| Ontario, Niagara on the Lake — Niagara on the Lake Historical District |
| | (Left side is in English)
In 1778, Loyalist refugees began crossing from Fort Niagara to settle the west bank of the Niagara River. A town was laid out in a grid pattern of four-acre blocks and grew quickly, gaining prominence as the first capital of Upper Canada from 1792 to 1796. Following Niagara’s destruction during the war of 1812, the citizens rebuilt, mainly in the British Classical architectural tradition, creating a group of structures closely related in design, materials, and . . . — Map (db m24585) |
| Ontario, Niagara-on-the-Lake — Niagara Apothecary — La Pharmacie De Niagara |
| | Acquired by the Ontario Heritage Foundation in 1969, the Niagara Apothecary is a fine example of a Confederation era commercial establishment and pharmacy. Although the building probably dates to the 1820's. It was extensively renovated in 1866 when it was taken over by an apothecary. At this time the Italianate windows weer installed and the interior fitted up as a drug store. Until it was closed in 1964 it was one of the oldest and one of the longest continuously operating pharmaceutical . . . — Map (db m24609) |
| United Kingdom, Kent, Walmer — Caesar’s Invasion of Britain |
| | The first Roman invasion of Britain led by Julius Caesar landed near here LV BC. — Map (db m24553) |
| Alabama (Blount County), Blountsville — Blountsville |
| |
1820-1889 seat of Blount County a county older than the State.
Named for Tennessee Governor W. G. Blount who sent Andrew Jackson to aid Alabama settlers in Creek Indian War, 1812-1814. Map (db m24366) |
| Alabama (Blount County), Blountsville — Federal Raid — May 1, 1863 — 1 mile south |
| | Gen. N.B. Forrest (CSA) Captured wagon train and supplies of Col. Streight's raiders (USA).
Forrest continued his relentless pursuit eastward toward final capture of Streight. — Map (db m24363) |
| Alabama (Blount County), Oneonta — Blount County — A County Older Than the State |
| | Created Feb. 7, 1818 by Alabama Territorial Legislature from lands ceded by the Creek Indian Nation. Named for the Tennessee Governor W. G. Blount, who sent militia under Andrew Jackson to punish the Creeks for Fort Mims massacre. Jackson fought and won the Creek War. Creek gave up half of their lands in Treaty of Ft. Jackson, 1814. Some of Jackson's men were first settlers of Blount. County seat moved here in 1889. — Map (db m24353) |
| California (Alameda County), Niles — “The Bankers Building” — A Fremont Bank Building |
| |
This building was originally constructed as the Niles Branch of the Bank of Alameda County. Its doors opened on Monday, September 23, 1929. The construction was considered a “new modern building” that would be “a model of banking efficiency.”
Great pride was taken in selecting the materials. The bricks, made of mulberry clay, were fabricated in San Francisco. The interior designers would “endeavor to make this bank the most striking in this township.” . . . — Map (db m24455) |
| California (Alameda County), Niles — Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad — Niles, California |
| | “May God continue the unity of our country as this railroad unites the two great oceans of the world.” The gold spike ceremony at Promontory, Utah in May of 1869 united the tracks of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads. However the trails did not span the United States from ocean to ocean until some months later. In September the final link between San Francisco and Sacramento was completed near the Flour Mill of Jesus Vallejo, a short distance east of this location. — Map (db m24473) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — 510 — Alviso Adobe — Alviso Adobe Community Park |
| | Built in 1854, the Alviso Adobe is one of the few adobe structures remaining in the Bay Area. Declared a California Historic Landmark in 1954, the building stands relatively unmodified since the 1920s.
The adobe was in continuous use from 1854 until the Meadowlark Dairy closed in 1969. During the dairy period, workers took their meals in the kitchen and dining room of this building. — Map (db m24616) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — Alviso Adobe Community Park — 5,000 Years of History in Seven Acres |
| |
[Panel 1:]
Pleasanton’s past and the rich stories of the people that have come before can be discovered in the landscape and features of this park. Three periods of occupation trace regional settlement from prehistory to the present day.
Native American Occupation
From as early as 3240 B.C., the valley was part of a permanent settlement of Indians. In the late 1700s, Spanish missionaries established nearby Mission San Jose, claiming this land and using it for cattle . . . — Map (db m24685) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — J. W. Kottinger’s Barn — Pleasanton Heritage Site - 1852 |
| | John W. Kottinger (1819 – 1892) was Murray Township Justice of the Peace from 1853 to 1870. His home was the Seat of Justice for the township; The northwest corner of this adobe barn was used to jail prisoners. A frequent visitor was Joaquin Murrieta. On one occasion he was distracted by Mrs. Kottinger’s bountiful table, thus allowing Kottinger to make a hasty trip to a San Francisco bank. The bandit was deprived of the pleasure of relieving Kottinger of a large gold deposit. — Map (db m24507) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — Kottinger’s Barn |
| | John W. Kottinger one of pioneer founders and first Justice of the Peace of Pleasanton constructed this adobe brick barn about 1852. So built that part of it could house prisoners brought to justice in his court. Thus serving as Pleasanton’s first jail.
Restored by Robert and Elaine Koopman
Dedicated this 11th day of September 1987
Grand Parlor Native Sons of the Golden West
Robert R. Souza Grand President
Plaque funded by James D. Phelan Trust — Map (db m24592) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — Meadowlark Dairy - The Dairy Silo — Alviso Adobe Community Park |
| | At roughly 45 feet high, the Meadowlark Dairy silo was a distinctive visual landmark. This circular paving marks the silo’s approximate location. The original silo and barn were much larger. Silage, fodder for animals, is created by partially fermenting agricultural products, such as corn stalks, to enhance their nutritional value and preserves them for winter feed. — Map (db m24663) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — Meadowlark Dairy – Dairy Bunkhouse — Alviso Adobe Community Park |
| | There were once many buildings on the Meadowlark Dairy complex. One important building was a place for the ranch hands and workers to sleep and socialize. This bunkhouse is a smaller version of the one that was at the dairy. The current Foothill Road runs through the original location of the building. — Map (db m24665) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — Meadowlark Dairy – Dairy Manager’s House — Alviso Adobe Community Park |
| | These low boundary walls show the approximate location of the Meadowlark Dairy manager’s house. The dairy manager played an important role in day-to-day operations. His house had a kitchen, living room, office and bedrooms. A half-cellar under the northeast corner of the house was used for canning and as a laundry for the white dairy uniforms. — Map (db m24671) |
| California (Alameda County), Pleasanton — The Pleasanton Hotel |
| | In 1864, five years before the first railroad arrived in Pleasanton, John W. Kottinger demonstrated his faith in Pleasanton”s future by building the communities first hotel, The Farmer’s Hotel.
The building was purchased by Henry in 1891 and burned to the ground on Mar. 18, 1898, and re-built.
At one time the hotel was called the Riverside Hotel.
After a minor fire in 1915, the structure was renovated and re-named the Pleasanton Hotel.
Dedicated September 10, 1988
By the . . . — Map (db m24607) |
| California (Alameda County), Sunol — Niles Canyon Railway |
| | In 1869, the first Transcontinental Railroad passed this spot on its way to the shore of the San Francisco Bay. In 1984 the Southern Pacific Railroad abandoned this historic line between Niles and Tracy, California.
Volunteers of the Pacific Locomotive Association have rebuilt the portion of the line between Sunol and Niles, so that future generations may enjoy a ride over this important link in America’s Railroad heritage.
Dedicated to commemorate the one hundred and
twenty-fifth . . . — Map (db m24489) |
| California (Alameda County), Sunol — Sunol |
| | Named in honor of Antonio Maria Sunol, merchant, naval man and cattlebarron, who acquired a Spanish / Mexican land grant in 1840.
Along with the vast ranching and fertile farmlands, coal and gold were found in the Sunol area in the 1870’s.
Sunol became a typical western cattletown with the arrival of the railroad in 1869, and a favorite hangout for banditos.
It was rumored that when Joaquin Murrieta stayed here his horse stood on a bed of charcoal keeping the hooves warm for a . . . — Map (db m24495) |
| California (Alameda County), Sunol — Sunol Water Temple |
| |
[Main Marker:]
California Historic
Civil Engineering Landmark
Alameda Creek Water System
1888
San Francisco Section A802 1975
[Second Marker:]
Restoration of the Sunol Water Temple
Started May 27, 1997
------------
Willie L. Brown – Mayor • E. Dennis Normandy – Commission President • Victor G. Makras – Commission Vice-President • Robert K. Werbe – Commissioner •
Frank L. Cook – Commissioner • Ann Moller Caen – . . . — Map (db m24499) |
| Georgia (Bacon County), Alma — 3-1 — Bacon County |
| | This County, created by Act of the Legislature July 27, 1914, is named for Augustus O. Bacon, four times U.S. Senator, who died in office Feb. 15, 1914. An expert on Mexican affairs, his death was a great loss coming at a time of critical relations with that nation. Born in 1839, Senator Bacon served as Adjutant of the 9th Georgia Regiment during the War of 61-65. Among the first County Officers were: Ordinary T.B. Taylor, Clerk of Superior Court Victor Deen, Sheriff J.S. Googe, Tax Collector . . . — Map (db m24292) |
| Georgia (Bibb County), Macon — 11-5 — Fort Hawkins |
| | Fort Hawkins was established at this site in 1806 on the eastern bank of the Ocmulgee River at the border of the Muskogee Creek Nation. The location was chosen by the fort’s namesake, Benjamin Hawkins, who served as the U.S. Agent for Indian Affairs South of the Ohio River from 1796-1816. Located along the old Federal Road linking the Georgia interior to ports at Mobile and New Orleans, the fort served as a military supply point and a frontier trading post. The fort was decommissioned in 1828 . . . — Map (db m24304) |
| Georgia (Brantley County), Nahunta — 013-1 — Brantley County |
| | This County, created by Act of the Legislature Aug. 14, 1920, is named for Benjamin D. Brantley. It is said that the old B. & W. Railroad, which was partly destroyed, marked the most southern point of advance of Sherman`s Army. Among the first County Officers were: Sheriff W.H. Howard, Ordinary Wm. M. Roberson, Clerk of Superior Court John R. James, Tax Receiver Isaac E. Highsmith, Tax Collector M.H. Robinson, Treasurer W.T. Purdom, Coroner Dr. D.L. Moore and Surveyor D.H. Raulerson. — Map (db m24045) |
| Georgia (Bulloch County), Arcola — 016-2A — John Abbot (1751-1839) — Ornithologist, Entomologist, Artist — >>--- 1/3 Mi. ---> |
| | In the old McElveen Cemetery, one-third of a mile northeast of this marker, is the grave of John Abbot, pioneer naturalist of Georgia. Abbot was born in London June 1, 1751, and in early youth became devoted to the study and delineation of insects. At sixteen he already had become proficient with water colors and had collected, painted and exhibited his work in London. Longing for new collecting grounds, he came to Virginia in 1773 and, after three years there, he settled in Georgia. During . . . — Map (db m24018) |
| Maryland (Baltimore County), Perry Hall — Germantown |
| | After the Civil War, dozens of immigrant families moved into the area. The village of Germantown started here, later known as Perry Hall. — Map (db m24516) |
| Maryland (Baltimore County), Perry Hall — Indian Rock |
| | The village of Indian Rock, located here in the early 20th Century, started as a stop on the Baltimore and Jerusalem Turnpike. — Map (db m24512) |
| New Jersey (Bergen County), Ramsey — Old Stone House |
| | Dutch Colonial farmhouse built in the early 1700s. Both carved date of 1747 found on an old barn beam and the rubble stone construction of the house place it in this early period. Minutes of the East New Jersey Board of Proprietors and existing public records lead to the belief house was built by a Westervelt, early owners of the land, (a part of the much disputed Ramapough tract). According to recently discovered records, the house served as a tavern during the 18th century. Thus came the . . . — Map (db m24681) |
| New Jersey (Burlington County), Moorestown — First Moorestown, New Jersey Friends Meeting House |
| | The granite stone behind this plaque marks the location of the first Friends Meeting House. Built of logs in 1700. It was the earliest building for worship in Moorestown.
In 1720, it burned and was replaced with a large stone building which was demolished in 1802 when the present brick meeting house was built across Main Street. — Map (db m24650) |
| New Jersey (Burlington County), Moorestown — Morgan Hollinshead Clock Shop Site |
| | He was well known as a maker of grandfather clocks. Circa 1775-1832.
For a number of years he was a member of the township committee.
A Quaker, he died in 1832 and is buried in the Friends Graveyard across Main Street.
The building, later used as a store, was demolished in 1969. — Map (db m24651) |
| New Jersey (Burlington County), Moorestown — Site of Coles Hotel |
| | Built as a tavern about 1800, it became known in 1846 as the William Penn Hotel. C.C. & B.F. Coles purchased it in 1859 changing the name to Coles Hotel in 1890. Many important persons stopped here. It was also the home of the Camden-Moorestown Stagecoach at various times from 1820 to shortly after 1867 when with the coming of the railroad, the stages ceased to run. — Map (db m24659) |
| New York (Albany County), Colonie — Loudoun Ferry Road |
| |
1755 Constructed as Military Road from
Albany to Lake George by Provincial
Troops from New York, New England
and New Jersey under command of
Major General William Johnson
———
Named in honor of Major General
John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun.
Commander in Chief of His Majesty's
Forces in America, French and Indian War
———
1776 General Henry Knox's Train
of Artillery crossed here
to aid General George Washington
in the . . . — Map (db m24514) |
| North Carolina (Alleghany County), Laurel Springs — Robert Lee Doughton |
| | Robert Lee Doughton, for whom Doughton Park is named, was born in Alleghany County, North Carolina, November 7, 1863. An original and leading advocate of the establishment and development of the Blue Ridge Parkway, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives 1911-1953, Chairman of its Committee on Ways and Means 1933-1947 and 1949-1953. — Map (db m24339) |
| Ohio (Ashland County), Hayesville — 1-3 — Hayesville Town Hall and Opera House |
| | This building was a center of community life from the time of its construction in 1886 to the late 1930s. Once common, such combinations of governmental offices and commercial and entertainment space are today rare. The second floor opera house retains many original features, including stage backdrops, dressing rooms, and seats. Vaudeville, theater companies, and entertainment of all kinds were hosted here and many performers signed the backstage walls: Buffalo Bill dated his signature October . . . — Map (db m24286) |
| Ohio (Ashland County), Loudonville — 7-70 — Clear Fork Gorge — A Feature of Ohio's Forests |
| | Clear Fork Gorge was formed when glacial meltwater cut through the sandstone bedrock that forms its steep walls fourteen to twenty-four thousand years ago. The gorge is one thousand feet wide and over three hundred feet deep. Its seclusion has preserved a rare forest community that includes native white pine and towering eastern hemlock. A National Natural Landmark, the gorge displays a wide variety of other tree species more common throughout the state, with sycamore on the bottomlands, . . . — Map (db m24285) |
| Ohio (Ashland County), Perrysville — 7-3 — Johnny "Appleseed" Land Lease and Nursery |
| | John "Appleseed" Chapman (b. September 26, 1774—d. March 18, 1845) was the first lessee of this 160 acre tract (NW ¼, S 20, T 20, R 16), when he secured it for 99 years from the Virginia Military District School Lands on April 10, 1815. This $320 lease complied with the Ordinance of 1785 which stipulated that proceeds from the sale or lease of a 36th of all new land in the Northwest Territory be used to support public education. Perrysville author, Rosella Rice, knew Appleseed. In a . . . — Map (db m24283) |
| Ohio (Ashtabula County), Conneaut — PA-OH Border Monument |
| | Erected in 1881 by a joint commission appointed by the states of Pennsylvania and Ohio to re-survey and re-mark the boundary line as established in 1786. — Map (db m24070) |
| Pennslyvannia (Bucks County), Bristol — Bristol Township Vietnam Veterans Memorial |
| | Vietnam
The Great Indochina War
Bristol Township
Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Dedicated
November 5, 1988
In honored memory of the men and women of Bristol Township who served their country in South East Asia, and to our heroic sons who gave their lives for the cause of freedom.
"We gave it everything we had" — Map (db m24042) |
| Pennsylvannia (Bucks County), Bristol — Pennsylvannia War Dog Memorial — In Honor of the Heroes America Forgot — Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Marines |
| | In Honor of the Heroes America Forgot
Few Americans are aware of the invaluable service given by War Dog teams during the Vietnam War. Dog teams consisting of Scout, Combat Tracker, Sentry and Mine and Tunnel dogs saved thousands of lives. Routinely braving danger these intelligent and adaptable dogs would locate injured GI's, search out Vietcong weapon caches, locate deadly booby traps and would alert and thwart enemy attacks and ambushes.
The handlers responsible for the dog . . . — Map (db m24040) |
| South Carolina (Berkeley County), Hugar — 8-11 — Pompion Hill Chapel |
| | One quarter mile north, the first Church of England ediface outside of Charleston, was erected of Cypress in 1703, largely through the efforts of Gov. Sir Nathaniel Johnson. The present brick structure was erected in 1763. The Parish of St. Thomas, of which this was a chaoel of ease, was established by Act of Assembly, Nov. 30, 1706. — Map (db m24463) |
| Tennessee (Bedford County), Bell Buckle — 3G 27 — The Webb School |
| | Founded 1870, at Culleoka, by William R. ("Sawney") Webb, whose brother John M. ("Old Jack") Webb joined him in 1874. It moved here in 1886. Its curriculum, embracing chiefly Latin, Greek and Mathematics, was designed to give a sound preparatory education. Many of its early graduates have conducted schools of the same type, which were once prominent in the South's educational system. — Map (db m24169) |
| Tennessee (Bedford County), Wartrace — 3G 34 — Strolling Jim |
| | Strolling Jim, the first World's Champion Tennessee Walking Horse, is buried in a pasture directly behind the Walking Horse Hotel. Foaled in 1936, this former work horse was ridden to the championship by Floyd Carothers at the first Walking Horse Celebration at Shelbyville in 1939. Jim died in 1957 in the pasture where he spent his last years. — Map (db m24165) |
| Texas (Bandera County), Bandera — Bandera Pass |
| | Celebrated Indian pass known from the earliest days of Spanish settlement · Identified with many a frontier fight and many a hostile inroad · Old ranger trail from the Medina to the Guadalupe River and the United States Army route between frontier posts followed this route through the mountains — Map (db m24384) |
| Virginia, Bristol — 43 - k — Historic Bristol |
| | Evan Shelby, noted Indian fighter, settled here about 1765 on a tract called "Sapling Grove". His home was a neighborhood fort, the refuge of settlers in Indian attacks. Bristol grew around this place and became an early railroad center. — Map (db m24323) |
| Virginia, Bristol — Overmountain Patriots of the American Revolution |
| | Dedicated to the hundreds of patriots from this area who fought in the American Revolution (1775 - 1783).
When the war in the north came to a stalemate by early 1880, the British turned their military strategy to the South. They believed that devoted southern Loyalists would rise and secure victory for King George III.
The British command underestimated the determination and bold spirit of the frontiersmen who crossed the mountains, fought Indians, and settled their land. The brave . . . — Map (db m24324) |
| Virginia, Fairfax — Historic Blenheim |
| | A family farm, a Civil War encampment site, and a country home, Historic Blenheim now welcomes visitors to explore its landscape and many stories. Over 200 years ago, family patriarch Rezin Willcoxon moved here from Prince Georges County, Maryland. By the Civil War, his extended family owned most of the acreage along today’s Old Lee Highway. A labor force, including a small number of African-American slaves, aided the family’s growing prosperity. During the Civil War, Union soldiers camped . . . — Map (db m24662) |
| Virginia, Lexington — A 42 — William Henry Ruffner |
| | William Henry Ruffner, educational reformer, clergyman, and geologist, was born in Lexington on 11 Feb. 1824. After pursuing careers as a preacher and a geological surveyor, he was appointed in 1870 as Virginia's first superintendent of public instruction by the General Assembly. During Ruffner's tenure, he developed Virginia's free public school system. Resigning from his position in 1882, Ruffner returned to geological surveying and farming before becoming the president of the State Female . . . — Map (db m23806) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Adapting Power |
| | The Raceway and Earlier Uses of the Site
This raceway brought water from the James River and Kanawha Canal to power waterwheels, and later turbines, that drove machinery. During its earliest use, the raceway contained at least two overshot waterwheels that powered a corn mill, a cotton mill, and a flour mill. The stone base of the Pattern Building probably dates from the earliest structures.
The tubes or penstocks you see here, carry water into the round metal casings that . . . — Map (db m24411) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Albemarle Paper |
| | In 1916, the Dixie Paper Company opened a paper mill in the building of the closed Brown’s Island electric plant. By 1919, the mill was taken over by Albemarle Paper Company, which had been operating a paper mill just upriver at Hollywood since 1887. The Brown’s Island mill made kraft paper and operated until 1967. The mill buildings filled the island, with the last pulled down in 1978.
In 1957, Albemarle Paper purchased the Tredegar Iron Works property. By then it had acquired most of . . . — Map (db m24107) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Belle Isle |
| | During the winter of 1863-1864, the island visible from this spot held up to 8,000 Union army prisoners.
After the outbreak of the Civil War, prisoners poured into Richmond. Camps built only as transport stations soon became permanent. Over the course of the war, several thousand Belle Isle prisoners died, many during the harsh winter of 1863, when the entire city was overcrowded and undersupplied. — Map (db m24097) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Belle Isle and Old Dominion Iron and Nail Works |
| | Once called Washington’s or Broad Rock Island, Belle Isle was bought by Captain John Smith from Chief Powatan in 1608. Early travelers found the island natural and idyllic and current visitors only see hints of the island’s industrial past. In 1815, a wooden dam built on the southern side diverted water to power a nail factory, which eventually became Old Dominion Iron and Steel. Belle Isle later became the home of stone quarries and a Virginia Electric Power plant.
Old Dominion Iron and . . . — Map (db m24375) |
| Virginia, Richmond — SA 75 — Black Hawk (1767-1838) |
| | Black Sparrow Hawk (Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak) led the Sauk Nation in defense of land taken from them in the 1830s. Displaced from three Midwestern locations, the Sauk resisted another federal relocation. Led by Black Hawk, the Sauk fought throughout the summer of 1832 in what has become known as the Black Hawk War. Outnumbered, the Sauk and Black Hawk surrendered and he was held in federal custody. President Andrew Jackson ordered him paraded through major cities in European clothing as . . . — Map (db m24336) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Brown’s Island |
| | Brown’s Island was created when the Haxall Canal was extended west to the Tredegar Iron Works.
Encircled by the waterways that provided power and transportation to flour mills, foundries, and paper companies, Brown’s Island has been at the center of Richmond’s industrial activities for more than 200 years. Remains of Civil War-era bridges can be seen from its shores, and the CSX Railroad still runs along its southern edge. — Map (db m24095) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Brown’s Island |
| | Brown’s Island is named for Elijah Brown who acquired it in 1826. Brown came from Rhode Island in 1811 to be a gunsmith at the Virginia Manufactory of Arms. In 1818, he entered the Public Guard, which was stationed at the Manufactory, and served as Lieutenant and Paymaster. For a time the Island was called Neilson’s Island, after a subsequent owner, but the name Brown’s Island eventually stuck.
Since Elijah Brown’s day, the island has had a varied history, sketched in plaques around . . . — Map (db m24105) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Burnt District |
| | More than 1,000 buildings burned between 4th and 15th Streets, from Main Street to the river.
“The sky in the direction of Richmond is lurid with the glare of burning houses. …It was as if a great battle were going on around us.” Kate Mason Rowland, 1865
As the Confederates evacuated Richmond in 1865, they torched bridges, warehouses, and arsenals to keep them from the Union Army. All the buildings in the Shockoe warehouse district were destroyed. The devastation . . . — Map (db m24290) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Civil War Visitor Center — Richmond National Battlefield Park |
| | You are standing amid the remains of the Tredegar Iron Works, the nation’s largest and best-equipped ironworks in 1860. Some Tredegar iron industries operated until the 1950s.
Today, Tredegar’s Pattern Storage Building, constructed around 1867, serves as Richmond’s Civil War Visitor Center. This building once held patterns for casting guns, railroad wheels, and machinery. Other surviving structures include the 1861 gun foundry, the office building, a 1915 carpenter shop, and the company . . . — Map (db m24474) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Company Store |
| | The Tredegar Company operated a company store, or commissary, in this two story brick building. The company store was opened shortly after Tredegar resumed production at the end of the Civil War (c.1868) and remained in business until just after the end of World War I (c.1918). The entrance to the store was on the upper floor and faced the James River and Kanawha canal. The lower floor was used for storage, and a small rope and pulley elevator carried goods up to the sales area — Map (db m24129) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Confederate Laboratory |
| | Brown’s Island was the site of the Confederate Laboratory, a major powder-loading and cartridge-producing plant during the Civil War.
During the Civil War, the hazardous work of loading powder was carried out here on Brown’s Island because of its separation from the city by water. On March 13, 1864, a huge explosion killed 46 workers – mostly women whom hard times had forced into this dangerous occupation. — Map (db m24098) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Cupolas from the Virginia State Penitentiary |
| | The cupolas you see here sat atop the Virginia State Penitentiary building that stood not far from here. Benjamin Henry Latrobe's original penitentiary was replaced by the building below in the 20th century, but was torn down in 1992 when the state moved the penitentiary outside Richmond.
Ethyl Corporation's new laboratory facility now stands on the site of the penitentiary. — Map (db m24143) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Early Industrial Patterns |
| | The Pattern Building’s origins reflect the uses of the Valentine Riverside site by several industries that were key to America’s, and Richmond’s industrial development. The building’s stone and brick foundations are from a water-powered flour mill built by Lewis D. Crenshaw, later used a woolen mill. Crenshaw’s operation also included a warehouse-grain elevator on the canal. After Crenshaw’s mill burned in 1863, Tredegar Iron Works rebuilt the mill in its present form for making and storage of . . . — Map (db m24154) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Electricity for Streetcars |
| | Power from Brown’s Island began to run streetcars in 1894, when Richmond Railway & Electric built a coal-fired generating plant.
In 1888, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway became the first streetcar line in the world to be successfully powered by electricity. Designed by Frank Julian Sprague, the Sprague streetcar system was installed in cities around the globe.
The main generating plant in 1888 was two blocks north of here, on 7th Street between Canal and Cary Streets. In . . . — Map (db m24106) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Enterprise and Iron |
| | By 1844, Tredegar Iron Works managers used this building for an office and as a residence. After the Civil War, it became the principal iron works office. It was rebuilt after being damaged by fire in 1903. During most of the history of Tredegar, the company was owned and operated by Joseph Reid Anderson and members of his family, with a few skilled workers and managers. Ownership by families or limited partnerships was not unusual for industrial organizations in the 1800s, but it became . . . — Map (db m24128) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Francis Turbine |
| | This Francis Type Turbine was used on the Tredegar site in the early twentieth century and is very similar to one of the five turbines located near the building to your left. It was built by the S. Morgan Smith Company of York, Pennsylvania. By turning the wheel attached to the gears, the cylinder gate (the part with the fin-like openings) moves in and out, controlling the amount of water passing into the turbine, thus controlling the power. The water pushes the buckets of the runner, turning the power shaft. — Map (db m24426) |
| Virginia, Richmond — SA 80 — Grace Evelyn Arents — 1849-1926 |
| | Grace Evelyn Arents worked tirelessly as an urban reformer and philanthropist to improve the daily life of individuals regardless of race, gender, or class. She developed a church complex that included St. Andrews Episcopal Church, St. Andrew’s School, the Grace Arents Free Library, a teachers’ house, and a medical clinic. Arents also established a night school for working children, built public baths and playgrounds, and funded numerous social programs. She supported the formation of the . . . — Map (db m24338) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Horseshoe Shops |
| | In the late 1800s, horse-drawn carts, wagons, and carriages dominated city streets, and southern agriculture still largely depended on the power of horses and mules. To meet the demand for horse and mule shoes, Tredegar began selling machine-made horseshoes in 1873. By 1887 a series of buildings for the producing horseshoes had been constructed at Tredegar in the area where you are standing.
Machine-made Horseshoes
Tredegar hired J.H. Snyder in the early 1870’s to develop machinery . . . — Map (db m24137) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Industrial Recycling |
| | Iron companies in the late 1800s began melting down scrap metal from old machines and parts to make new products, just as we recycle materials like aluminum cans today. The “car wheel crusher” that stood here broke up old railroad car wheels so that the pieces could be melted and reshaped. A large weight was dropped on the wheels to break them. — Map (db m24405) |
| Virginia, Richmond — SA-74 — Jackson Ward |
| | Before the Civil War this neighborhood was home to free blacks and enslaved individuals, along with European immigrants and Jewish residents. The area served as a city electoral district (1871-1903) and is still called Jackson Ward. By the early 20th century it had become one of the premier centers of African American business, social, and residential life in the United States. Black-owned businesses such as the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, the Southern Aid Insurance Company, the Richmond . . . — Map (db m24202) |
| Virginia, Richmond — John Jasper |
| | “The manner he preaches is only in keeping with the openness and candor of his heart.” Deacon and Officers of the Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church, 1884
“Jasper didn’t convert me to his religion, but he did convert me to himself….I felt his greatness.” A Richmond reporter
“You felt the ground got holy where he went along." One of Jasper’s converts
Born in a slave cabin, John Jasper became one of the most famous preachers of his . . . — Map (db m24102) |
| Virginia, Richmond — John Jasper |
| | John Jasper was born in a slave cabin on Peachy Plantation in Fluvanna County on July 4, 1812, and lived until 1901. In 1839, while working in a Richmond tobacco factory, he was "annointed by the Holy Ghost" and went on to become a preacher.
On Sunday, April 2, 1865, the day the Evacuation of Richmond began, John Jasper preached at the Armory Rolling Mills, next to Tredegar Iron Works.
In September, 1867, Rev. Jasper formed a church on Brown's Island "in a little, old wooden shanty" . . . — Map (db m24180) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Making Machines at Tredegar |
| | During the 1880’s the Tredegar Iron Works made many of the specialized machines necessary in iron production. This was especially true for machinery used in the rolling mills. Two major parts of the stand of rolls you see in the display behind you, were made at Tredegar–the rolls which shape the metal, and the large housings that hold the rolls and gears together.
The rolls were turned on the lathe displayed here. The lathe copies the form of an already shaped piece. — Map (db m24427) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Manchester & Free Bridges |
| | By 1873, complaints about Mayo’s’ tolls led to the opening of the Free Bridge.
The day after the Free Bridge opened, thousands crowded onto it to watch the Reverend John Jasper conduct a large group-baptism ceremony in the river.
For years, the only James River crossing for pedestrians and vehicles was Mayo’s toll bridge, at 14th Street. Richmond’s first “free” bridge was built east of here in 1873. Today’s Manchester Bridge, built in 1972, includes a legally mandated free walkway. — Map (db m24104) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Neighborhoods at Tredegar |
| | [Three] communities grew up around the Tredegar Iron Works: Oregon Hill, Penitentiary Bottom, and Gamble’s Hill. Today little remains of these communities. A part of Oregon hill still survives, but Penitentiary Bottom and Gamble’s Hill are both gone, torn down after years of decay and neglect. Their evolution mirrored the industrial, commercial and social development of the city and the diversity of the urban experience in Richmond and the nation.
Oregon Hill was once the location of . . . — Map (db m24413) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Overshot Waterwheel |
| | This is a reconstruction of one of many waterwheels used on this site. It is called an overshot wheel because the water flows over the top. The Tredegar Iron Works used waterwheels from its founding in 1836 until the 1870s when turbines were installed. Two different wheels were located here, powering foundry blowers and an early machine shop.
No photographs of these waterwheels exist. Information from maps, insurance policies, and company records was used to reconstruct this waterwheel, as . . . — Map (db m24148) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Raceways |
| | As you explore the grounds of the Tredegar Iron Works, you will occasionally see evidence of underground networks. Below the ground are numerous “raceways,” tunnels of stone and brick, which carried water downhill from the canal to provide water power to the various industrial facilities. The raceways powered water wheels during the mid-nineteenth century which were replaced by more efficient turbines after the Civil War. — Map (db m24209) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Rail Lines at Tredegar |
| | Nearly all of the materials shipped to and from Tredegar moved by railroad after the Civil War. The company’s small fleet of industrial switcher locomotives moved car loads along the spur lines that connected Tredegar to the outside world. Over two miles of railroad tracks criss-crossed the Tredegar complex. They ran alongside, between, and through many of the large buildings that filled the site. Other tracks ran to elevated dump sites where metal and coal were off-loaded. The photographs shown here were taken c.1918 through c.1940. — Map (db m24404) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Rutherfoord’s Mill |
| | Thomas Rutherfoord, a Scottish immigrant, built a flour mill on this site around 1800, using water power from the James River and Kanawha Canal. The ruins of the stone foundation can still be seen. Grain milling was the earliest industrial use of the Tredegar site, and was critical to Richmond’s development as an industrial city that was home to the largest flour milling operations in the world. In 1812, Edward Cunningham purchased Rutherfoord’s mill. — Map (db m24204) |
| Virginia, Richmond — SA 79 — Saint Joseph Catholic Church |
| | In 1884, Bishop John Keane bought this property and established Saint Joseph, making it the first-known Catholic congregation organized for African Americans in Virginia. The original congregation began in the basement of the all-white Saint Peter's Church in 1879, and grew to 50 members. During the years 1904-1968, this site also contained the Franciscan convent, still standing. Saint Mary's; a two-room school for grades K-12, later named Van de Vyver; a parish house; a trade school; and a . . . — Map (db m24177) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Southern Firepower |
| | This 6.4-inch Brooke rifled canon represents one of the greatest sources of pride for the Confederacy. Named for its inventor, John Mercer Brooke, this type of gun was renowned for its superior range, accuracy and reliability over its smoothbore counterparts. Because of their effectiveness, Brooke’s guns were mounted inside many southern fortifications and were also used on board many Confederate warships.
Map (db m24109) |
| Virginia, Richmond — The Canal and the Civil War |
| | At the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, the James River and the Kanawha Canal extended to Buchanon, nearly 200 miles west of Richmond. As Virginia’s railroads fell prey to Union armies, the canal became an increasingly important artery in the Confederacy’s transportation network. Despite its significance, Union armies made little effort to sever the canal in the first years of the war. It was not seriously threatened until March 1864, when Ulric Dalgren’s raiders briefly reached the James . . . — Map (db m24112) |
| Virginia, Richmond — The Cupola Furnace and Foundry |
| | The cupola furnace was last used here as part of the carwheel foundry, where railroad carwheels were cast until the 1950’s. The wall in front of you is the back wall of the building, and the arch behind you is the remains of the front wall of the original building. The foundry building was expanded considerably over time.
In the cupola furnace, iron was heated until it became molten, then poured into molds to produce various cast items. Furnaces at Tredegar once used pig iron from western . . . — Map (db m24135) |
| Virginia, Richmond — The General Assembly of Virginia |
| | On the site of this
building
The General Assembly
of Virginia
met from 1780 to 1788
and
it was from here that the
Assembly was driven
in 1781
by the news of the approach
of the British Army
Placed in 1915 by the City of Richmond
at the request of the Commonwealth Chapter
Daughters of the American Revolution — Map (db m24287) |
| Virginia, Richmond — The Gun Foundry |
| | This building was built in 1861 to cast cannons for the Confederate Government. One of the reasons Richmond became the capital of the Confederacy was its ability to produce arms, clothing, paper, and other essentials for the Confederate government, army, and navy. Tredegar had produced cannons, ordnance and other iron products for the U.S. Army and Navy before the Civil War, and this effort was applied to Confederate contracts once Virginia seceded.
The Civil War at Tredegar
Joseph . . . — Map (db m24121) |
| Virginia, Richmond — The Richmond-Petersburg Railroad Bridge |
| | The expansion of railroads in the 1830s fueled the growth of iron works like Tredegar, and by the Civil War, five railroads had come into Richmond. The Richmond-Petersburg was the first railroad bridge in the city. It was built by Moncure Robinson, a Virginia native who engineered many early American railroad lines. Completed to Manchester, now part of Richmond, in 1838, the structure was 2,844 feet in length and stood 60 feet above the James River. Constructed primarily out of pine planks, the . . . — Map (db m24389) |
| Virginia, Richmond — The Trededgar Iron Works |
| | The Tredegar Iron Works
Founded 1836
Made for the Confederate Government
1861-1865
The greater part of the cannon and
projectiles produced in the southern
states and the wrought iron armor of
the frigate
Merrimac-Virginia
This tablet is placed at the request
of the
Confederate Memorial Literary Society
A.D. 1910 — Map (db m24282) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Tobacco District |
| | “Tobacco is in almost everyone’s mouth either for mastication, fumigation, inhalation, or discussion.” Samuel Mordecai, 1860
“In south Richmond…even the baloney sandwiches and measles epidemics always wore a faint odor of cure tobacco.” Tom Robbins, Novelist, 1976
From colonial times through World War II, Richmond was a center for tobacco inspection and processing. By the mid-19th century, the city had become the largest tobacco producer in the . . . — Map (db m24289) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Toledo 1000-ton Press |
| | This press was used to finish iron and steel parts, such as the pieces of rail-connecting plate (known as fishplate) you see displayed here. It straightened hundreds of thousands of tons of metal in its lifetime. The machine weighs about 40 tons. The “1000 ton” designation refers to the amount of force it can generate. The machine was purchased in the 1920’s and was moved to Cleveland when the Tredegar Company’s equipment was purchased by Cleveland Track material in 1986. . . . — Map (db m24151) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Tredegar in 1951 |
| | The lines in the parking lot represent the outlines of building shown on the 1951 insurance map of Tredegar, below. Three machine shops were constructed in 1872 to manufacture railroad cars and were converted to boiler and machine hops around 1884-1887. By 1887, a series of buildings, represented by lines to the right, had been constructed for the production of horseshoes at Tredegar, including a forge, a machine shop, and storage sheds.
Machine Shops
These buildings were long and . . . — Map (db m24138) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Tredegar in the Twentieth Century / Then and Now |
| | Tredegar in the Twentieth Century
The lines in the parking lot represent the outlines of buildings as shown on this 1951 insurance map of Tredegar. Three machine shops stood to your right. Constructed in 1872 to manufacture railroad cars, they were converted to boiler and machine shops around 1884-1887. By 1887, a series of buildings, represented by the lines in front of you, had been constructed for the production of horseshoes here at Tredegar.
Then and Now
The . . . — Map (db m24378) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Tredegar Iron Works |
| | By 1861 the Tredegar Iron Works were the largest in the Confederacy. The sprawling complex seen in this plan produced much of the ordnance used by the Confederate army and navy. But in 1863, a devastating fire destroyed the Crenshaw mill (site of the current visitor center) and several shops on the lower level.
As the firm rebuilt some of these facilities, a change in production occurred. Instead of casting the large cannon that required a large work force and high-grade iron ore, both of . . . — Map (db m24110) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Tredegar Rolling Mills |
| | The Tredegar Iron Works had several rolling mills, which produced rails, bars to be made into spikes, connecting plates for rails, merchant bar iron, and plates. The Tredegar rolling mill’s most famous work was the plates made for the ironclad C.S.S. Virginia .
Power is transferred from a turbine or waterwheel to a set of gears, which drive a series of stands of rolls. Heated metal is elongated and shaped as it passes through each set of rolls. The rolls here, called roughing rolls, . . . — Map (db m24406) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Tredegar Spike Mill |
| | You are now standing in the middle of the footprint of the Tredegar spike mill. Since its beginnings in the 1830s, the Tredegar Iron Works relied on railroads as a major market. Spikes were one of the most important products Tredegar made and, even after leaving their James River site in 1957, Tredegar continued to produce spikes into the late 1980s at a plant in Chesterfield County. — Map (db m24387) |
| Virginia, Richmond — Worker Housing |
| | The wooden framework you see here represents the outline of one unit of a six unit “laborers’ quarters” built for Tredegar workers before the Civil War. Two long, multi-unit “quarters” bordered each other along the canal where the brick wall exists today. — Map (db m24142) |
| Virginia, Virginia Beach — KV4 — Seashore State Park |
| | This park was developed by the National Park Service, Interior Department, through the Civilian Conservation Corps, in conjunction with the Virginia Conservation Commission. It covers 3400 acres and was opened, June 15, 1936. Two miles west is Lynhaven Bay, in or near which there were naval actions in 1672 and 1700, and naval movements in 1781 and 1813 — Map (db m24326) |
| Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — 173d Airborne Brigade (Sep) — 1963 - 1971 |
| | In commemoration of all Sky Soldiers whose valor and sacrifice in defense of South Vietnam must never be forgotten. "All gave some - Some gave all" [Renderings of military insignia:] Combat Infantryman Badge - 173rd Airborne Bde. - Paratrooper Badge. The Australian Army - "Sky Soldier" - New Zealand [military]. — Map (db m24554) |
| Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — Berlin Airlift |
| | In memory of the United States military personnel who served on the Berlin Airlift, 26 June 1948 to 30 September 1949. [Insignia of:] Berlin Airlift Veterans Assoc. [Renderings of two U.S. transport aircraft:] Presented by the Berlin Airlift Veterans Association. Dedicated 29 September 1998. — Map (db m24603) |
| Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — Civil War Unknowns Monument |
| | Beneath this stone repose the bones of two thousand, one hundred and eleven unknown soldiers gathered after the war from the fields of Bull Run and the route to the Rappahannock. Their remains could not be identified, but their names and deaths are recorded in the archives of their country. And its grateful citizens honor them as of their noble army of martyrs. May they rest in peace. September A.D. 1866. — Map (db m24595) |
| Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — McClellan Gate |
| | [East face, top of the arch:]
McCLELLAN
Here rest 15,585 of the 315,555 citizens who died in defense of our country from 1861 to 1865.
"On fame's eternal camping ground their silent tents are spread, And glory guards with solemn round, the bivouac of the dead."
[East face, middle south column:]
MEIGS
[West face, top of the arch:]
"Rest on embalmed and sainted dead,
dear as the blood ye gave, no impious footsteps here shall tread on the . . . — Map (db m24587) |
| Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — Swiss Internees |
| | In memory of the gallant combat aircrewmen of the USAAF 8th, 9th, 12th, and 15th Air Forces who were left in Switzerland, 1943-1945 during WWII with "everlasting friends."
[Insignia of:] Swiss Internees Association, Inc. U.S.A. Camp Moloney Former Air Force 1943-1945 — Map (db m24558) |
| Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — U.S.S. Houston and H.M.A.S. Perth |
| | In Memory of the Crews of U.S.S. Houston (CA-30) and H.M.A.S. Perth "Still Standing Watch in Sunda Strait." — Map (db m24644) |
| Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — USS Serpens Memorial |
| | Herein rest those who lost their lives in the sinking of USS Serpens World War II January 29, 1945.
Edwin A Ables EM2 USCGR
• John C Aiken III LT USCGR
• Roy G Anderson PHM2 USCGR
• Edwin F Antkowiak COX USCGR
• Lawrence L Arndt CPL USA
• Harry E Aro WT1 USCG
• Clifford D Ashby AS USCGR
• George C Auble LTJG USCGR
• Woodward S Babcock GM3 USCGR
• Walter E Baginski PFC USA
• Charles E Baillargeon TEC5 USA
• Edward A Baker MACH USCG
• Jacob Barer S1 USCGR
• Charles . . . — Map (db m24123) |
| Virginia (Botetourt County), Buchanan — A 91 — Looney's Ferry |
| | Looney's Ferry, established in 1742, was the first crossing over James River in this region. On the other side of the river was Cherry Tree Bottom, home of Colonel John Buchanan, and above the mouth of this creek stood Fort Fauquier, 1758-1763. — Map (db m23823) |
| Virginia (Botetourt County), Roanoke — A 80 — Coming of the Railroad |
| | Near here took place the historic meeting of John C. Moomaw and C. M. Thomas that led to the termination of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad at Big Lick (now Roanoke), April, 1881. This was the beginning of the city of Roanoke. — Map (db m23824) |
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