
that saved countless lives and hastened the end of . . . — Map (db m26823) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Phoenix — Tribute to Navajo Code Talkers |
| | This tribute represents the spirit of the Navajo Code Talkers, a group of more than 400 U.S. Marines who bravely served their country during World War II.
Their mission: to utilize the Navajo language in the creation of an unbreakable secret code. Between 1942 and 1945, the Navajo Code Talkers used this code and their skills as radio operators to provide a secure method of communications vital to America's victory.
Among many Native Americans the flute is a communications tool used to . . . — Map (db m50932) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Phoenix — United States Indian Vocational Training School |
| |
Established 1891
This fountain and building erected 1922
Charles H. Burke
Commissioner of Indian
Affairs.
"The Indian will become an asset or a liability as we cultivate or fail to cultivate his body, mind and soul with a view to fitting him for an honorable place in our social and economic structure."
"The purpose of this school is to introduce Indian youth to the opportunities and responsibilities of civilization and to acquaint his Causasian brother with the . . . — Map (db m62608) HM |
| Arizona (Maricopa County), Wickenburg — Wickenburg Massacre |
| | In this vicinity, Nov. 5, 1871,
Wickenburg – Ehrenburg Stage ambushed by Apache
Mohave Indians.
John Lanz - Fred W Loring
P. M. Hamel - W. G. Salmon
Fredrick Shoholm and C.S. Adams were murdered
Mollie Sheppard died of wounds. — Map (db m29478) HM |
| Arizona (Mohave County), Bullhead City — Old Fort Mohave |
| | Western anchor of a military road across Northern Arizona. Near here in 1858 Beale's camel expedition was ferried across the Colorado River on the steamer General Jessup. The fort was abandoned at the start of the Civil War. Was activated again in 1863, and then in 1880 assigned to civilian use of the Fort Mohave Indian Reservation. — Map (db m32207) HM |
| Arizona (Mohave County), Dolan Springs — White Hills — Ghost Town of |
| | Eight miles northeast along this road are the ruins of White Hills, once a mining boom town. A six-year wonder, from 1892 to 1898 the mine produced twelve million dollars in gold and silver. The mineral discovery was one of the few credited to an Indian … A Hualpai named Jeff. White Hills had twelve saloons and two cemeteries. Water was nearly as expensive as whiskey. — Map (db m20740) HM |
| Arizona (Mohave County), Kingman — Camp Beale Springs Arizona |
| | This camp, established March 25, 1871 by Company F, 12th Infantry commanded by Capt. Thomas Bryne, was located at a spring used by Indians for centuries. It was named for Navy Lt. Edward F Beale who established a wagon road along the 35th parallel.
In 1865 William Hardy created a stop on his toll road from Prescott to Hardyville. It was an Army outpost during the Hualapai War of 1866-1870.
The location became a temporary reservation for Hualapai Indians from 1871 to 1874. The spring . . . — Map (db m29411) HM |
| Arizona (Mohave County), Kingman — Ha' Qa' Muwe: — (Ancestral Home of the Hualapai) |
| | In Memory of
Our Hualapai Ancestors
Who Fought Against Cultural Genocide
With Bravery and Foresight
They Sacrificed Their Lives
So The Hualapai People's
Survival May Continue
Today And Forever…
This location was a temporary Internment Camp for the Hualapai People until the Infamous Forced March Of The La Paz Trail Of Tears, April 21, 1874 — Map (db m36013) HM |
| Arizona (Mohave County), Peach Springs — Historic Peach Springs Trading Post |
| | This property was listed in the National Register of
Historic Places on November 21, 2003. The Historic
Peach Springs Trading Post, in downtown Peach Springs
circa 1932, was an important commercial enterprise for
Peach Springs citizens and travelers on Route 66, which was 'the' major transportation corridor for the region at that time. The building, which had an attached garage, was built by Ancel Taylor in 1928. It served as a trading goods store and was one of the Hualapai Tribe's . . . — Map (db m58607) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Barracks (115) |
| | These ruins represent the last surviving enlisted men's barracks, on the east end of Barracks Row. Much like Officer's Row defined the north side of the Parade Ground, Barracks Row made up the south side. This adobe barracks was one of two completed in 1889, the last of seven barracks buildings that made up the row.
Designed to house a troop of cavalry or company of infantry (each normally consisting of about 40 men), each of the barracks included a 125 by 25 foot squad room in front, . . . — Map (db m36874) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Barracks Row |
| | Throughout the military history of Fort Apache, enlisted men were housed with their units to the south of Officers' Row. The first company quarters, completed in February 1871, were 18 by 20 foot log squad huts built in rows running north and south across the area that would become the Parade Ground. The first two rows of eight huts each faced each other on the east end of the Parade Ground and housed a troop of cavalry in each row. A third row of five huts was added 300 feet to the west of the . . . — Map (db m36807) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Boys' Dormitory (116) |
| | The Boys' Dormitory was constructed in 1932. Located on the east end of the fort's Parade Ground, it is on the site of earlier military structures including a telegraph office. Sandstone was quarried for the building's construction from a site about a half mile east of the post; a German stonecutter was commissioned to supervise the work.
The dormitory has twenty six student rooms, and may have housed as many as four hundred boys during the height of the school's attendance. — Map (db m36875) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Captain's Quarters (102 and 103) |
| | An 1891 fire, sparked by a defective chimney and fanned by high winds, destroyed five sets of wood frame officers' quarters that had been constructed in this area between 1883 and 1886.
Using sandstone quarried just east of the Fort, these two matched stone buildings were constructed in 1892 to replace the five that burned.
After the creation of the Theodore Roosevelt Indian Boarding School, building 102 was used as the Home Economics classroom for a time, and both buildings served as . . . — Map (db m36779) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Commissary Storehouse (113) |
| | Built in 1889 to replace a smaller adobe structure, the Commissary Storehouse served as the Fort's food storage and distribution point until its closure in 1922. A solid building, the storehouse includes a stone cellar that extends three-fourth of the length of the building.
Originally planned as a stone structure, less expensive adobe was used after a wooden quartermaster's storehouse burned in 1888 and had to be economically replaced at the same time the Commissary Storehouse was . . . — Map (db m36804) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — First Commanding Officer's Quarters (101) |
| | This log cabin is the oldest surviving building at Fort Apache. The westernmost of a series of eight log cabins built in 1871 to form Officers' Row, this cabin was designated the Commanding Officer's Quarters. It was originally an 18 by 20 foot log pen with a canvas floor. A second pen, attached by an enclosed, ten-foot wide dogtrot was added later. Further additions include a log extension on the northwest side and wood frame additions constructed after the installation of a steam-powered . . . — Map (db m36778) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Girls' Dormitory (120) |
| | During the first decade of the Theodore Roosevelt School, girls were housed in the old fort hospital. Since the old barracks that housed the boys was inadequate, a new boys' dormitory was scheduled for construction in 1931. Before that construction could begin, however, the old hospital building was destroyed by fire and the school was forced to build this girls' dormitory first. The monumental architecture of the dormitory buildings reflects a stated purpose of the boarding school to remove . . . — Map (db m36878) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Guard House (114) |
| | This stone guard house was built around 1891 to replace the earlier, bed-bug infested structure still standing about 300 feet to the west of this site. Placed near the original main entrance to the fort, this building provided housing for guards and two metal holding cells.
During the Theodore Roosevelt School era, the Bureau of Indian Affairs converted this building into a power station and ice plant, complete with electric generator inside and fuel oil tank and water cooling tower out back. — Map (db m36805) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Old Guard House (115A) |
| | The first guardhouse at Fort Apache was built of logs and located on this site. In 1876, this stone building – the second oldest surviving structure on the post – was constructed to replace the original log structure. It was replaced as the guardhouse around 1890 to make way for the construction of barracks along the south side of the Parade Ground.
The wood frame portion of this building was added later by the Bureau of Indian Affairs when this building served as a bath house . . . — Map (db m36806) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Parade Ground |
| | This large open field between Officers' Row and the enlisted men's Barracks Row was used by the army for drill practice, training, and review. When called to action, troops would assemble here prior to departure. It also provided a prime location for baseball games and other athletic competitions held between different units stationed at the fort.
Reduced somewhat by the construction of the girls' dormitory, the Parade Ground continued this latter service as it became the athletic field for the Theodore Roosevelt School. — Map (db m36781) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — T.R. School Cafeteria (119) |
| | This stone cafeteria building was constructed in 1948-1949 to serve the students of the Theodore Roosevelt School. It is the last building constructed here that is part of the Fort Apache Historic District. Before the construction of this building, the westernmost enlisted men's barracks (no longer standing) served as the kitchen and dining room for the school.
Throughout most of the boarding school era, academic education was secondary to vocational and domestic training. Children . . . — Map (db m36877) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — T.R. School Teachers' Quarters (112) |
| | This house was constructed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs around 1930 to house Theodore Roosevelt School teachers and families. It deviates in style, though not in size, from the typical Officers' Row quarters.
Initially the house had a flat roof (note the drainage scuppers still in place on the west end of the house). Trusses were added later to support the pitched roof. — Map (db m36803) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Fort Apache — Theodore Roosevelt School (118) |
| | On January 24, 1923 an act was passed by Congress authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to establish and maintain an Indian boarding school on the site of Fort Apache. The first students were Dine' (Navajo) children brought from the Navajo Reservation to the north. During the 1930's Ndee (Apache) children began to make up the majority of the student body. In 1960 public schools under the administration of the Arizona State Department of Education opened in Whiteriver, and most local . . . — Map (db m36876) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Holbrook — Newspaper Rock Petroglyphs Archeological District |
| | This property
Has been listed in the
National Register of Historic Places
By the United States
Department of the Interior
1976
Newspaper Rock Petroglyphs
Archeological District — Map (db m36913) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Whiteriver — Kinishba Ruins |
| |
Has been designated a
National Historic Landmark
This site possesses national significance
in commemorating the history of the
United States of America
1964 — Map (db m36885) HM |
| Arizona (Navajo County), Whiteriver — White Mountain Apache War Memorial — January 11, 1969 |
| |
Roy Burnette
Ross Colelay
Ross Pinal
Cyrus Burnette — Map (db m49552) HM |
| Arizona (Pima County), Tucson — Presidio Wall & Pithouse |
| | This marker locates the northeast corner of the adobe wall which surrounded the Royal Spanish Presidio San Agustin del Tucson. It is thought that a bastion, used as a lookout and as a defensive position, stood here. The site was excavated in 1954 by archaeologists who discovered beneath the wall a prehistoric Hohokam Indian dwelling, part of a village which existed here about 800 A.D. This pithouse, so named because the floor is below the level of the ground, provides evidence that Tucson is . . . — Map (db m26463) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Bapchule — In Memory of the Men of St. Peter's Mission |
| | Erected Nov. 11, 1945
In Memory of the Men
of St. Peter's Mission
Who served in World War II
* Anthony Jose USA • Felix Kayyittan USA • Leo B. Manuel USA • Leonard Pangott USA • Roger Osife USA •
Albert J Moreno USMC • Chester J Miles USA • Herman Satoyent USA • William Lewis USA • Francisco Lewis USA • Juan Nacho USA • Victor B Williams USA • Ignatius Burnette USN • Francis Idseph USA • Edward Carmen USA • Ambrose Nacho USA • Anthony Osife USMC •
Albert Burnette USN • . . . — Map (db m33700) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Coolidge — Those Who Are Gone |
| | The Casa Grande is the most prominent remnant of an ancient civilization that once occupied the Salt and Gila River valleys from A.D. 300-1450. Archeologists call these people Hohokam, a Pima word meaning "those who are gone."
The Hohokam were farmers and well adapted to desert living. In prehistoric times, as today, irrigation was the key to desert farming. With simple tools and manual labor, the Hohokam dug hundreds of miles of canals. They maintained extensive trade routes in all . . . — Map (db m32438) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal county), Gila River — Gila River Indian Reservation — (Established 1859) |
| | Here the first Government Indian School was established for Pimas and Maricopas in 1871, with Rev. Charles H. Cook as teacher. It was the location of Pima villages, friendly resting place for travelers during the Mexican War and the Gold Rush. It was also the birth place of Ira Hayes, a Pima, one of the U.S. Marines in the famed Flag-Raising
at Iwo Jima. — Map (db m33688) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Gila River — Gila River Indian Reservation — (Established 1859) |
| | Here the first Government Indian School was established for Pimas and Maricopas in 1871, with Rev. Charles H. Cook as teacher. It was the location of Pima villages, friendly resting place for travelers during the Mexican War and the Gold Rush. It was also the birth place of Ira Hayes, a Pima, one of the U.S. Marines in the famed Flag-Raising
at Iwo Jima. — Map (db m33691) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Gila River — Gila River Internment Center - Rivers, Arizona |
| | Rivers, Arizona
Gila River Indian Community land was selected by the United States Government as one of ten camp sites and construction was started without the permission of the community. The permit for the United States Government to use the tribal land was reluctantly granted on October 7, 1942, two months after the internees were moved in.
The Gila River Indian community brought claims against the United States in 1971 for failure to comply with the terms of the permit agreed to . . . — Map (db m34537) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Picacho — Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail / Camp 21: El Aquituni |
| | Juan Bautista de Anza
National Historic Trail
While the American Revolution brewed on the Atlantic Coast, Spain expanded its New World empire to protect California against the British and Russians. In 1774, Juan Bautista de Anza, commander of the Royal Presidio of Tubac, successfully explored an overland route from Sonora, Mexico into Alta or Upper California. This route made possible the transport of livestock, goods, and people to sustain the new settlements.
The viceroy . . . — Map (db m38928) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Sacaton — Dedicated to Ira H. Hayes USMC |
| | Dedicated to
Ira H. Hayes USMC
February 23rd 1992
by the Memorial Committee
Lance Lewis Director,
Shirley Lewis Coordinator
JR Currea Artist
In Country Vietnam Veterans
Post 2 Tempe Arizona
Ira H. Hayes American Legion
Post 84, Sacaton Arizona — Map (db m32845) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Sacaton — Dedicated to the Memory of Matthew B. Juan — Co K 28th Infantry — First Arizonan Killed in the World War |
| | Dedicated to the Memory of
Matthew B. Juan
Co K 28th Infantry
First Arizonian Killed in the World War
Battle of Cantingy
May 28th 1918 — Map (db m42026) HM |
| Arizona (Pinal County), Sacaton — Honoring Native American Women Veterans |
| |
Honoring Native American
Women Veterans
Dedicated February 22, 2003
American Legion Post 84
Sacaton, AZ
Sculptor: Oscar Urrea
Artist: Jim Covarrubias — Map (db m32844) WM |
| Arizona (Santa Cruz County), Patagonia — John Ward's Ranch |
| | Arizona Pioneer Johnny Ward established a ranch here in 1858. In 1861 Indians kidnapped his Mexican stepson Felix Ward. Army officers assumed that local eastern Chiracahua Apaches were responsible, leading to the infamous conflict between Lt. Bascom and Cochise. In fact, the Pinal Band of the Western Apaches took Felix. John Ward died in 1867. The ranch was also the site of a blacksmith and wheelwright shop, a mining headquarters, a store, finally, a produce farm before it was abandoned in 1903 — Map (db m24436) HM |
| Arizona (Yavapai County), Camp Verde — Fort Verde State Historic Park — The West As It Really Was! |
| | The Mythology of a Western Fort
Fort Verde is typical of western forts built in the 1870's and 1880's but our vision of forts comes from movies. Log stockades with towers and John Wayne fearlessly firing his rifle at attacking Indians. The reality is different. In truth, the Indians were sophisticated fighters who knew they would be outnumbered and outgunned and rarely attacked forts.
Building materials were a concern. Many forts were located in barren, treeless areas and building . . . — Map (db m40815) HM |
| Arizona (Yavapai County), Montezuma Castle National Monument — Macaw Pen Stone? |
| | Could This Stone Be The Opening to a Macaw Pen?
Where Did This Stone Come From?
Who Used It?
Why Is This Stone at Montezuma Castle?
Did the Ancient Sinaguans Possibly
Raise Macaws Here?
In the 15th century, near modern-day Casa Grande in northern Mexico, thrived a vibrant community and trading center called Paquime. There, tropical birds called macaws, were brought up from the jungles far to the south. Thousands of macaws were bred and raised in compact adobe boxes that . . . — Map (db m40895) HM |
| Arizona (Yavapai County), Montezuma Castle National Monument — The Community |
| | A farming community of perhaps 200 people prospered here for more than three centuries. The Castle was home to 35 or so of these people. Archeologists suggest they may have fled what is today the Flagstaff area due to overpopulation around A.D. 1100. Their name, “Sinagua,” is a variation of the Spanish “sin agua,” which means “without water.”
The excavation of mounds of broken pottery, worn-out tools, animal bones, and other trash at the base of the cliff . . . — Map (db m40840) HM |
| Arizona (Yavapai County), Montezuma Castle National Monument — The Neighborhood / Mysterious Departures |
| | The Neighborhood
You can see Montezuma Castle and Castle A from here. If you look closely at the Cliffside, you might spot other ledges and caves used by the Sinagua.
The Sinagua people who made their homes here may have been a closely-knit community of families and friends. Even though the trappings of civilization change over time, people’s social needs don’t. Take a moment to imagine busy villagers doing their daily chores, perhaps chatting about the weather, crops, an upcoming . . . — Map (db m40869) HM |
| Arizona (Yavapai County), Montezuma Castle National Monument — The Way Up / Construction Sequence |
| | The Way Up
How in the world do you build a structure large enough to house 35 people high up on a steep canyon wall? Sound impossible? Here’s how Montezuma Castle’s ingenious Sinagua farmers managed it.
Construction Sequence
1. Limestone ledges and caves before the castle was built.
2. First construction; a six-room unit (3rd floor).
3. Small room added at west (left) end; one room built on next (4th) floor.
4. Fourth floor expanded. Two rooms built in small cave . . . — Map (db m40860) HM |
| Arizona (Yavapai County), Montezuma Castle National Monument — Welcome to The Castle |
| | Pause a few moments to enjoy this view of Montezuma Castle. Don't you suppose it must have stopped the settlers and soldiers who first saw the cliff-dwelling over a century ago?
The odd name came from a mistaken belief that the cliff-dwelling was a castle Aztec refugees had built for their emperor. We know now that Montezuma never strayed this far north from his home in Mexico, but the name has stuck.
Why did a community of prehistoric farmers choose this particular alcove high in the . . . — Map (db m40819) HM |
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