| Virginia (Caroline County), Bowling Green — ND-7 — Campaign of 1781 |
| | Lafayette, marching from Head of Elk, Maryland, to Richmond, camped here the night of April 27, 1781. — Map (db m14100) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Bowling Green — Caroline County Courthouse — Union Troops Filled the Roads to Richmond — Lee Vs. Grant - The 1864 Campaign |
| | On May 21, 1864, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock’s Second Corps passed through Bowling Green. Union soldiers broke into stores, looted homes and freed prisoners from the jail. Documents from the ransacked courthouse littered the streets. A few bold souls ventured outside to hurl epithets at their tormentors. “Are you going to Richmond?” cried one woman. “You’ll all lay your bones in the ground before you get sight of it!” To help restore order, a young Union captain named . . . — Map (db m12965) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Bowling Green — Star Hotel — Conspirator's Lair |
| | Built approximately 1820, the Star Hotel was one of two taverns serving Bowling Green. During the Civil War, it was operated by the Henry Gouldman family, and became a notorious Confederate spy headquarters and safe haven to those who aided Lincoln assassin John Wilkes Booth. About 12:30 a.m. on April 26, 1865, a 26-member Union posse comprised of the 5th New York Cavalry, under the command of Lt. Edward P. Doherty and two members of the National Detective Police, arrived at the hotel, . . . — Map (db m4527) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Carmel Church — Carmel Church — Gathering for North Anna — Lee vs. Grant - The 1864 Campaign |
| | The scattered corps of the Union army reunited here at Carmel Church (known during the war as Mount Carmel Church) on May 23 before attacking Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee across the North Anna River, approximately three miles ahead. Gen. Winfield Hancock’s Second Corps advanced down the Telegraph Road (modern Route 1) and seized the Chesterfield Bridge. The Fifth, Sixth and Ninth Corps swung west and headed towards Jericho Mills and Ox Ford.
For four days the Union and Confederate . . . — Map (db m3693) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Carmel Church — E-25 — Grant’s Operations |
| | Here, at Mount Carmel Church, on May 23, 1864, Hancock’s (Second) Corps turned south to the North Anna River; Warren’s (Fifth) Corps and Wright’s (Sixth) Corps here turned west to Jericho Mills on the River. Grant had his headquarters in the church on May 24. On May 27, 1864, the four corps of Grant’s army, returning from the North Anna, here turned east to Cold Harbor. — Map (db m3696) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Carmel Church — E 24 — Long Creek Action |
| | The earthworks in the angle between this stream and the North Anna River, held by a small Confederate force, were taken by by Grant's troops moving southward on May 23, 1864. The Unionists then advanced to the river, on the south side of which was Lee's Army. — Map (db m10647) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Chilesburg — E-100 — William Clark Birthplace |
| | William Clark was born to John and Ann Rogers
Clark on 1 Aug. 1770 on the family farm about
one mile north. The Clark family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1784. William Clark served in
the Kentucky militia and in the Indian campaigns
in the Old Northwest, including the Battle of Fallen
Timbers in 1794. With Meriwether Lewis, he led
the 1803–1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition to the
Pacific. Clark served as Indian agent for the Louisiana Territory, governor of the Missouri . . . — Map (db m22561) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Doswell — ND 1 — Early Indian Tool Making Camps |
| | On this site overlooking the North Anna River, archaeological investigations conducted in 2006 in cooperation with Virginia tribes identified toolmaking camps dating to 8000 B.C. Indians used these camps repeatedly, especially from about 1000 B.C. to 1 A.D. Using hammerstones and deer antlers, they fashioned quartzite cobbles from the riverbank into tools for hunting, butchering, fishing, and other subsistence activities. Stone bowl fragments and clay pottery sherds found here reflect long-term . . . — Map (db m10640) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Doswell — E 23 — Lee and Grant |
| | Lee and Grant faced each other on the North Anna, May 23-26, 1864. Union forces crossed here and four miles to the west but found they could not dislodge Lee's center, which rested on the stream. Grant then turned east to Cold Harbor. — Map (db m10644) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Edgar — Z 246 — Caroline County / King William |
| | (obverse)
Caroline County
Area 529 Square Miles
Formed in 1727 from Essex, King and Queen, and King William. Named for Queen Caroline, wife of King George II. George Rogers Clark, conqueror of the Northwest, passed his youth in this county.
(reverse)
King William County
Area 263 Square Miles
Formed in 1701 from King and Queen, and named for King William III. Here lived Carter Braxton, signer of the Declaration of Independence. — Map (db m17789) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Fredericksburg — Z-200 — Caroline County / Spotsylvania County — Area 529 Square Miles / Area 413 Square Miles |
| | Caroline County. Area 529 Square Miles. Formed in 1727 from Essex, King and Queen, and King William. Named for Queen Caroline, wife of King George II. George Rogers Clark, conqueror of the Northwest, passed his youth in this county.
Spotsylvania County. Area 413 square miles. Formed in 1720 from Essex, King and Queen, and King William, and named for Alexander Spotswood, governor of Virginia, 1710–1722. The battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, The Wilderness (partly) . . . — Map (db m22585) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Fredericksburg — N 11 — Jackson's Headquarters |
| | In an outhouse here at Moss Neck, Stonewall Jackson had his headquarters, December, 1862-March, 1863. He was engaged in guarding the line of the Rappahannock with his corps of Lee's army. — Map (db m19286) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Golinsville — E-110 — Golansville Quaker Meetinghouse |
| | Pioneers in asserting the right to religious freedom, the Caroline Friends (Quakers) held their first meeting nearby on 12 March 1739 together with their partner, Cedar Creek Friends Meeting of Hanover County. At a meeting on 9 May 1767, members issued a call to their fellow Quakers to end slaveholding, the first such movement in Virginia. The Friends' testimony against slavery contributed to declining membership as many immigrated west to free states. The Caroline Friends continued to use . . . — Map (db m9213) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Guinea — A Staggering Blow |
| | We had confidence in him that knew no bounds...his loss was irreparable.
Wills Lee, Richmond Howitzers
News of Stonewall Jackson's death stunned the South. "A greater sense of loss and deeper grief never followed the death of mortal man," recorded one of Jackson's men. Union soldiers felt both joy and lament. "I rejoice at Stonewall Jackson's death as a gain to our cause," wrote Union Den. Gouverneur Warren, "yet in my soldier's heart I cannot but see him the best soldier of . . . — Map (db m3310) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Guinea — Fairfield Plantation |
| | The farm office across the lawn is all that remains of the once-sprawling plantation called “Fairfield.” Thomas Coleman Chandler purchased Fairfield Plantation in 1845. For the next 17 years it prospered and evolved – largely at the hands of the dozens of slaves who worked the fields and toiled in the Big House. The plantation was profitable enough that in 1854 Chandler tore down the main house and constructed a more substantial two-story brick house in its place. That house . . . — Map (db m5604) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Guinea — Guinea Station — Grant Maneuvers South |
| | Lee vs. Grant – The 1864 Campaign
General Winfield Hancock’s Union Second corps left Spotsylvania Court House after sunset on May 290, 1864. It trudged south along dark roads, headed toward Milford Station on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. Grant had ordered Hancock to Milford in the hope of luring the Confederate army out of its Spotsylvania trenches to a place where he could attack it and have the advantage.
Hancock reached Guinea Station about dawn, May . . . — Map (db m3308) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Guinea — Stonewall Jackson Died |
| | Stonewall Jackson Died May 10, 1862 Buried Lexington, Va. — Map (db m13937) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Guinea — War Comes to Fairfield |
| | War brought profound changes to the Chandler family, Fairfield, and the slaves who toiled on the plantation. Three of Thomas Chandler’s sons enlisted in the Confederate army. When the Union army occupied Fredericksburg in 1862 many of Chandler’s slaves seized freedom, leaving the family without its customary workforce.
In December 1862 the Confederates established a major supply depot at Guinea Station, just a few hundred yards from Fairfield’s back door. Camps sprawled across the . . . — Map (db m3313) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Hanover — Z 148 — Caroline County / Hanover County |
| | (Obverse)
Caroline County
Area 529 Square Miles
Formed in 1727 from Essex, King and Queen, and King William. Named for Queen Caroline, wife of King George II. George Rogers Clark, conqueror of the Northwest, passed his youth in this county.
(Reverse)
Hanover County
Area 512 Square Miles
Formed in 1720 from New Kent, and named for the Electorate of Hanover. Patrick Henry and Henry Clay were born in this county. In it were fought the battles of Gaines's . . . — Map (db m22269) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Hanover — E 115 — Gabriel’s Rebellion |
| | On 24 Aug. 1800, slave Ben Woolfolk met with other slaves at nearby Littlepage’s Bridge to recruit individuals for an insurrection planned for 30 Aug. The insurgents led by Gabriel, a slave owned by Thomas Henry Prosser of Henrico County, intended to march into Richmond, capture Governor James Monroe, and force him and other leaders to support political, social, and economic equality. Intense rains delayed the scheme. Mosby Sheppard of Henrico County notified Monroe of the conspiracy after his . . . — Map (db m5611) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Ladysmith — E-99 — Clark Family Farm |
| | In 1754, John and Ann Rogers Clark, with their sons Jonathan and George Rogers, moved from Albemarle County to a farm four miles west. There were born Ann, John, Richard, Edmund, Lucy, Elizabeth, William and Frances. During the Revolutionary War, George Rogers Clark led troops that captured British outposts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes in present-day Illinois and Indiana, securing the Old Northwest for the new United States. The Clark family moved to Louisville, Kentucky in 1784. . . . — Map (db m9215) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Ladysmith — E 26 — Dickenson's Mill |
| | Lee camped here, on May 21, 1864, on his way to the North Anna to oppose Grant moving southward. Ewell's and Longstreet's corps rested here that night. — Map (db m10648) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Ladysmith — E-27 — Maneuvering to the North Anna River |
| | Unable to defeat Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederates during the Spotsylvania Courthouse battles 8-19 May 1864, Union commander Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's forces maneuvered east and south forcing Lee to abandon his entrenched position. The Confederates moved south along Telegraph Road (now U.S. Rte. 1) on 21 May. Union troops, marching along a parallel route, missed a golden opportunity to strike Lee's army. The Federals fell behind the Confederates near this point and followed them to the North . . . — Map (db m9214) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Milford — ND 5 — Edmund Pendleton's Home |
| | Six miles southeast is the site of Edmundsbury, home of Edmund Pendleton. Pendleton, born September 9, 1721, was in the House of Burgesses; a delegate to the Continental Congress; chairman of the Virginia Committee of Safety, 1775-6; president of the May 1776 convention and the convention that ratified the United States constitution, 1788; president of the Virginia supreme court. He died, October 26, 1803, and was buried there but was later removed to Williamsburg. — Map (db m22259) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Milford — Milford Station — Lee Avoids A Trap — Lee vs. Grant – The 1864 Campaign |
| | Unable to crack Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee’s strongly fortified lines at Spotsylvania Court House, Union Gen. Grant ordered Gen. Winfield Hancock’s Second Corps to cross the Mattaponi River here at Milford Station and threaten the Confederate army’s line of supply. Grant hoped Lee would try to overpower Hancock’s isolated corps, thereby exposing his own army to attack.
Gen. Alfred Torbert’s cavalry led Hancock’s column. When Torbert reached Milford Station on May 21, 1864, he found . . . — Map (db m19285) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Moss Neck — N-13 — Skinker’s Neck |
| | Two miles north on the Rappahannock River. There Jubal A. Early, in December, 1862, confronted Burnside’s army on the other side of the river. His alertness prevented a crossing and battle at this point. — Map (db m22576) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Moss Neck — N-8 — The Third Lederer Expedition |
| | In 1669 and 1670, German-born John Lederer
led three expeditions to explore Virginia’s
Piedmont and the Carolinas that encouraged
further European exploration. The third
expedition began nearby at Robert Talifer’s
house near the Rappahannock River on 20
Aug. 1670, Col. John Catlett, “nine English
horse,” and five Indians accompanied Lederer.
They reached the junction of the Rappahannock
River and the Rapidan River two days later
and followed the former inland. At the . . . — Map (db m22569) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Moss Neck — N-12 — Windsor |
| | This is the ancient Woodford Estate. Governor Spotswood and the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe stopped here on their way to the mountains, August, 1716. Here General William Woodford was born, October 6, 1734. He defeated Governor Lord Dunmore at the Great Bridge, December 1775, and took an important part in the Revolutionary War. — Map (db m22577) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Nancy Wrights Corner — E-28 — Nancy Wright’s |
| | A little to the east, at Nancy Wright's, Warren's (Fifth) and Wright's (Sixth) Corps, coming from the east, on May 22, 1864, turned south. Wright camped here on May 22. — Map (db m3318) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Port Royal — Z-164 — Essex County / Caroline County — Area 258 Square Miles / Area 529 Square Miles |
| | Essex County. Area 258 square miles. Formed in 1691 from Old Rappahannock County, and named for Essex County, England. R.M.T. Hunter, United States Senator and Confederate Secretary of State, lived in this county.
Caroline County. Area 529 square miles. Formed in 1727 from Essex, King and Queen, and King William. Named for Queen Caroline, wife of George II. George Rogers Clark, conqueror of the Northwest, passed his youth in this county. — Map (db m7302) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Port Royal — N-14 — Hazelwood |
| | Here was the home of John Taylor of Caroline, Jefferson’s chief political lieutenant and leading advocate of states rights. He died here in 1824. — Map (db m22582) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Port Royal — EP 20 — John Wilkes Booth |
| | This is the Garrett Place, where John Wilkes Booth, assassin of Lincoln, was cornered by Union soldiers and killed, April 26, 1865. The house stood a short distance from this spot. — Map (db m1584) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Port Royal — N 17 — Old Port Royal |
| | The town was established in 1744 and was one of the principal shipping points on the Rappahannock River in colonial times. In December, 1862, Burnside, commanding the Army of the Potomac, considered crossing the river here but finally moved up to Fredericksburg. Union gunboats, attempting to pass up the river at that time, were driven back by D. H. Hill. — Map (db m21457) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Port Royal — Port Royal — Booth Turned Away — John Wilkes Booth – Escape of an Assassin |
| | In front of you is the Brockenbrough-Peyton House where fugitives John Wilkes Booth and David Herold accompanied by three former Confederate soldiers arrived about 2:30 pm April 24, 1865, 10 days after Booth shot Lincoln. The owner, Randolph Peyton, was not at home when the group arrived. His sister, Sarah Jane Peyton, admitted the men. Booth was described as a wounded Confederate soldier looking for a place to stay. Booth made himself at home in the parlor, but Miss Peyton soon reconsidered . . . — Map (db m4525) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Port Royal — Port Royal Harbor |
| | This site represents an important part of the heritage and development of Caroline County. After the chartering of the town of Port Royal in 1744, this excellent harbor served the large tobacco trade between local plantations and London. A warehouse and ferry were located nearby. During the Civil War, Union gunboats and troops took possession of and evacuated the town.
After the assassination of President Lincoln, John Wilkes Booth sought refuge here. He was killed two miles outside of the . . . — Map (db m22248) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Port Royal — N 16 — Where Booth Died |
| | On this road two miles south is the Garrett place. There John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, was found by Union cavalry and killed while resisting arrest, April 26, 1865. — Map (db m22246) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Rappahannock Academy — N-15 — Rappahannock Academy |
| | On this site stood colonial Mount Church, built about 1750. In 1808 the parish glebe was sold and the proceeds were used to establish a school; the church building was turned into Rappahannock Academy, one of the most noted schools in Virginia. — Map (db m22578) |
| Virginia (Caroline County), Woodford — Bethel Church — Union Command Meets |
| | Lee vs. Grant - The 1864 Campaign "At the church…the 9th Corps was marching past, and Burnside was sitting, like a comfortable abbot, in one of the pews, surrounded by his buckish staff whose appearance is the reverse of clerical.” – Theodore Lyman, aide-de-camp to Meade. On May 21, 1864, Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside’s Ninth Corps left Spotsylvania and pursued the retreating Confederate army southward. When Rebel cavalry blocked Burnside’s passage of the Po River at . . . — Map (db m4760) |
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