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	Click First to browse through the results shown on this page.   First >>  Search Results Wisconsin (Vernon County), De Soto — 8 CVP — Black Hawk War — Battle Bluff · Battle Hollow · Battle Island Battle Bluff ↑ Elv 1139ft Battle Hollow → Severe fighting 1 mile east between Gen. Henry's 300 Ill. militia and 300 Sac Indians Aug. 2 1832. ← Battle Island Hard fighting opposite. 1200 white soldiers engaged. 17 killed. 12 wounded of Indians. 150 shot, 150 drowned, 50 taken prisoners. 300 crossed river of whom 150 were killed by Sioux instigated by Gen. Atkinson. Of the 1000 Sacs who crossed the river from Iowa in April 1832, "not more than 150 . . . — Map (db m24501) Maryland (Anne Arundel County), Annapolis — Norman Scott Natatorium — Named in honor of Rear Admiral Norman Scott, U.S. Navy — U.S.N.A. Class of 1911 Midshipman Scott was instrumental in introducing intercollegiate swimming at the Naval Academy in 1911. Winner of Congressional Medal of Honor for heroism during the Battle of Savo Island [sic] on the night of 12-13 November 1942. — Map (db m13755) New Jersey (Mercer County), Hamilton Township — 3 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4251) New Jersey (Mercer County), Hamilton Township — 4 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4252) New Jersey (Mercer County), Hamilton Township — 5 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 (Adjacent Marker, below original on obelisk): In Memory of all the deceased members of Hamilton Township Post 3525 Veterans of Foreign Wars — Map (db m4253) New Jersey (Mercer County), Hamilton Township — 6 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4256) New Jersey (Mercer County), Hamilton Township — 7 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4258) New Jersey (Mercer County), Hamilton Township — 8 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4260) New Jersey (Mercer County), Lawrence Township — 9 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4262) New Jersey (Mercer County), Princeton Township — 10 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4263) New Jersey (Mercer County), Princeton Township — 11 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4264) New Jersey (Mercer County), Princeton Township — 12 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4265) New Jersey (Mercer County), Trenton — 1 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777. — Map (db m4057) New Jersey (Mercer County), Trenton — 2 of 12 — Route of Washington’s March Route of Washington’s march by night from Trenton to Princeton and victory January 3, 1777 — Map (db m4074) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — George T. Stovall This marble marks the spot where fell George T. Stovall of the Rome Light Guards, 8th Regt. Georgia Volunteers in the battle of July 21, 1861. Born at Augusta, GA, April 25, 1835. His life he devoted to his God and sacrificed in his country's defence. His last words were I am going to heaven. — Map (db m1996) Maryland (Calvert County), Saint Leonard — St. Leonard Creek — Scene of naval battles during War of 1812 In June, 1814, Maryland's Commodore Joshua Barney commanded American flotilla of barges, gunboats and a sloop in attacks on superior British forces in Patuxent River and its tributary, St. Leonard Creek. After flotilla moved up Patuxent and was blockaded, British destroyed town of St. Leonard, then located here at head of creek, before proceeding to Washington, which they burned August 24. — Map (db m3463) South Carolina (Marion County), Rains — 34-1 — Battle of Blue Savannah One fourth mile south of this site General Francis Marion defeated a band of Tories under Captain Barfield on August 13, 1780, by feigning retreat and drawing them into a trap. — Map (db m18080) Virginia (Frederick County), Middletown — Battle of Cedar Creek The Battle of Cedar Creek 19 October 1864 (a.m.) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan’s Union forces established themselves on both sides of the Valley Pike, north of Cedar Creek, centered on Belle Grove. Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early decided to send from below Strasburg three divisions, all under Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon’s command, along a trail south of the Shenandoah to Bowman’s and McInturff’s Fords. Once across, a hike of a mile got them onto the left flank of George . . . — Map (db m15171) Virginia (Fauquier County), Auburn — CL-9 — Battle of Coffee Hill (Second Battle of Auburn) During the early morning of 14 Oct. 1863, just northwest of here, Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart and two cavalry brigades, cut off from the Army of Northern Virginia by Federal infantry, attacked Union Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell’s forces as they brewed coffee and prepared breakfast on the hill. Confederate Maj. Robert F. Beckham’s Horse Artillery fired on Caldwell’s troops to begin Stuart’s attempted breakout. This surprised Caldwell’s men, but the Federals turned their artillery around and . . . — Map (db m2437) Vermont (Bennington County), Old Bennington — Bennington Battle Monument On August 16, 1777, British forces sent by Gen'l Burgoyne to seize supplies at Bennington were turned back by New Englanders under Gen'l John Stark and Vermont's Col. Seth Warner. This 306 foot commemorative shaft planned 100 years later, was dedicated in 1891. In 1953 it was taken over, restored and an elevator installed by the Vermont Historic Sites Commission which now administers it for the State. — Map (db m13600) District of Columbia (Washington), The National Mall — Korean War Veterans Memorial [Inscription: Panel 1]: Our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met. 1950 * Korea * 1953 [Panel 2]: Freedom Is Not Free [Panel 3]: Dead: U.S.A. 54,246; U.N. 628,883 Missing: U.S.A. 8,177; U.N. 470,267 Captured: U.S.A. 7,140; U.N. 92,970 Wounded: U.S.A. 103,284; U.N. 1,644,453 [Panel 4]: Korean War Veterans Memorial... Achitects: Cooper-Lecky . . . — Map (db m8829) District of Columbia (Washington), The National Mall — World War II Memorial Here in the presence of Washington and Lincoln, one the Eighteenth Century father and the other the Nineteenth Century preserver of our nation, we honor those Twentieth Century Americans who took up the struggle during the Second World War and made the sacrifices to perpetuate the gift of our forefathers entrusted to us: A nation conceived in liberty and justice. (Quotations on the Southeast Entrance): Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy...no matter how long . . . — Map (db m4392) Florida (Orange County), Orlando — Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge — Ardennes Dedicated to the gallant men and women who participated in the Battle of the Bulge, World War II, 16 December 1944 thru 25 January 1945 in Belgium and Luxembourg, the greatest battle ever fought by the United States Army. The Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge assembled here on 16 December 1999 to commemorate the 55th anniversary of the ever famous American victory, and honor all World War II Veterans. — Map (db m7450) Missouri (Jackson County), Kansas City — 1 — Action Before Westport (Front of Marker): Price's Raid Confederate General Sterling Price brought three mounted divisions from Arkansas into Missouri, September 19, 1864. Fighting several small battles he marched slowly north toward St. Louis, then struck westward to Jefferson City. Failing to capture either armed city he fought on west toward his secondary objectives: Kansas City and Fort Leavenworth. He reached the Little Blue on October 21 with 15,000 armed men, 5,000 recruits and a huge wagon train. . . . — Map (db m20868) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Fort Monmouth — Battle of the Bulge Monument Dedicated to the gallant men and women of the United States Armed Forces who participated in the “Battle of the Bulge,” fought in Belgium and Luxembourg during World War II. The greatest battle ever engaged in by the United States Army lasted from 16 December, 1944, through 25 January, 1945. — Map (db m6964) New Jersey (Union County), Springfield — The Jersey Militia and Continental Army . . . — Map (db m6920) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — The Kings Highway 1636 The King's Highway formerly the road to Flatlands Neck passed this site. Over it the Indian braves and Captain John Underhill with his colonial soldiers passed. Lord Cornwallis, on August 25, 1776, at the head of the British troops silently marched in the night to outflank the Continental Army at the Battle of Long Island. President George Washington drove over this road April 20, 1790 on his journey around Long Island. — Map (db m18403) New York (New York County), New York — East Coast Memorial 1941 * * * * 1945 In addition to the 4,597 American servicemen honored here who lost their lives in her service and who sleep in the American coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean The United States of America honors the 6,185 seaman of the United States Merchant Marine and the 529 seaman of the United States Army Transport Service who lost their lives during World War II Rear of Monument: 1941 * * * 1945 Erected by the United States of America in proud and grateful remembrance of her sons . . . — Map (db m20291) New York (Saratoga County), Stillwater — 225th Anniversary Battles of Saratoga — 1777 – 2002 Turning point in the struggle for an independent United States of America Saratoga Battle Chapter Sons of the American Revolution 4 July 2002 Originally placed in honor of our Nation’s Bicentennial — Map (db m9171) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — The War for American Independence The War for American Independence From October 28, 1776 until the British withdrawal on November 4, 1776 the Continental Army commanded by General George Washington engaged and held off the splendidly appointed British forces of General William Howe. This monument marking the eastern limit of the Patriot defenses during the Battle of White Plains is reverently erected in continuing memory of the valor and courage of our Forefathers, who untrained and ill equipped, remained steadfast until . . . — Map (db m24440) North Carolina (Guilford County), Greensboro — Nathanael Greene [Front of monument pedestal]: Appointed Major General in command of the Southern Army October 14, 1780 Born in Rhode Island August 7, 1742 Died in Georgia June 19 1786 [Left Side of monument pedestal]: Guilford Court House · Hobkirks Hill · Ninety – Six · Eutaw Springs [Right Side of monument pedestal]: Harlem Heights · Trenton · Princeton · Brandywine · Germantown · Monmouth [Lower left of monument base]: It is with a pleasure which . . . — Map (db m6975) South Carolina (Spartanburg County), Moore — 42-4 — “Kate Barry” 1½ miles SE is Walnut Grove, home of Margaret Catherine Moore Barry (1752–1823). Local tradition says she was known as “Kate Barry” and acted as a scout for the Patriots before the Battle of Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781. With her parents, and her husband, Captain Andrew Barry, she lies buried in the plantation cemetery. — Map (db m9912) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — The Battle of Gaines’ Mill Although victorious at Beaver Dam Creek on June 26, 1862, Union General George B. McClellan believed Stonewall Jackson’s 25,000 Confederates threatened the Union right flank. The next morning, June 27, McClellan ordered Fitz John Porter’s Fifth Corps to retire from its position behind Beaver Dam Creek toward the Chichahominy and continue with the rest of the Union army to the James River. McClellan’s decision signaled the end of offensive operations against Richmond. He had surrendered the . . . — Map (db m14999) California (Inyo County), Bishop — 811 — Bishop Creek Battleground On April 6, 1862, a battle took place around this site between newly arrived citizens of the Owens River Valley and the Paiute and Shoshone Indians, original inhabitants of the land. The reason for this battle is lost in obscurity, but brave men on both sides died here for a cause which they held to be inviolate. California Registered Historical Landmark No. 811 Plaque placed by the State Department of Parks and Recreation in cooperation with the California Historical Landmarks . . . — Map (db m628) Georgia (Chatham County), Savannah — Haitian Monument (West face) In its fourth year, the American Revolution had become an international conflict. Rebelling American Colonies and their French allies attempted to capture Savannah from the British in 1779. Haitian soldiers of African descent were part of the allied forces. Following the battle, many of these Haitians were diverted to other military duties, returning to their homes years later, if at all. Several veterans of the campaign became leaders of the movement that made . . . — Map (db m22345) Georgia (Fulton County), Atlanta — 060-136 — The Exterior Line — July - August 1864 When Federal forces E. of Atlanta were shifting to the W. side, to move against the Macon and West Point rail roads (entering the city from the S.W.), the Confederate defenders intrenched a line W. and parallel to them. This line began at W. Fair and Ashby Sts. and ran S.W. to & beyond this point, ending at the Ga. Military Academy in College Park. Siege Operations (July 28-Aug. 25) were barren of results & ceased with transfer of Federal Forces S. to Fairburn & Jonesboro where the seizure . . . — Map (db m18819) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — “Where Has Our Equipment Gone?” When the assault on the American rampart reached its height, the main British attack force found itself in front of the 44th Regiment which should have been in lead. Discovering that Colonel Mullens and the 44th Regiment had advanced 500 yards beyond the sugar can bundles (fascines) and ladders stored for their use. Major General Gibbs immediately ordered Mullens to return with his men to the rear and retrieve their equipment. Mullens disappeared, and only some of his regiment returned to the . . . — Map (db m6248) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — Batteries 2 and 3 On January 8, 1815, the guns positioned here fired at British counter batteries located almost ½ mile in front of you. During the battle, these guns caused heavy casualties as the British advanced along the levee road. The troops attacking to the right of this position numbered about 1200 men commanded by Colonel Robert Rennie of the 93rd Regiment. To the left were 355 men of Major Jean Baptiest Plauche’s Battalion of Uniformed Companies and 282 members of Major Lacoste’s Battalion of . . . — Map (db m6218) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — Batteries 5 and 6 Fire from these positions played an important role in stopping the British attack on January 8, 1815. The cannons displayed hers represent batteries 5 and 6, which defended the center of Major general Jackson’s line. The field carriages were painted in U.S. Army regulation colors- sky blue and black. Battery 6 contained guns mounted on a more compact mobile naval carriage. These carriages were painted in U.S Navy regulation “Spanish red” and black. Artillery at New Orleans . . . — Map (db m6271) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — Battery 4 The largest artillery piece on the battlefield was a 32-pounder commanded by Navy Lt. John Crawley and served by 24 men from the U.S.S. Carolina. It was removed from the Carolina in early December and was in action here during the January 1, 1815 artillery duel. Struck by British artillery fire, the cannon was quickly repaired and ready for action on January 8. This gun, firing grapeshot and landiage (scrap metal), tore gaping holes in the 93rd Highlanders as they moved across the . . . — Map (db m6273) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — British Strategy Major general Edward Pakenham’s final plan was to charge Major General Jackson’s position before daylight, to reduce the effectiveness of American artillery fire. The plan was complicated and depended on split-second timing and coordination. The British attack force was divided into four major groups: Lt. Colonel Thornton would take the 85th Regiment across the Mississippi River and capture David Morgan’s line on the West Bank. Major General Samuel Gidds would attack near the cypress swamp, . . . — Map (db m6243) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — Chalmette Monument [Main Marker]: This monument was erected by the State of Louisiana and the United States to commemorate the memorable victory won here by General Andrew Jackson and the men under his command in the Battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. The cornerstone was laid on January 8, 1840. Construction of the monument began in 1855 and was carried to a height of 55 feet with funds provided by the State of Louisiana. In 1908 the monument was completed with funds provided by Congress. In . . . — Map (db m6216) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — In Memory of Major Samuel Spotts U.S.A. Who shot the first gun at the Battle of New Orleans Jan 8, 1815. Third Regiment Seventh Battery Artillery Corp. Born Nov 30, 1788 in New Orleans Louisiana. — Map (db m6222) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — Lethal Exposure The January 8 British plan proved easier conceived than to execute. Due to numerous delays, the attack did not start on time. About dawn, a rocket soared above the British lines near the woods on you right, followed by another rocket from their position near the river. These signals to attack were answered almost instantly by a shot from the American artillery. Major general Gibbs column gave three cheers, and the advance guard on both flanks moved in close order toward the rampart. When the . . . — Map (db m6244) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — Redoubt and Battery 1 The main American Position was nearing completion when a redoubt was constructed at the extreme right of the American line. It contained two artillery pieces that could rake the levee and canal. On the morning of January 5, 1815, 2000 British troops under the command of Colonel Robert Rennie attacked the redoubt and forced the Americans to retire. They quickly counterattacked and the British retreated after a brief fight. Failure to penetrate the American Flank contributed to the overall British defeat. — Map (db m6219) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — Rodriguez Canal This depression is the trace of an early mill race that divided the Chalmette and Macarty plantations, by the time of the Battle of New Orleans it was no longer in use and its banks had fallen in. Jackson’s men built their mud rampart behind the canal. Partly filled with water, it added to the strength of the American line. This is the only man-made feature dating back to the battle of January 8, 1815. — Map (db m6223) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — The Battle Ends Seeing the massive disorder in Major General Gibbs’ column, Major General Pakenham rode forward. While attempting to rally his troops and get the stalled attack underway, Pakenham was mortally wounded a few yards from this site. Major General Keane, commanding the British near the river; sent the 93rd Highlanders to lead a second assault. They crossed the field, moving towards Gibbs’ troops on the British right.This regiment was decimated with grapeshot and musket fire. A few men reached the . . . — Map (db m6251) Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish), Chalmette — The Battle on the West Bank Discovering American militia and artillery on the west bank of the Mississippi River, British General Pakenham ordered Lieutenant Colonel William B. Thornton to lead an attack force across the river. Thorton was to capture the American guns and turn them against Major General Andrew Jackson’s line here on the East Bank. The Americans under Brigadier General David B. Morgan made a stand, but they were routed, pursued, and their guns were taken. Fortunately for the Americans the British . . . — Map (db m6221) Maryland (Washington County), Boonsboro — 580 — Stonewall Regiment More than 90,000 Michigan men served in the Union Army and Navy during the Civil War. The 17th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered at the Detroit Barracks in August 1862 under the command of Colonel William H. Withington. The regiment consisted of raw recruits from field, workshop and schoolroom. One company was composed almost entirely of students from Ypsilanti Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University. With less than a month of military training, the 17th left for . . . — Map (db m398) Michigan (Monroe County), Monroe — Battles of the River Raisin [Marker side facing south] Describing the American victory of January 18, 1813, Capt. John McCalla of the 5th Kentucky, wrote: "I have seen the enemy, and I have seen him defeated. I have seen my fellow soldiers extended lifeless bloody corpses on the ground, and many others groaning in agony from dangerous wounds. I have heard balls whistling as thick as the pattering hail around me, yet have not been touched even in my clothes. I can only say of the engagement, that our movements . . . — Map (db m20945) Michigan (Monroe County), Monroe — Site of Battles of Jan. 18 - 22 [Marker Front] Site of Battles of Jan. 18 - 22 Gen. Winchester in Command, and River Raisin Massacre Jan. 23, 1813 [Marker Reverse] 800 Americans under Cols. Allen, Lewis and Wells Fought desperately against 3000 British and Allies Under Gen. Proctor. Forced to surrender, Tho' Promised British protection, the prisoners left unguarded were attacked and killed by the Indians. — Map (db m20041) New Jersey (Mercer County), Trenton — The Battles of Trenton, Turning Point of the Revolution By December of 1776, the Continental Army had withdrawn in disarray from New York, across Central New Jersey and the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. The British were in complacent pursuit, confident that it was only a matter of weeks or months before General Washington capitulated. Then, in a remarkable turn of events, on Christmas Day and the day following, the American forces regrouped and launched a surprise counter-attack on Trenton, thereby infusing new life into the Revolutionary cause . . . — Map (db m4274) New Jersey (Union County), Scotch Plains — Battle of The Short Hills — June 26, 1777 On the 26th of June in 1777 Washington’s continental forces of under 6,000 men fought a running battle on the plains below the Watchung Mountains with the combined British and Hessian troops numbering about 12,000. Early on that hot Thursday morning the British under the command of General William Howe, after feigning a departure from New Jersey, suddenly at midnight began to march upon the “rebel” army that had left their mountain camp to come to the low country at Samptown (South . . . — Map (db m21858) New York (Essex County), Ticonderoga — Colonial Battles Fought in this Vicinity — A.D. 1900 The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York erected this tablet to commemorate the colonial battles fought in this vicinity. Champlain with Hurons and Algonquins defeated the Iroquois July 30, 1609 near the shore. Montcalm defeated Abercrombie July 8, 1758 at the Assault of Fort Carillon or Ticonderoga. Amherst captured the fort July 27, 1759. — Map (db m9560) New York (Suffolk County), Northville — Battles of Pennys and Luce Landing — 1814 - 1926 At Penny's Landing Farmers and Militia prevented the capture of Sloop Nancy by British Man of War Sylph. At Luce's Landing Revenue Cutter Nathan Hale was captured by British Frigate after a valiant defense for three days by its crew and the assembled farmers. Ye who tread in their footsteps remember their valor. — Map (db m20012) North Carolina (Cumberland County), Dunn — Confederate First Line Gen. W. B. Taliaferro’s division occupied trenches crossing the road at this point, March 15-16, 1865. — Map (db m14734) North Carolina (Cumberland County), Dunn — Federal Artillery From a point 50 yards west three batteries of artillery under Major J. A. Reynolds shelled the Confederate first line of earthworks. — Map (db m14755) North Carolina (Cumberland County), Dunn — Oak Grove Plantation home of John Smith, used as Confed- erate hospital during the Battle of Averas- boro, March 16, 1865. — Map (db m14730) North Carolina (Harnett County), Dunn — Confederate Second Line On the morning of March 16, 1865, Taliaferro’s division fell back to earthworks which crossed the road here. — Map (db m14732) North Carolina (Harnett County), Dunn — H 60 — Union Headquarters Gen. H. W. Slocum, commanding the Union forces, located his headquarters in this field, March 16, 1865. — Map (db m14748) Pennsylvania (Allegheny County), Braddock — Colonel George Washington Monument Dedicated July 9, 1930 to Colonel George Washington, who served as aide-de-camp to General Edward Braddock in the Battle of Braddock’s Field around this site July 9, 1755 — Map (db m6147) Pennsylvania (Allegheny County), Duquesne — Braddock’s Crossing Below this hill, about midday on July 9, 1755, a British army of 1300 made its second crossing of the river and advanced to drive the French from Fort Duquesne. A few hours later, with General Braddock mortally wounded and his army routed, survivors recrossed, pursued by the French and Indians. — Map (db m6145) Texas (Fort Bend County), Richmond — Morton Cemetery Burial place of illustrious pioneers, including 1838-1841 Republic of Texas President Mirabeau B. Lamar (1798-1859) and one of State's first women settlers, Jane Long (1798-1880), known as ""The Mother of Texas."" On Labor No. 1 of Mexican land grant to William Morton, 1822 settler in advance party of Austin's ""Old 300"" colonists; founded 1825 when Morton buried Robert Gelaspie (Gillespie), a brother Mason who had met with foul play. Later he erected a handmade brick tomb, the first . . . — Map (db m22732) Virginia, Fredericksburg — E 44 — Battles of Fredericksburg During the First and Second Battles of Fredericksburg, the Confederates occupied Marye’s Heights, a defensive position enhanced by a sunken road and stone wall on the eastern slope. On 13 Dec. 1862, during the first battle, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s Confederate corps withstood attempts by Union Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker’s and Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner’s Grand Divisions to take the heights. During the second battle (Chancellorsville campaign), on 3 May 1863, Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick’s Union . . . — Map (db m1672) Virginia, Petersburg — QA 13 — East Hill On the hilltop to the south is the site of East Hill, also known as Bollingbrook. There the British General Phillips, Benedict Arnold and Lord Cornwallis stayed in April and May, 1781. The house was bombarded by Lafayette, May 10, 1781. There Phillips died, May 13, 1781. — Map (db m14565) Virginia (Arlington County), Arlington National Cemetery — Task Force Smith Dedicated to the memory of the 375 infantrymen from the 1st Battalion 21st Infantry, the 134 artillerymen from the 52nd Field Artillery Battalion, and the 31 medical personnel from the medical company of the 21st Infantry Regiment who comprised Task Force Smith, the first United States Army contingent to engage North Korean invasion forces in combat in the vicinity of Osan, Korea, on July 5, 1950. The efforts and selfless sacrifices of these soldiers are an example for all future generations . . . — Map (db m15130) Virginia (Frederick County), Winchester — Kernstown Battles Around this site and a mile to the west occurred two major battles of the Civil War. First Kernstown March 23, 1862 Stonewall Jackson attacked what appeared to be a withdrawing federal force led by federal Br. Gen. Shields. Desperate fighting along a stone wall west of here ended with the arrival of federal reinforcements and Jackson was forced to withdraw. This action opened Jackson’s famous Valley Campaign and succeeded in preventing the withdrawal of Federals from the Valley to . . . — Map (db m2632) Virginia (Frederick County), Winchester — Rose Hill — “I do not recollect having ever heard such a roar of musketry.” — 1862 Valley Campaign The First Battle of Kernstown, on March 23, 1862, was also the first major Civil War battle fought in the Shenandoah Valley. Throughout the morning, 16 Union cannons on Pritchard’s Hill held off Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s overmatched Confederate command. Relying on intelligence that was soon proved faulty, Jackson not only attacked a force that outnumbered his by 3,000 men, but also tried and failed to dislodge the Union guns by direct assault. In mid-afternoon, the tide . . . — Map (db m2646) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 2 — Seven Days Battles — Mechanicsville Mechanicsville was held by Union outposts when, in the early afternoon of June 26, 1862, A. P. Hill reached it coming from the north. The Unionists were quickly driven back to their position on Beaver Dam Creek. Then D. H. Hill, followed by Longstreet, crossed the Chickahominy on this road and joined A. P. Hill. — Map (db m15211) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 80 — Seven Days Battles — Gaines’s Mill On this hill, facing north, Sykes’s division was posted in the afternoon of June 27, 1862, holding the eastern end of the Union line. Here Jackson attacked, while to the west A. P. Hill and Longstreet renewed their assaults. When the Union line was broken on their left, Sykes’s regulars fell back to the river still fighting. — Map (db m15225) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 25 — Seven Days Battles — Gaines’s Mill Along the slopes of Boatswain Creek, facing north and west, extended Porter’s position in the afternoon of June 27, 1862. The line was held by Sykes’s division facing north, and Morell’s facing west. Later McCall was thrown in to assist Morell. At dark Lee broke the Union line, and Porter retreated across the Chickahominy. — Map (db m15008) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 4 — Seven Days Battles — Mechanicsville Down this slope in the late afternoon of June 26, 1862, A. P. Hill moved to attack the Unionists holding the east side of Beaver Dam Creek. Pender’s Brigade was on the left, Ripley’s on the right. Exposed to a terrible fire from entrenched troops, Pender and Ripley were driven back, though some men reached the stream. — Map (db m14985) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 8 — Seven Days Battles — Porter’s Withdrawal Along this road Fitz-John Porter withdrew from Beaver Dam Creek in the early morning of June 27, 1862. McClellan, having learned that Stonewall Jackson was approaching Porter’s rear, late at night ordered the withdrawal to another position. This was on Boatswain Creek, not far from New Cold Harbor. — Map (db m14994) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 16 — Seven Days Battles — Gaines’s Mill This is the site of Gaines’s Mill, which gave its name to the Battle of June 27, 1862. Here A. P. Hill’s advance guard, following Porter, came in contact with the Union rearguard. After a short action the Unionists withdrew to a position on Boatswain Creek, closely pursued by the Confederates. — Map (db m14996) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 10 — Seven Days Battles — Gaines’s Mill Here Lee and Stonewall Jackson conferred in the morning of June 27, 1862. Jackson’s troops halted here until A. P. Hill arrived from Beaver Dam Creek. Hill then moved southward by Gaines’s Mill and Longstreet turned to the east. All three columns approached the Union position on Boatswain Creek. — Map (db m15053) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 60 — Seven Days Battles — Gaines's Mill Stonewall Jackson reached this point in the afternoon of June 27, 1862, after a circuit of Gaines's Mill. When he learned that A. P. Hill and Longstreet to the west were hard pressed, he moved south to join in the attack. — Map (db m15464) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 70 — Seven Days Battles — Gaines's Mill The hill to the south, part of the Union line, was assailed by Stonewall Jackson (with D. H. Hill) in the late afternoon of June 27, 1862, after A. P. Hill's and Longstreet's first assaults on the west had failed. Jackson's men carried the Union position at the bayonet's point, while A. P. Hill and Longstreet were also successful. — Map (db m16169) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 9 — Seven Days' Battles — Jackson's March to the Battefields Confederate Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson and his troops passed through this intersection on 27 June 1862, having arrived from the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson's troops united with Gen. Robert E. Lee's forces just south of here at Walnut Grove Church that morning. Later in the day Lee's and Jackson's combined forces and successfully assaulted the Union V Corps at the Battle of Gaines's Mill. — Map (db m15458) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 12 — Seven Days' Battles — New Bridge Leading up to and during the Seven Days' Battles from 25 June to 1 July 1862, bridges and roads played an important role in the movement of the Union and Confederate armies. New Bridge on the Chickahominy River was 1.5 miles south of here, and was one of the most important of the many river crossings. Union army troops marched through this region to Mechanicsville on 24 May 1862. Confederate Maj. Gens. James Longstreet's and Ambrose P. Hill's divisions used the New Bridge on 29 June 1862 as . . . — Map (db m15675) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — PA 20 — Seven Days’ Battles — Gaines’s Mill Half a mile south is Boatswain Creek. The battle that was begun at Gaines’s Mill by A. P. Hill, following Porter’s rear guard, culminated at the Union position on Boatswain Creek. There A. P. Hill and Longstreet, moving eastward, and Jackson coming from the north, converged to attack the Unionists, commanded by Porter. — Map (db m14998) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — O 6 — Seven Days’ Battles — Battle of Beaver Dam Creek The Civil War battle of Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville) began on the afternoon of 26 June 1862. Confederate Maj. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill’s division crossed the Chickahominy upstream at Meadow Bridges and encountered Union skirmishers. The Federals fell back to a strong position east of Beaver Dam Creek at Ellerson’s Mill. There the Confederates attacked along a two-mile front, but were repulsed by Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter’s V Corps. That night Union forces abandoned their position and occupied . . . — Map (db m14988) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — E 11 — The Chickahominy River & Seven Days' Battles During the Civil War's Seven Days' Battles from 25 June to 1 July 1862, many engagements occurred along and near the Chickahominy River. Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan led the Army of the Potomac. His goal was to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, defended by Gen. Robert E. Lee. Battles fought near the river include Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville) on 26 June, Gaines's Mill on 27 June, and Savage's Station on 29 June. These and other battles encouraged McClellan to retreat . . . — Map (db m15212) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — PA 180 — Seven Days Battles — Malvern Hill Here Lee met Longstreet and Jackson in the morning of July 1, 1862. D. H. Hill reported the strength of the Union position on Malvern Hill; but Lee, having cause to believe the Unionists were weakening, prepared to attack. Jackson and D. H. Hill moved on this road southward to Malvern Hill. — Map (db m15076) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — PA 190 — Seven Days Battles — Glendale (Frayser’s Farm) This was the extreme left of the Union line at Glendale, and was held by Hooker’s Division. When McCall (just to the north) was broken, Hooker, supported by Burns’s brigade, drove the Confederates back. In the night the Union army marched southward. — Map (db m15077) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — PA 230 — Seven Days Battles — Malvern Hill Across the hill here from east to west the Union artillery was in position in the afternoon of July 1, 1862. The Union batteries overpowered the few cannon the Confederates were able to bring up. When the Southern infantry charged from the woods, they were met by a terrible artillery fire but continued to advance until they came under the fire of the Union infantry. — Map (db m14909) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — PA 235 — Seven Days Battles — Malvern Hill Across the road here stretched the Union line of battle in the afternoon of July 1, 1862. Couch’s, Kearney’s and Hooker’s divisions were to the east of the road, Morell to the west, with Sykes in reserve. The Confederates made several attacks and, for a time, the battle trembled in the balance, but the assailants were finally repulsed. In the night the Union army withdrew to James River. — Map (db m14911) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — PA 195 — Seven Days Battles — Malvern Hill Across the road here stretched the Confederate line of battle, facing south, in the afternoon of July 1, 1862. Jackson commanded here, Magruder to the west. Longstreet and A. P. Hill were in reserve the battle lasted intermittently. From morning to night, reaching its crisis late in the afternoon. The disjointed Confederate attacks were repulsed with heavy loss. — Map (db m14920) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — PA 220 — Seven Days Battles — Malvern Hill Here from east to west, Berdan’s sharpshooters of Morell’s division were strung out in the afternoon of July 1, 1862. Their rapid and accurate fire harassed the Confederates as they emerged from the woods and charged up the hill. — Map (db m14931) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — PA 175 — Seven Days’ Battles — Glendale (Frayser’s Farm) Willis Church Road runs from here to Malvern Hill. A large part of Union Gen. George B. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac followed this road south toward the James River, four miles ahead, near the end of the Seven Days’ Battles in 1862. On 30 June, at the Battle of Glendale / Frayser’s Farm, seven Union infantry divisions stretched across a wide arc north and west of here to keep this road open. Although Confederate infantrymen pushed to within sight of the critical road, they could not sever . . . — Map (db m15061) Virginia (Henrico County), Highland Springs — PA 105 — Seven Days Battles — Grape Vine Bridge Here Sumner crossed the river to reinforce the part of McClellan's army fighting at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Here a part of Porter's force crossed in the night of June 27, 1862 after the battle of Gaines's Mill. Here Stonewall Jackson, rebuilding the bridges destroyed by the retreating Unionists, crossed in pursuit, June 29. — Map (db m15655) Virginia (Henrico County), Highland Springs — PA 125 — Seven Days Battles — Golding's Farm Half a mile northwest occurred the action of Golding's Farm at dusk on June 27, 1862, as the battle of Gaines's Mill, on the other side of the river, was ending. The Confederates, sallying from their defenses, attacked Hancock's brigade holding the right of the Union line south of the river. A severe fight followed that was ended by darkness. — Map (db m15657) Virginia (Henrico County), Richmond — PA 163 — Seven Days Battles — Glendale (Frayser's Farm) Here stood the center of Longstreet's line of battle in the afternoon of June 30, 1862. The Confederates, coming from the west, attacked the Union line just beyond. The battle lasted all afternoon, with varying fortunes and much hand-to-hand fighting. Near nightfall Longstreet sent in A. P. Hill to relieve his exhausted men. — Map (db m16180) Virginia (Henrico County), Sandston — PA 144 — Seven Days Battles — Savage's Station Here, facing west, stretched the Union line in the afternoon of June 29, 1862. Brook's brigade was south of the road with Gorman's and Burn's brigades to the north. In a furious conflict Burn's line was broken but was restored by Sumner in person. Darkness ended the conflict. The Unionists withdrew southward. — Map (db m15660) Virginia (Henrico County), Sandston — PA 140 — Seven Days Battles — Allen's Farm On 26 June 1862, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan abandoned his plan to besiege Richmond and began his retreat to the James River. Gen. Robert E. Lee pursued, determined to destroy the Army of the Potomac. Just north of here at Allen's Farm, at 9:00 A.M. on 29 June, Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder's division attacked Brig. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner's corps, which formed the Union rear. The fighting continued for two hours until Sumner retired east to the Federal supply depot at Savage's Station on the . . . — Map (db m15682) Virginia (Henrico County), Sandston — PA 152 — Seven Days Battles — White Oak Swamp Here the greater part of McClellan’s army and wagon trains crossed the swamp, June 28-30, 1862. Jackson, pursuing, arrived about noon on June 30, to find the bridge destroyed and the Unionists holding the south side. Failing to force a passage that day, Jackson rebuilt the bridge and crossed early on July 1. — Map (db m3721) Virginia (Henrico County), Sandston — PA 148 — Seven Days Battles — White Oak Swamp On a hill just to the west Stonewall Jackson placed his artillery about midday on June 30, 1862. An artillery duel then began with Franklin, guarding the south side of White Oak Swamp, that lasted until dark. — Map (db m3722) Virginia (Henrico County), Sandston — PA 155 — Seven Days Battles — White Oak Swamp Here Franklin, aided by Richardson, held the passage of White Oak Swamp against Jackson while the Battle of Glendale raged near by, June 30, 1862. A fierce duel went on all afternoon between the Union batteries here and Jackson’s guns on the north side of the swamp. — Map (db m3723) Virginia (Henrico County), Sandston — PA 142 — Seven Days Battles - Savage’s Station Here Magruder’s line of Battle, facing east, formed in the late afternoon of June 29, 1862. Barksdale’s, Semmes’s and Kershaw’s Brigades, extending from south of this road to the railroad, made a desperate effort to prevent the Union withdrawal. After a fierce struggle the Confederates fell back. In this battle they made the first known use of railway artillery. — Map (db m3686) Virginia (Loudoun County), Dover — B 22 — Cavalry Battles In June 1863, Gen. Robert E. Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia through gaps in the nearby Blue Ridge Mountains and into the Shenandoah Valley to invade the North. Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry corps screened the army from Federal observation. The Union cavalry commander, Brig. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton attempted to break through Stuart’s screen, and fought three sharp engagements along this road. They included the Battles of Aldie (17 June), Middleburg (19 June), and Upperville (21 June). . . . — Map (db m1454) Virginia (Louisa County), Boswell’s Tavern — 206-W — The Marquis Road Lafayette reopened this road in June, 1781, when moving south to intervene between Cornwallis and military stores in Albemarle County. The road has been ever since known as "The Marquis Road." — Map (db m5386) Virginia (Shenandoah County), Fishers Hill — A 22 — Battle of Fisher's Hill After his defeat on 19 Sept. 1864 at the Third Battle of Winchester by Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early led his 9,500-man army here to Fisher's Hill, a favorite Confederate stronghold. Sheridan pursued, and on 22 Sept. attacked Early with most of his 30,000-man force. Brig. Gen. George Crook, with two divisions, struck Early's left flank about three miles west near Little North Mountain while Sheridan launched a general assault here on Early's center and right. The . . . — Map (db m4140) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Ordeal of the Wellfords — The Battle of Chancellorsville In December 1862 the Wellford family fled Fredericksburg to escape the ravages of battle. Five months later war found them again - here, in a commodious brick home that stood in the field in front of you. On April 30, Union troops arrived. "About 20 visited us," wrote Evelina Wellford, "searching the house for arms and Confederates, shooting the fowls, and stealing provisions, of which we had a scant supply." On May 2, as Jackson's flanking column passed by and the rattle of approaching Union . . . — Map (db m3919) Virginia (Stafford County), Chatham Heights — Between Battles As the spring of 1863 brought green to the countryside and fish up the river, the legions of civil strife faced each other cheerfully across the Rappahannock. After the slaughter of Fredericksburg, the embattled brothers held off death for the time. No cannon roared. No picket fired. Instead, fishing parties on either bank shouted caustic jokes, and rival bands sent plaintive melodies back and forth. During favorable winds, the doughboys traded souvenirs by means of toy sailboats improvised . . . — Map (db m4726) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Fairview — Kenly’s Last Stand — Battle of Front Royal - May 23, 1862 This stone structure, known as Fairview, was the home of Thomas McKay. On this site Union Col. John R. Kenly rallied the 1st Maryland Infantry (USA) for a last stand as the Confederates approached. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson had ordered Col. Thomas S. Flournoy's 6th Virginia Cavalry in pursuit as Kenly's troops retreated from Guard Hill north on the Front Royal Turnpike toward Winchester. While Kenley strove in vain to deploy his men in the fields and orchard here, Flournoy's cavalry . . . — Map (db m2958) New York (Rensselaer County), Walloomsac — Battle of Bennington — First Engagement — August 16th 1777 General John Stark with New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts Militia defeated and captured an expeditionary force sent by General Burgoyne and commanded by Colonel Baum. This was one of the first decisive victories in the War of the Revolution. — Map (db m13918) New York (Rensselaer County), Walloomsac — Battle of Bennington — Second Engagement — August 16th 1777 At this point occurred the defeat of Colonel Breyman, who commanded a force of 600 men sent by General Burgoyne to reinforce Colonel Baum. Colonel Seth Warner and his regiment of Vermont Rangers "Green Mountain Boys" distinguished themselves in this action. — Map (db m13920) Arkansas (Clay County), St. Francis — Chalk Bluff in the Civil War — Battle of May 1-2, 1863 In April 1863 a Confederate army of 5000 men commanded by General John S. Marmaduke advanced into Missouri. Forced to retreat before superior Union forces, the Confederates on May 1-2 fought a successful delaying action here while their army crossed the swollen St. Francis River on a makeshift floating bridge. — Map (db m4911) Delaware (New Castle County), Newark — NC-41 — American Position — Battle of Cooch's Bridge On September 3, 1777, an American Light Infantry Corps composed of Continental soldiers from New Jersey,m North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, with militia from Pennsylvania and Delaware, was stationed west of Christina Creek between Aikentown (Glasgow) and nearby Cooch's Bridge. Intended as an advance force with orders to give the British "as much trouble as you possibly can," they were met by Hessian and British troops moving forward on present-day Old Cooch's Bridge Road. Led . . . — Map (db m14788) Delaware (New Castle County), Newark — NC-182 — The Philadelphia Campaign — Battle of Cooch's Bridge In August 1777, British forces under the command of General William Howe landed at the Head of Maryland's Elk River. Their goal was the capture of Philadelphia, the capital of the young republic. On September 3, advancing troops were engaged by an American force under the command of General William Maxwell near Cooch's Bridge. In a clash which cost each side as many as forty casualties, the Americans successfully delayed the British before withdrawing to join the main army. Despite subsequent . . . — Map (db m14787) Georgia (Catoosa County), Fort Oglethorpe — War Comes to the Brothertons — The great battle raged around this family farm At the time of the Battle of Chickamauga, George and Mary Brotherton and their children lived in a log house here. In the surrounding fields they grazed cattle and grew corn and hay. To escape the battle, some of the Brothertons and other local families took refuge in a ravine about a mile from here. There they endured hunger and cold, and prayed for their boys serving in the Confederate army. Tom Brotherton, one of the sons, played a key role in the battle. Because Tom “knew every . . . — Map (db m24222) Georgia (Chatham County), Savannah — 25-19 — Sherman's March To The Sea : — Battle of Shaw's Bridge and Shaw's Dam Beginning on December 10, 1864, Union and Confederate soldiers fought near here at Shaw’s Bridge and Shaw’s Dam, as Union General William T. Sherman’s army moved toward Savannah. During bloody fighting, Confederates twice repulsed Union attempts to overwhelm the Confederate earthworks covering the causeway across the Savannah-Ogeechee Canal. On December 20, 1864, after the fall of Fort McAllister due south of here, the Confederates abandoned their defensive positions and retreated into the . . . — Map (db m4949) Georgia (Cobb County), Marietta — The Reversed Trench — Pine Knob Battle Constructed and manned by Confederate infantry on June 15, 1864 the location of this trench enabled the southerners to deliver a deadly flank fire into the right of Geary’s division (20th Army Corps) as it approached the principal line of Confederate defense near what is now the intersection of Hamilton and Kennesaw-Due West roads. Later, arrival of Williams’ Federal division in this vicinity forced the Confederates to abandon the trench. During the night the Federals were busy . . . — Map (db m11224) Georgia (Liberty County), Midway — 89-17 — General James Screven — Killed in Battle Here On November 24, 1778, General James Screven was mortally wounded in a battle fought near this spot. With General Screven in the action were Major James Jackson, Colonel John White, Capt. Celerine Brusard and Capt. Edward Young, with 100 Continentals and 20 Mounted Miltia, against a force of 400 British Regulars, Refugees and Indians under Col. James Mark Prevost and Col. Daniel McGirth. General Screven died from his wounds the following day. — Map (db m16070) Maryland (Frederick County), Middletown — Christ Reformed Church — Just Before the Battle — Antietam Campaign 1862 Eight thousand Confederates under Gen. Lafayette McLaws marched by this church on September 10-11, 1862, heading south to Harper’s Ferry. Since no Federals were in the area, McLaws expected no encounters with the enemy. Unknown to him, however, Union Gen. George B. McClellan had obtained a copy of Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Special Order 191 containing the Confederate plans; soon the rear of McLaw’s column was in danger. Most of McClellan’s Army of the Potomac marched west on the National Road . . . — Map (db m796) Maryland (Washington County), Boonsboro — Gettysburg Campaign — The Battle of Boonsboro Two U.S. Cavalry divisions repulsed five rebel cavalry brigades in a day-long fight north of Boonsboro on July 8, 1863. The South Mountain passes remained open to the Federal Army in pursuit of the Confederates retreating from Gettyburg via Hagerstown to Williamsport. — Map (db m7008) Mississippi (Alcorn County), Corinth — Battery F — Battle of Corinth Only extant redan of six built in 1862 by U.S. troops as outer defense south and west of town. Taken on Oct. 3, 1862, by C.S. forces after fierce fighting. Battle resumed on Oct. 4, but C.S. troops forced to withdraw. — Map (db m25336) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Manalapan — Battle at the Parsonage — The Battle of Monmouth — 28 June 1778, 5:00 PM – 5:30 PM Desperate fighting took place here as retreating Continental infantry held off a battalion of British grenadiers. “General Wayne, occupying a barn and orchard in front, gave them a very warm reception.” Dr. James McHenry, Secretary to George Washington. In the last action of the Battle, Brigadier-General Anthony Wayne led 400 Continentals across the bridge toward the withdrawing British Army. Seven hundred yards to your right, Wayne attacked the 1st Battalion of British . . . — Map (db m14408) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Manalapan — Battlefield Archaeology — The Battle of Monmouth – 28 June 1778 Where Was Molly Hays during the Battle of Monmouth? Documents and Archaeology provides clues. During the Battle, Commander-in-Chief George Washington watched approvingly as Captain Francis Proctor’s artillery company cannonaded the British. Joseph Plumb Martin noted that it was a 4-pounder “which kept up a constant fire upon the enemy.” Later, one of Washington’s subordinates, Major-General Lord Stirling, described how the British “Infantry appeared also in . . . — Map (db m8976) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Manalapan — D’Annae: A French, Swedish-Style 4-pounder — The Battle of Monmouth – 28 June 1778 In 1777, the Continental Army was in desperate need of more field artillery. When 31 Swedish-style 4-pounders arrived in New Hampshire in April, Commander-in-Chief George Washington directed that “they will be forwarded to Camp, as fast as circumstances permit.” The French welcomed the war between their British enemies and the Americans. To support the rebellion, in 1776, the French royal arsenals released tons of surplus weapons. Their conduit to America was a fictitious . . . — Map (db m8972) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Manalapan — Perrine Hill Front Line — The Battle of Monmouth — 28 June 1778, 12:30 PM Seeking to avoid a bloody battle with the approaching British, Washington selected this strong defensive position. Here, a circle of brooks and swamps protected the Continental troops. Commander-in-Chief Washington and Major-General Lord Stirling organized their men in three lines. You are standing where two battalions of light infantry were posted. To their right were Pennsylvania troops. Behind you, two-thirds of the way up the hill, was a line of cannon and several more brigades of . . . — Map (db m14404) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Manalapan — The British Grenadiers — The Battle of Monmouth — 28 June 1778. 12:45 PM – 1:00 PM Grenadiers were the heavy infantry of 18th-century armies. Normally, British regiments were composed of 10 companies – 8 line companies, 1 light infantry company, and 1 grenadier company. Agile, intelligent men were chosen for the light infantry while the regiment’s biggest men were placed in the grenadier company. Tall bearskin caps made the grenadiers appear even larger. During most of the Revolution, the British grouped their light infantry companies and grenadier companies into . . . — Map (db m14411) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Manalapan — The British Rush the Hedgerow — The Battle of Monmouth — 28 June 1778. 12:45 PM - 1:00 PM “Riding like a New Market Jockey,” British Commander-in-chief, Sir Henry Clinton rushed his men forward hoping to crush the Continental advance force against Spotswood Middle Brook. If he could destroy the Continental Army, he might win the war and promotion. The British pursued Major General Charles Lee’s Continentals across the fields behind you. As they climbed the hill, Clinton rode in front “crying out ‘Charge, Grenadiers, never heed forming’.” If . . . — Map (db m14410) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Manalapan — Washington Resumes the Offensive — The Battle of Monmouth — 28 June 1778, 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM As the enemy withdrew their artillery and began withdrawing their infantry, Commander-in-Chief George Washington began a cautious offensive designed to boost American morale without risking the destruction of the Continental Army. First, Washington sent two battalions of light infantry circling through the valley to your left to harass the British detachments retreating across the Sutfin Farm. Later, south of the Middle Brook, Brigadier-General Anthony Wayne attacked the British . . . — Map (db m14406) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — The Delaware Regiment — Battle of Long Island – August 27, 1776 Responding to the call of the Continental Congress, the Delaware Regiment was organized in January of 1776. In early August of that year they were ordered to march northward to join the Continental army under the command of General Washington. Consisting of eight companies numbering in excess of 500 battle-ready troops, the Delaware Regiment enjoyed the distinction of being one of the largest and best equipped in the Continental service. Upon their arrival in New York they were assigned to . . . — Map (db m13211) New York (Saratoga County), Stillwater — Freeman House — and Site of the Battle of September 19, 1777 — History Now The first battle of Saratoga was fought here on September 19, 1777. The map shows the troop positions. British forces drove the Americans from this place immediately around Freeman’s farmhouse. Then the British fortified the area, including the buildings, with earthen and log parapet walls, entrenched, and vainly waited for reinforcements to come. — Map (db m11504) Pennsylvania (Adams County), Gettysburg — Location of Field Hospitals — During the Battle of Gettysburg — Army of the Potomac Army of the Potomac Medical Department Location of the Field Hospitals During the Battle of Gettysburg 1st Corps - July 1st at the Lutheran Theological Seminary and in Gettysburg July 2nd near White Church on Baltimore Pike 2nd Corps - July 2nd on east and west side of Rock Creek east of the Bushman House 3rd Corps - July 2nd on Taneytown Road and soon removed to an angle formed by White Run and Rock Creek 5th Corps - July 2nd on Taneytown Road west of Round Top July 3rd near Two Taverns . . . — Map (db m13265) Pennsylvania (Philadelphia County), Philadelphia — The Delaware Regiment — Battle of Germantown - October 4, 1777 After distinguished service in the Campaign of 1776, Delaware's Continental regiment was formally reorganized in early 1777. Assigned to the division of Major General John Sullivan, the Delaware Regiment was a part of that unit's costly offensive against the British left during the Battle of Germantown. Regimental returns reported three men killed, nine missing and twenty-six wounded, the latter group including the regiment's commander, Colonel David Hall. Others died later as a result of . . . — Map (db m22118) Pennsylvania (York County), Hanover — The Square is Now Recaptured — The Scattered Debris of Battle From Hanover's Center Square, major roads radiate to York, Baltimore, Frederick and Carlisle. For the second time that day the Center Square would become the scene of brutal combat. A few blocks to the north, nearly 400 mounted cavalrymen from New York and Pennsylvania had reformed under the command of Major John Hammond. Riding in a column, four horses abreast, they used several side streets to reach Abbottstown Street, now Broadway, before proceeding to the Center Square. Members of . . . — Map (db m4996) Rhode Island (Newport County), Portsmouth — The Black Regiment — Battle of Rhode Island Bloody Run Brook, First Black Militia, R. Island Regt. August 29, 1778. In honor of the first Black slaves and freemen who fought in the Battle of Rhode Island as members of the First Rhode Island Regiment The Black Regiment — Map (db m8407) South Carolina (York County), Blacksburg — Presidential Recognition — 150th Anniversary of the battle This is a place of inspiring memories. Here less than a thousand men, inspired by the urge of freedom, defeated a superior force....This small band of patriots turned back a dangerous invasion well-designed to separate and dismember the united colonies. It was a small army and a little battle, but it was mighty portent. History has done scant justice to its significance, which rightly should place it beside Lexington and Bunker Hill, Trenton and Yorktown, as one of the crucial . . . — Map (db m17535) Tennessee (Hamilton County), Lookout Mountain — Lookout Mountain — American Revolutionary War Battle The Chattanooga area was firmly controlled by the Chickamauga Indians at the time of The American Revolution. The Cherokee Indian chiefs had signed peace and land treaties with the Colonial settlers. However, a small group of rebellious Cherokees were not in accord with these treaties and continued unabated warfare with the expanding settlers. They were called the Chickamaugas and were led by Chief Dragging Canoe. They were actively supported by the British through local agents and traders. The . . . — Map (db m4496) Tennessee (Knox County), Knoxville — The 1863 Siege of Knoxville — Fortifications and Battle Sites Introduction. After defeating the Union Army of the Cumberland in the bloody battle of Chickamauga (Sep 18-20, 1863) and besieging the Federal provisions in the city of Chattanooga, Confederate Army of Tennessee Commander Gen. Braxton Bragg turned his attention to driving Gen. Ambrose F. Burnside’s Army of the Ohio out of East Tennessee. Burnside had moved his army from Kentucky into Knoxville on Sept 3, 1863 following the Confederates’ abandonment of the city on Aug. 25-26. Initial . . . — Map (db m4318) Virginia, Fredericksburg — A Diversion — The Second Battle of Fredericksburg 3 May 1863. During the Chancellorsville Campaign, Brigadier General John Gibbon deployed his Union division in this area in support of other federal units in Fredericksburg. On the morning of May 3, Gibbon’s troops rushed forward to assault the heights in front of you. The attack faltered at this canal when the soldiers discovered that planks for the bridge had been removed. While the Northerners pulled boards from a nearby house, Confederate artillery went into battery on the high . . . — Map (db m1064) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Angel of Marye's Heights — The Battle of Fredericksburg While the Civil War entailed immense destruction and tragedy, it did not always engender hate. For two days following the battle, wounded Union soldiers, caught between the lines, cried out for water. Though exposure to enemy fire even for a moment meant almost certain death, Sergeant Richard R. Kirkland of the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers tried to help. Filling several canteens with water, the young Confederate stepped over the stone wall to care for his wounded enemies. When Union soldiers . . . — Map (db m8661) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Big Gun at Howison Hill — The Battle of Fredericksburg Two weeks of Union delay before the Battle of Fredericksburg gave the Confederates time to bring up large cannons rarely seen on other battlefields in Virginia. The sturdy gun emplacements above you protected a huge siege gun, capable of firing a 30-pound shell nearly two miles. Ten men operated the cannon; typically, a gun like this would fire a round every five minutes. As they awaited battle, Confederate cannoneers cut down trees and carefully calculated the range to likely areas of Union . . . — Map (db m8863) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Brompton — The Battle of Fredericksburg The house and grounds are not open to the public. "The pillars of the porch...were speckled with the marks of bullets. Shells and shot had made sad havoc with the walls and the woodwork inside. The windows were shivered, the partitions torn to pieces, and the doors perforated." Traveler John T. Trowbridge, September 1865 A home, a headquarters, and a hospital: each of these terms accurately describes "Brompton," the large brick house one the hill above you. Built around 1824, the . . . — Map (db m8635) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Confederate Artillery — The Battle of Fredericksburg Artillery was an effective weapon, particularly when used in defensive combat. Nowhere was that demonstrated more clearly than here on Marye's Heights, where nine guns of the Washington Artillery shattered the ranks of the oncoming Union army. "The shells fell thick and fast, exploding with deafening roar right in our midst. Shattered, torn and bleeding, our column still pushed on," wrote one Union soldier. Toward sunset the Washington Artillery's ammunition ran low and the battalion retired . . . — Map (db m8690) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Confederates on the Ridge — The Battle of Fredericksburg "What chance had flesh and blood to carry by storm such a position, garrisoned too as it was with veteran soldiers? Not one chance in a million." Alexander Hunter, 17th Virginia Infantry. At noon, December 13, 1862, the first of nine Union divisions poured out of Fredericksburg to attack a Georgia brigade that occupied the Sunken Road below you. "How beautifully they came on!" wrote an admiring Southerner. "Their bright bayonets glistening in the sunlight made the line look like a huge . . . — Map (db m8689) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Field of Battle — The Battle of Fredericksburg This photograph, taken from the heights to your right-rear, shows the landscape in front of you as it appeared the year after the Battle of Fredericksburg. The town of Fredericksburg sits atop the ridge in the distance; the spire of St. George's Episcopal Church dominates the skyline (and it still does). Before the war, much of the open ground in this view had been Fredericksburg's fairgrounds. Fences that once enclosed them and sheds that once dotted the fairgrounds were swept away during . . . — Map (db m8847) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Fredericksburg National Cemetery — The Battle of Fredericksburg Approximately 20,000 soldiers died in this region during the Civil War, their remains scattered throughout the countryside in shallow, often unmarked, graves. In 1865 Congress established Fredericksburg National Cemetery as a final resting place for Union soldiers who died on area battlefields. Confederate soldiers were buried in cemeteries located at Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Court House. Work on Fredericksburg National Cemetery commenced in 1866 and was completed in 1869. Veterans . . . — Map (db m8851) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Fredericksburg National Cemetery — The Battle of Fredericksburg Approximately 20,000 soldiers died in this region during the Civil War, their remains scattered throughout the countryside in shallow, often unmarked, graves. In 1865 Congress established Fredericksburg National Cemetery as a final resting place for Union soldiers who died on area battlefields. Confederate soldiers were buried in cemeteries located at Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Court House. Work on Fredericksburg National Cemetery commenced in 1866 and was completed in 1869. Veterans . . . — Map (db m8740) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Innis House — The Battle of Fredericksburg This frame building, known as the Innis (or "Ennis") house, stands as a mute witness to the terrible combat that engulfed this spot. Located along the Confederate line of battle, the small structure was marred by soldier graffiti and perforated by bullets and shell fragments. Confederate General Lafayette McLaws wrote that the house "had no space as large as two hands on it that had not been pierced." Although the family replaced the exterior clapboards, you can still see bullet marks on one . . . — Map (db m8569) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Lee's Command Post — The Battle of Fredericksburg This hill served as General Robert E. Lee's command post during the Battle of Fredericksburg. Before the fighting started, Confederate pioneers cut down trees on the front slope of the hill, giving the Confederate leader a better view of the battlefield than is possible today. To his left, he could see Fredericksburg and Marye's Heights. To his right was the broad plain in front of Prospect Hill and the right end of the Confederate line. Lee spent much of December 13, 1862, here, watching the . . . — Map (db m8861) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Lee's Headquarters — The Battle of Fredericksburg The hill in front of you, once called Telegraph Hill but now known as Lee's Hill, served as General Robert E. Lee's headquarters during the Battle of Fredericksburg. Throughout the afternoon of December 13, 1862, Lee and his generals watched uneasily as the Union army repeatedly attacked Southern troops in the Sunken Road. The Federal infantry became easy targets for Confederate artillery atop this hill and Howison Hill (a quarter mile to your left). The Union attacks failed. The grandeur of . . . — Map (db m8858) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Near Disaster — The Battle of Fredericksburg On this hill on December 13, 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee twice nearly met personal disaster. While firing its 39th round of the day, a 30-pounder Parrott Rifle (like the one in front of you) burst, sending chunks of metal across the hilltop - narrowly missing Generals Lee and Longstreet. Later, a Union artillery shell fired from Stafford Heights, more than a mile away, buried itself in the earthworks at Lee's side. The shell failed to explode. Meanwhile, Confederate cannons here . . . — Map (db m8862) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Original Wall — The Battle of Fredericksburg Standing here you can clearly see how the Sunken Road got its name. Cut into the base of Marye's Heights, the roadbed sits several feet below the grade of the surrounding hill slope. Stone retaining walls on either side of the road hold the banks in place. When the Confederate army arrived here in November 1862, it found a ready-made breastwork behind which to fight. At the time of the battle, the stone wall stretched for more than 500 yards along the eastern (left) side of the road. After . . . — Map (db m8638) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Seeking Cover — Battle of Fredericksburg For Union soldiers who attacked Marye's Heights, the open plain in front of you offered just two sources of cover: the brick Stratton house, visible just two blocks ahead on the left side of the street, and the swale, a slight drop in the landscape just beyond the Stratton house. Both are visible from this location. For three days, Union soldiers stubbornly clung to their position in front of the stone wall, pinned down by Confederate riflemen in the Sunken Road. Some Union soldiers lying in . . . — Map (db m25643) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Stephens Family Cemetery — The Battle of Fredericksburg Buried here are eight members of the Innis, Mazeen, and Stephens families, including the most famous of them all: Martha Stephens. Local children knew Martha Stephens as "Granny." They also remembered her ever-present apron, the pipe often clenched in her teeth, and her matronly form. But Martha Stephens was no typical "Granny." At the time when women rarely owned property, she owned no fewer than seven tracts, including a 92-acre farm in Spotsylvania County. For a time, she ran a saloon in . . . — Map (db m8568) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Sunken Road Walking Trail — The Battle of Fredericksburg On December 13, 1862, Union troops poured out of Fredericksburg to attack Confederate forces behind the town. The heaviest blows fell here at Marye's Heights. For eight hours Union troops repeatedly charged the heights only to be slaughtered by the volleys of Confederate riflemen occupying a sunken road at the base of the hill. This half-mile trail takes you down the Sunken Road, then climbs the hill and comes back along Marye's Heights, concluding at the National Cemetery. Those not wishing . . . — Map (db m8830) Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Confederate Line — The Battle of Fredericksburg You are now standing beside the Sunken Road, part of a heavily used 19th-century road system that linked Washington, D.C. and Richmond. In 1862, Confederate riflemen fired from the road upon line after line of Union troops advancing across open fields to your left. (Houses constructed early last century now cover most of these fields.) A waist-high stone wall protected the Confederate riflemen; Union troops had no such protection. To your right is Marye's Heights. Nine guns of the Washington . . . — Map (db m8510) Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Ebert House and Store — The Battle of Fredericksburg You could smell the gingerbread and candy when you went into the store. It was utterly quiet, the only noise was the ticking of a clock...and an elderly lady knitting and rocking. A local resident On this corner stood the home of the Ebert family, Henry and Sophia Ebert emigrated from Prussia in the 1840s, joining a growing and prospering community of German entrepreneurs in Fredericksburg. The Eberts opened a small grocery store in their home on this corner, catering to travelers . . . — Map (db m8640) Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Killing Fields — The Battle of Fredericksburg This view, taken a mile behind you, shows the vast open space in front of Marye's Heights only months after the December 1862 battle. Union troops crossed the plain between the town (in the foreground) and Marye's Heights. Some attackers advanced to within about 80 yards of the Sunken Road, and a few got as close as 40 yards. More than 7,500 Union troops fell killed or wounded in the span of the photograph, on the ground just behind you. The photograph shows clearly both the stark nature of . . . — Map (db m8663) Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Stephens House — The Battle of Fredericksburg The foundation outlined before you marks the wartime home of Edward and Martha Stephens. On December 13, 1862, the house was caught in the vortex of Union attacks against the Sunken Road. Confederate sharpshooters fired from the house windows and roof. The Union artillery shell that killed General Thomas Cobb passed through the house before exploding. Legend holds that Martha Stephens, unlike most local residents, remained in her house throughout the battle. She purportedly made repeated, . . . — Map (db m8550) Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Sunken Road — The Battle of Fredericksburg For 130 years, this was a road like thousands of others. First called the County Road, then Telegraph Road, it carried farmer's wagons into Fredericksburg or townsfolk to visit relatives in the country. During the 1830s an adjacent landowner built stone walls along the road as it passed below Marye's Heights and "Brompton," the home of John L. Marye. In the 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, the road shed its former names and became simply the "Sunken Road," one of the most famous byways in . . . — Map (db m8854) Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Union Attacks Begin — The Battle of Fredericksburg In 1862 the ground in front of you was an open plain stretching from here to the outskirts of Fredericksburg, one-half mile away. As Union troops left the town to attack Marye's Heights, they had to break ranks to cross a canal ditch, then knock down fences on an old fairground. For the last 300-400 yards of their advance toward the Sunken Road, they were virtually without cover. Eighteen Union brigades - more than 30,000 men - successively swept across the field. For eight hours the killing . . . — Map (db m8502) Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Willis Hill Buildings — The Battle of Fredericksburg In December 1862 Confederate artillery on this hill rained shot and shell on attacking Union soldiers advancing out of Fredericksburg. Next to the guns was a small brick building, one of three that then occupied this part of the heights. "The little brick house, which was white at the beginning of the battle, was perfectly red with bullet-marks at its close," wrote one Confederate. "There was an odd cooking-stove in front of the house. The balls striking it kept up a perpetual 'bing, bing,' . . . — Map (db m8712) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Thomas R. R. Cobb — The Battle of Fredericksburg The monument across the road marks the spot where General Thomas R. R. Cobb suffered a mortal wound. A brilliant Constitutional lawyer prior to the war, he left his practice to take up arms for the South. At Fredericksburg Cobb fought his first battle as a brigadier general in command of a Georgia brigade. He was determined to do well. When told before the battle that he must fall back if the troops on his left gave way, Cobb growled, "Well! If they wait for me to fall back, they will wait a . . . — Map (db m8522) Virginia, Fredericksburg — Willis Hill Cemetery — The Battle of Fredericksburg "There is a private cemetery on the crest, surrounded by a brick wall. Burnside's artillery had not spared it. I looked over the wall, which was badly smashed in places, and saw the overthrown monuments and broken tombstones lying on the ground." John T. Trowbridge, 1865 This quiet hilltop graveyard, dating to the mid-eighteenth century, sheltered Confederate soldiers during the Battle of Fredericksburg. Medical personnel treated wounded soldiers behind its walls, and at least one . . . — Map (db m8718) Virginia, Lynchburg — Civil War Lynchburg — Supplying Lee’s Army — Battle of Lynchburg Established in 1786, Lynchburg was a thriving commercial center famous for its tobacco and manufacturing industries when Fort Sumter, South Carolina was bombarded in April 1861 and the Civil War began. Lynchburg’s Fair Grounds and Camp Davis immediately began receiving troops for training from all over the South. During the war, the city’s foundries and factories produced munitions, mills ground flour for rations, and railway trains and canal boats transported men and supplies to the front. . . . — Map (db m3935) Virginia, Lynchburg — Fort Early — The Confederate Center — Battle of Lynchburg Following the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg in July 1863, Lynchburg’s citizens became concerned about the lack of defenses around the city. Gen. Francis Nicholls, post commander, prepared a series of earthen redoubts and trenches at strategic points to take advantage of Lynchburg’s topography. He designed the earthen redoubt here to protect an artillery battery covering the Lynchburg-Salem Turnpike (Fort Ave.). When Union Gen, David Hunter attacked Lynchburg in June 1864, he advanced his . . . — Map (db m3926) Virginia, Lynchburg — Fort McCausland — The Confederate Right Flank — Battle of Lynchburg To your right, Confederates built an earthen redoubt in 1864 to defend the strategic Virginia & Tennessee Railroad trestle over Ivy Creek. The six-gun battery of the Botetourt Artillery manned the redoubt and a position on the other side of Forest Road (Langhorne Road) crossing in front. To capture Lynchburg, Union Gen. David Hunter had divided his army and sent Gen. Alfred N.A. Duffie’s cavalry to seize the city by turning the Confederate right flank. Gen. John McCausland cavalry moved to . . . — Map (db m3924) Virginia, Lynchburg — Lynchburg Civil War Hospitals — Knight and Miller Tobacco Factories — Battle of Lynchburg These tobacco factories, built in 1845, were typical of the nineteen in Lynchburg converted into hospitals during the Civil War. Surgeon J.K. Page supervised Knight’s and Miller’s as divisions of General Hospital No. 2. The Thirty-two hospitals established in Lynchburg treated 3,000 to 4,000 patients at any given time, a remarkable achievement since Lynchburg’s 1860 population was 6,853. Citizens opened their own homes after major battle such as Gettysburg and the Wilderness when the deluge of . . . — Map (db m3925) Virginia, Lynchburg — Quaker Meeting House — The Battle Begins — Battle of Lynchburg From here in June 1864, Confederate cavalrymen watched Gen. David Hunter’s Union army advance toward them on the Lynchburg-Salem Turnpike (Fort Ave). Hunter departed Lexington on June 14 and crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains near Peaks of Otter. Liberty (Bedford) fell the next day, but Confederate Gen. John McCausland’s cavalry was so successful in delaying Hunter’s army that it did not reach the ridge seen in the distance until the afternoon of June 17. Gen. John D. Imboden’s cavalry joined . . . — Map (db m3928) Virginia, Lynchburg — Sandusky — Hunter's Headquarters — Battle of Lynchburg Union Gen. David Hunter’s army reached the outskirts of Lynchburg on June 17, 1864, despite being delayed by engagements with Gen. John McCausland’s Confederate cavalry. That evening, Hunter made his headquarters here at Sandusky, aware that Confederate reinforcements were arriving. He remained confident, however, that he could carry out Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s orders to capture Lynchburg. That night, in Sandusky’s parlor, Hunter and his commanders planned the assault on Confederate Gen. Jubal . . . — Map (db m3923) Virginia, Lynchburg — Spring Hill Cemetery — Confederate Generals Rest — Battle of Lynchburg During the Battle of Lynchburg on June 17-18, 1864, Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early moved his reserves into the cemetery to reinforce his lines across the Lynchburg-Salem Turnpike (Fort Ave.) at Fort Early. Before dawn on Sunday, June 19, these troops marched forward into the lines to the right of Fort Early, but by then the Union army had retreated. Organized in 1852, Spring Hill Cemetery was designed by John Notman of Philadelphia, noted for Laurel Hill Cemetery in that city and Richmond’s . . . — Map (db m3936) Virginia, Newport News — Monitor – Merrimack — The Battle of the Ironclads — 1862 Peninsula Campaign Lincoln viewed the March 8, 1862, sinking of the USS Congress and USS Cumberland as the greatest Union calamity since Bull Run. Union Secretary of War Edwin W. Stanton feared that “the CSS Virginia (Merrimack) would soon come up the Potomac and disperse Congress, destroy the Capitol and public buildings…” Stanton believed that “McClellan’s mistaken purpose to advance by the Peninsula must be abandoned.” As the burning Congress set an . . . — Map (db m10347) Virginia (Appomattox County), Appomattox — Lee's Retreat — Battle of Appomattox Station April 8, 1865 Union cavalry arrived early in the evening and captured three of Lee’s four supply trains. Advancing toward Appomattox Court House, they encountered the surplus Confederate wagons and artillery train. After a brief conflict, numerous wagons and cannons were captured. Next Stop Burkeville 44.6 miles — Map (db m6075) Virginia (Culpeper County), Brandy Station — Battle of Brandy Station — The Largest Cavalry Battle of the Civil War Confederate horsemen numbering 9500 under the command of Gen. J.E.B. Stuart were concentrated around Brandy Station in preparation of the upcoming raid into Pennsylvania - which would culminate at Gettysburg. The Federal army, being aware of the sizable number of Confederate cavalry in this vicinity, sent Gen. Alfred Pleasonton with a force of about 8,000 cavalry and 3,000 infantry with instructions to converge on Brandy Station in two wings and attack. About 4:30 a.m. on June 9, 1863, 5,500 . . . — Map (db m4364) Virginia (Culpeper County), Culpeper — Culpeper Court House — Battle of Culpeper Court House Following the Gettysburg Campaign, Federal officials sought to verify rumors that a substantial part of Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Confederate army had been detached. On September 13, 1863, Federal cavalry moved down the tracks from your left, under orders to reconnoiter the main Confederate position, about 10 miles south (your right). Southern horsemen under Col. Lunsford Lomax resolved to make a stand on the terrain before you to defend a train being loaded with supplies here at the depot. . . . — Map (db m8417) Virginia (Dinwiddie County), Petersburg — The Battle of White Oak Road — The Battle of Lewis Farm General Grant wanted to force his way around the Confederate right flank and cut the last remaining supply lines into Petersburg. The offensive began on March 29, 1865. Union Major General Philip H. Sheridan’s cavalry moved towards Dinwiddie Court House, about five miles southwest of here, to lure the Confederates out of their defensive works and to cut one of the Confederate army’s main supply lines: the South Side Railroad. At the same time an infantry corps under Major General Gouverneur K. . . . — Map (db m14805) Virginia (Frederick County), Winchester — Rutherford's Farm — In the Path of Battle In addition to the action of July 20, 1864, known as the Battle of Rutherford’s Farm, two other significant events occurred on or near John Rutherford’s property here. The first took place on June 14-15, 1863, during the Gettysburg Campaign, as Union Gen. Robert H. Milroy’s army evacuated Winchester and fled north. Milroy had constructed fortifications around Winchester, but Confederate Gen. Richard S. Ewell’s corps, the vanguard of Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, captured one . . . — Map (db m14026) Virginia (Gloucester County), Gloucester Point — Attacking with “Decisive Vigor” — The Battle of the Hook “…the Cavalry…has attaqued them, pierced through and…have had a great advantage of them.” Duc de Choisy to George Washington, October 3, 1781 One of the largest cavalry battles of the Revolution was fought a few miles north of Gloucester Point. The Battle of the Hook set the stage for the American victory at Yorktown. The bottled-up British needed food. General Cornwallis instructed Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas to lead a foraging party out of the Gloucester . . . — Map (db m18706) Virginia (Hanover County), Studley — Enon Church — The Battle of Haw's Shop — Lee vs. Grant – The 1864 Campaign Confederate cavalry under Gen. Wade Hampton arrived here May 28, 1864, hoping to locate the whereabouts of the Federal army. Hampton’s leading column collided with Gen. David Gregg’s Union cavalry division near the Haw’s Shop crossroads, one mile in front of you. After a brief fight on horseback, Confederate cavalry fell back, dismounted, and hastily built a line of protective works on both sides of the road behind the church. The two sides battled indecisively for several hours before the . . . — Map (db m15781) Virginia (Henrico County), Lakeside — Yellow Tavern — Stuart’s Last Battle — Lee Vs. Grant - The 1864 Campaign While Grant and Lee fought at Spotsylvania, Gen. Philip H. Sheridan took 12,000 Federal cavalry on a raid toward Richmond. After destroying a large Confederate supply depot at Beaver Dam Station, Sheridan’s troopers met 4,000 Southern cavalrymen under Gen. J.E.B. Stuart near here at Yellow Tavern on May 11, 1864. Union cavalry attacked from the west and in heavy hand-to-hand fighting drove Gen. Lunsford Lomax’s Brigade from Telegraph Road before pushing northward. Late in the day, while the . . . — Map (db m3713) Virginia (Highland County), McDowell — Village of McDowell — Battle of McDowell — 1862 Valley Campaign Union troops camped in the fields south of here between April 17, 1862, and the Battle of McDowell on May 8. They deployed artillery, including “two twelve pounders [that] were planted on the plateau in the read of [the church] so as to cover the bridge” over Bullpasture River. After the battle, wounded of both armies were cared for in the church. The dead were buried in its cemetery, across modern U.S. 250 (the old Staunton-to-Parkersburg Turnpike). The house of Confederate Capt. . . . — Map (db m16668) Virginia (Loudoun County), Sterling — Mosby’s Rangers — Battle of Miskel Farm — March 31, 1863 Captain John Singleton Mosby and 69 of his Confederate ranger troop were surprised at dawn while sleeping here in the Miskel farmhouse and hay barn by 150 Union cavalry. Though greatly outnumbered, Captain Mosby led his rangers on foot with revolvers and sabers to complete victory over the entire Union force. Not only did Mosby and his troop escape the trap, but they accounted for 23 Union casualties and 82 prisoners, losing only 6 men themselves. For this remarkable feat Mosby was promoted to . . . — Map (db m1794) Virginia (Louisa County), Louisa — Decisive Confederate Victory — The Largest All-Cavalry Battle of the Western Hemisphere The Battle of Trevilian Station Confederate Gen. Wade Hampton's victory over Gen. Philip H. Sheridan at Trevilian Station on June 11-12, 1864, prevented Sheridan from joining Gen. David Hunter and destroying the Virginia Central Railroad at Charlottesville. Gen. Jubal A. Early's Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia then used the railroad to reach Lynchburg in time to repulse Hunter on July 17-18 [See more about this marker below]. Trevilian Station was the largest . . . — Map (db m4847) Virginia (Louisa County), Louisa — Ogg Farm — Repulsed with Heavy Losses — The Battle of Trevilian Station After breaking off the fighting of June 11, 1864, Confederate Gen. Wade Hampton’s cavalry division withdrew to a position near here. Gen. Matthew C. Butler’s South Carolinians spent the next morning preparing a stout defensive position along the Virginia Central Railroad. You are standing near the point of the L-shaped line Butler established to block Union Gen. Philp H. Sheridan’s route to Gordonsville. A few yards from here, the apex of that line became known as the Bloody Angle during the . . . — Map (db m24552) Virginia (Madison County), Leon — Battle of James City — Opening Battle of the Bristoe Station Campaign On October 10, 1863, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, anticipating an offensive that became known as the Bristoe Station Campaign, sent a division of Confederate horsemen led by Gen. J.E.B. Stuart north from Madison on a raid. Confederate Gen. James B. Gordon’s brigade drove Union Gen. Judson Kilpatrick’s troopers from the Robinson River to Bethsaida Church. Stuart attacked and drove Kilpatrick from the field. Stuart pursued Kilpatrick to James City while a Confederate detachment was sent . . . — Map (db m4774) Virginia (Nottoway County), Blackstone — Lee's Retreat — Battle of Nottoway — June 23, 1864 This was the first in a series of raids from Petersburg led by Union Generals James Wilson and August Kautz. The purpose of the raid was to destroy portions of the South Side and Richmond & Danville Railroads and curtail the use of these supply lines by Lee’s army. — Map (db m18521) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — “A Wild, Wicked Roar” — The Battle of the Wilderness The arrival of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell’s Second Corps here along the Orange Turnpike on the morning of May 5 challenged the Union march through the Wilderness. The Federals responded with a massive attack. At midday more than 12,000 Federal troops Federal troops moved forward on a jagged, mile-long front. The spearhead of the assault struck Ewell’s line here, on the western edge of Saunders Field. Three Union brigades rolled over the Confederates, plunging forward through thickets and . . . — Map (db m6008) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — “Stonewall” Jackson’s Arm — The Battle of Chancellorsville Here, in the Jones family cemetery, lie the remains of “Stonewall” Jackson’s left arm. The Confederate general lost the limb during the Battle of Chancellorsville, where he was mistakenly shot by his own troops. Surgeons removed the mangled appendage at the Wilderness Tavern field hospital, one-half mile to your left-rear, early May 3, 1863. Jackson’s chaplain, the Rev. B. Tucker Lacy, visited the hospital later that morning. As he was leaving Jackson’s tent, Lacy saw the general’s . . . — Map (db m3895) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — A Military Scene — The Battle of the Wilderness As one of the few large open areas in the Wilderness, the broad fields north and east of Ellwood assumed instant importance during the battle here. While fighting raged a miles to the west, the fields around Ellwood filled with artillery and wagon trains. Provost guards kept watch over Confederate prisoners; surgeons established field hospitals for the wounded; and rough teamsters held their mule-drawn wagons in readiness to carry ammunition to the front. In the yard of the house and extending . . . — Map (db m12947) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — A.P. Hill Escapes Capture — The Battle of the Wilderness On the morning of May 6, General A.P. Hill stretched his battle lines across the Chewning farm, closing a dangerous gap in the Confederate line. Before Hill's troops arrived, a Union regiment broke into the clearing from the east, startling the general and his staff. Hill calmly directed his men, "Mount, walk your horses, and don't look back." They did, avoiding capture. As soon as his men were out of danger, Hill sent for a brigade and retook the clearing. Later that day General Lee conferred . . . — Map (db m19162) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — An Uneasy Partnership — The Battle of the Wilderness At the battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House, Grant would not only struggle against Lee’s army, but also against the conservative, sometimes timid, methods of the Union Army of the Potomac. George G. Meade, commander of that army, was a cautious leader – much like the commanders who preceded him. Lee made a career of using Union caution to his advantage. Although Grant had no wish to interfere with Meade’s handling of the Army of the Potomac, he increasingly found it . . . — Map (db m6026) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Archeology at Ellwood — The Battle of the Wilderness The National Park Service acquired Ellwood in 1977. Since then, archeologists have conducted three studies of the site: test excavations around the base of the house (1978) and in the cellar (1979), and a geophysical survey of the grounds (1984). The excavations have identified the site of several structures and unearthed a wide variety of artifacts ranging from the 18th to the 20th century. The results of the geophysical survey suggest that there is much more to be found. Many questions about . . . — Map (db m12948) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Ellwood — The Battle of the Wilderness “The house stands on Wilderness Run, in a lonely place about half a mile south of the Culpeper plank road; it is a good-sized farmhouse, built of wood, square, with two porticos and painted a dove color. From the apex of the roof a hospital flag still flutters in the cold November wind.” - George M. Neese, Chew’s Virginia Battery November 11, 1863 Ellwood was a typical Virginia farm. The 1790s dwelling looked out over rolling farmland planted in corn, wheat, and clover. . . . — Map (db m6121) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — First Blood in Saunders Field — The Battle of the Wilderness "The regiment melted away like snow. Men disappeared as if the earth had swallowed them." -Captain Porter Parley 140th New York Infantry Shortly after noon on May 5, the battleline of the 140th New York burst from the woods to your right-rear - the first regiment to advance against the Confederates here in Saunders Field. Undaunted by a devastating Confederate fire, the 529 New Yorkers sprinted across the field and assailed the Confederates along the woodline before you. But supporting . . . — Map (db m6022) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Gordon Flank Attack Trail — The Battle of the Wilderness In this field and its surrounding woods fell nearly one-third of the men killed or wounded in the Battle of the Wilderness. The two-mile Gordon Flank Attack Trail tracks the Battle of the Wilderness in all its horrible forms: the open-field Union attacks here that initiated the battle; the stalemate in the tangled woods to the north; and the devastating Confederate flank attack that, after two days of fighting, almost brought the Federals to disaster. The Wilderness: "Hell Itself" The . . . — Map (db m7378) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Grant Comes to Virginia — The Battle of Fredericksburg This short trail leads to "Grant's Knoll." For three days Gen. Ulysses S. Grant made his headquarters here, issuing orders that would determine the fate of armies and men. President Abraham Lincoln had recently appointed Grant general-in-chief over Union armies throughout the country. Rather than remain in Washington, Grant chose to travel with Gen. George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac, which was battling Lee's Confederates here in Virginia. Grant hoped to infuse the Union army with his own . . . — Map (db m7403) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Grant’s Headquarters — The Battle of the Wilderness On May 5, 1864, this knoll was bordered by a second growth of scraggly pines and scrub oak. From here Grant and Meade could see little of the battle. Instead, they relied on subordinates to keep them apprised of the situation at the front. In the evenings the generals retired to their camp at the foot of the knoll, between here and the Germanna Plank Road (Modern Route 3). Otherwise, they rarely left this spot. Over the next three days, as the two armies grappled in the deep woods, Grant and . . . — Map (db m6024) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Key Terrain — The Battle of the Wilderness The fighting in the Wilderness centered on two thoroughfares: the Orange Turnpike and the Orange Plank Road. Between them yawned a gaping void of dense trees and brush, broken only by a few fields and the track of the Parker's Store Road, still visible 50 yards to your left. The most important clearing was the Chewning farm. If the Union army could seize this clearing, it would be in position to divide the Confederate forces and defeat them individually. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford's division of . . . — Map (db m19164) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Saunders Field — Battle of the Wilderness "The Last crop of the old field had been corn and among its stubble that day were sown the seeds of glory." Morris Schaff, USA Staff Tucked away in the Wilderness's trackless forest were several small clearings, where families with names like Higgerson, Chewning, and Tapp eked out a meager living tilling the region's thin soil. Saunders Field, which surrounds you, was an abandoned corn patch in 1864. With the arrival of the armies on May 5, it would become a brutal smoking killing . . . — Map (db m19069) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — The Higgerson Farm — The Battle of the Wilderness Before you are the fields of the Higgerson Farm, one of only a few major clearings on the Wilderness Battlefield. On the afternoon of May 5, Union troops swept across this open space, bound for bewildering combat in the thickets to the north and west. When the Federals trampled her fence and garden, Permelia Higgerson emerged from her house, berated the Yankees, and predicted their quick repulse. “We didn’t pay much attention to what she said,” admitted a Pennsylvanian, “but . . . — Map (db m6038) Virginia (Orange County), Locust Grove — Union Headquarters — The Battle of the Wilderness Ellwood stood in the midst of the Wilderness, a dark, forbidding forest characterized by stunted trees and densely tangled undergrowth. When the Confederates challenged General Ulysses S. Grant’s advance through the Wilderness on May 5, 1864, the Union commander made his headquarters just a few hundred yards north of here, along the Orange Turnpike (modern Route 20). For the next three days Ellwood, a quiet farm in a desolate region, suddenly found itself the center of national attention. . . . — Map (db m6123) Virginia (Prince Edward County), Rice — Lee’s Retreat — Cavalry Battle at High Bridge April 6, 1865 About 900 Union infantry and cavalry were sent from Burkeville to burn this South Side Railroad trestle over the Appomattox River. Pursued by Confederate cavalry in the engagement which followed nearby, their bridge-burning mission failed and most were captured. Next Stop Farmville 4.8 miles — Map (db m11819) Virginia (Prince Edward County), Rice — Lockett House — Battle of Sailor’s Creek — Lee’s Retreat Here, around the home of James S. Lockett, desperate fighting occurred near sundown on April 6, 1865, when the Union corps commanded by Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys almost overwhelmed Gen. John B. Gordon’s Confederate corps. The house, just across the road, still bears the scars of battle. Gordon’s corps, which served as the rear guard for the Army of Northern Virginia, also protected the Confederate wagon train. To avoid the fighting near the Hillsman House, the train was rerouted first to the . . . — Map (db m11804) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 13th New York Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:15 p.m. 1st Brigade (Roberts), First Division (Morell) Fifth Corps (Porter), Army of the Potomac, USA 13th New York Infantry ("Rochester Regiment") Col. Elisha G. Marshall "The Rebel infantry poured in their volleys, and we were scarcely a dozen feet from their muzzles of their muskets. Oh, it was terrible! For twenty minutes the shattered regiments held the slope swept by a hurricane of death, and each minute the bullets hummed like swarming bees, and then those yet . . . — Map (db m18310) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 19th Indiana Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 28, 1862 7:00 p.m. 4th Brigade (Gibbon), First Division (King) Third Corps (McDowell), Army of Virginia, USA 19th Indiana Infantry Col. Solomon Meredith "The enemy was secreted under cover of a fence and did not make their appearance until we had approached to within 75 yards. Immediately upon our halting the enemy fired. Three different times they came up at a charge, but the 19th stood firm. They fell back to their fence each time." -Col. Solomon Meredith — Map (db m8430) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 21st Georgia Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 28, 1862 7:15 p.m. Trimble's Brigade, Ewell's Division Left Wing (Jackson) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA 21st Georgia INfantry Capt. Thomas C. Glover "The fence being reached, the work of death commenced at short range. From this fence we poured volleys into the enemy for 30 or 40 minutes, when orders were given to fix bayonets and charge. The Federals held their lines until we were so close that the blazes from their guns seemed to pass through our ranks. Then they fled and the . . . — Map (db m18298) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 24th New York Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:15 p.m. 1st Brigade (Sullivan), First Division (Hatch) Third Corps (McDowell), Army of Virginia, USA 24th New York Infantry ("Oswego Regiment") Maj. Andrew Barney "Those of us on the embankment were too few to even attempt to drive out the Confederates on the other side, and accordingly lay as flat to the slope as we could, crawling occasionally to the top, and discharging our muskets, held horizontally over our heads. Bullets were pouring in from the infantry beyond us. . . . — Map (db m18317) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 26th Georgia Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 28, 1862 7:15 p.m. Lawton's Brigade, Ewell's Division Left Wing (Jackson) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA 26th Georgia Infantry Maj. Eli S. Griffin "We were ordered in just after dark. We marched steadily across an open field for about 400 yards, over which the balls were flying by the thousands. When we reached a fence the men were ordered to lie down. We poured volley after volley into the enemy. Then General Lawton ordered the brigade to change. The Yankees did fearful execution; . . . — Map (db m18358) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 2nd Wisconsin Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 28, 1862 7:00 p.m. 4th Brigade (Gibbon), First Division (King) Third Corps (McDowell), Army of Virginia, USA 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Col. Edgar O'Conner "Rebel infantry poured from the woods by the thousands. We were precisely on the brow of the hill in an open field. For an hour and fifteen minutes the most terrific fire imaginable was kept up; the hill top, the valley, and the wooded side of the hill beyond was a continuous sheet of flame. Darkness came on, the stars came out, and . . . — Map (db m8467) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 76th New York Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 28, 1862 7:15 p.m. 2nd Brigade (Doubleday), First Division (King) Third Corps (McDowell), Army of Virginia, USA 76th New York Infantry ("Cortland County Regiment") Col. W.P. Wainwright "Waving their colors defiantly, the rebels advanced from the woods to charge upon Gibbon's brigade to our left. Gibbon's men did not run. Those western men are not easily scared. They stood still and fired as fast as they could. We gave the Rebs a crossfire, thinning their ranks and prostrating their . . . — Map (db m18278) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:30 p.m. 3rd Brigade (Butterfield), First Division (Morell) Fifth Corps (Porter), Army of the Potomac, USA 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry Capt. Thomas F. McCoy "The whole brigade went back pell mell together. It is probable that as many men were lost in the retreat as in the advance." - Capt. Amos Judson — Map (db m18314) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — Company B, 4th U.S. Artillery — Second Battle of Manassas August 28, 1862 6:30 p.m. 1st Division (King), Third Corps (McDowell), Army of Virginia, USA Company B, 4th U.S. Artillery Capt. Joseph B. Campbell Six 12-pounder Napoleons "Campbell's pieces came up on the gallop, these fences along the pike being torn down to let them pass into the field. With shells bursting about them, they were placed in position and began to reply rapidly from the knoll from where I had first caught sight of the enemy's guns. - Brig. Gen. John Gibbon — Map (db m17476) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — Dying in Line — Second Battle of Manassas — Day One - August 28, 1862 At Brawner Farm there was little maneuvering. Union and Confederate infantry stood in parade-style lines fifty yards apart. At that range they could not miss. The soldiers fired volley after volley for two hours, with only a few fence rails and ruts in the field for cover. Even after sundown the shooting continued; men aimed at the muzzle flashes. Next morning Capt. W.W. Blackford, one of Jeb Stuart's officers, described the Union position, "marked by the dark rows of bodies stretched out of . . . — Map (db m8402) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — First Brigade — (The Stonewall Brigade) — Second Battle of Manassas August 28, 1862 7:00 p.m. Jackson's Division (W. B. Taliaferro) Left Wing (Jackson) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA First Brigade (The Stonewall Brigade) Col. William S. Baylor 2nd Virginia 5th Virginia 4th Virginia 27th Virginia 33rd Virginia "Here one of the most terrific engagements that can be conceived of occurred. Our troops held the farmhouse while the enemy held the orchard. To the left our men stood in the open field without shelter of any kind. For two hours and a half, without . . . — Map (db m8465) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — First Brigade — (The Stonewall Brigade) — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:15 p.m. Jackson's Division (Starke) Left Wing (Jackson) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA First Brigade (The Stonewall Brigade) Col. William S. Baylor 2nd Virginia 5th Virginia 4th Virginia 27th Virginia 33rd Virginia "The Federals came up in front of us as suddenly as men rising up out of the ground. Our commander, Colonel Will Baylor, seeing that our line was about to falter, ran and took the flag. Waving it, the gallant Baylor dashed forward ahead of the brigade . . . — Map (db m18300) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — Fourth Brigade — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:15 p.m. Jackson's Division (Starke), Left Wing (Jackson) Army of Northern Virgina, CSA Fourth Brigade Col. Leroy A. Stafford 1st Louisiana 10th Louisiana 2nd Louisiana 15th Louisiana 9th Louisiana Coppens' Battalion "The Federal line advanced in perfect order, as if on dress parade, instead of as if marching on to death. The line was permitted to advance until we could read the expressions on every man's face. The fatal word "Fire!" was given by Colonel Nolan. When the . . . — Map (db m18333) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — Jackson Strikes — Brawner Farm: The Battle Begins — Second Battle of Manassas - Day One - August 28, 1862 Union troops were approaching from the west, raising a long cloud of dust on Warrenton Pike. They did not suspect any Confederate infantry in the area and paid little attention to a lone cavalryman trotting back and forth along this ridge. The horseman was Confederate Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Though Maj. Gen. John Pope's army had been hunting Jackson, Jackson had chosen the time and place to fight. He ordered up artillery to the left of the farmhouse and the Confederates . . . — Map (db m8458) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — Second Brigade — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:15 p.m. Jackson's Division (Starke), Left Wing (Jackson) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA Second Brigade Col. Bradley T. Johnson 21st Virginia 48th Virginia 42nd Virginia 1st Virginia Battalion "We were fighting now as I never saw it done, we behind the railroad bank and the cut, which made a splendid breastwork, the enemy crowded in the field, their men falling fast, as we could plainly see." - Pvt. John Worsham 21st Virginia Infantry — Map (db m18306) Virginia (Prince William County), Catharpin — Shooting Gallery — S.D. Lee's Artillery — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 From here, Confederate gunners had a clear view of Porter's attack - the most formidable onslaught of the three days. There were few trees between S.D. Lee's Battalion and the nearest Union columns a third of a mile away. As thousands of bluecoats swept across the field, Colonel Lee's men jumped to their guns and opened fire. The heavy bombardment, a rain of whizzing shell fragments, kept reinforcements from crossing the field, and helped ensure Union defeat at Deep Cut. When the first group . . . — Map (db m8459) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — "...Like a Stone Wall" — First Battle of Manassas On the brow of the hill Brig. Gen. Bernard Bee was desperately trying to rally his men when he caught sight of Thomas J. Jackson with fresh troops here at the edge of the pine thicket. "Look!" Bee shouted. "There stands Jackson like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!" The nickname spread rapidly through the Confederate Army and throughout the South. "Stonewall" Jackson was on his way to becoming a legend. Jackson's Line You are standing in the center of Stonewall Jackson's line . . . — Map (db m8304) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 15th Alabama Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:15 p.m. Trimble's Brigade (Brown) Ewell's Division (Lawton) Left Wing (Jackson) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA 15th Alabama Infantry Maj. A. A. Lowther "On the right the Federals were in an old field in plain view, and the 15th Alabama got in some deadly work at a right oblique. The Federals just simply jammed up against the embankment opposite the right of the 15th. They were so thick that it was impossible to miss them. What a slaughter! What a slaughter of men that . . . — Map (db m18360) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 20th New York State Militia — "Ulster Guard" — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 3:15 p.m. 3rd Brigade (Patrick), First Division (Hatch) Third Corps (McDowell) Army of Virginia (Pope), USA 20th New York State Militia (80th New York Volunteers) "Ulster Guard" Col. George W. Pratt "The order was given to advance, and the three lines moved slowly forward, receiving the enemy's musketry and canister. The first and second lines melted away, and I found myself in the first line and under a murderous fire. The right of my line advanced to within a few yards . . . — Map (db m18359) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 2nd New Hampshire Infantry — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 11:00 a.m. 2nd Brigade (Burnside), Second Division (Hunter) Army of Northeastern Virginia, USA 2nd New Hampshire Infantry Col. Gilman Marston "With the 71st New York State Militia on its left, the 2nd New Hampshire rushed to the front, and opened its store of buck and ball on the enemy. In front of the 2nd the rebels were well covered from view by the dense brush along a line of rail fence in the edge of the woods; but the men aimed low and blazed away. It was a square . . . — Map (db m9734) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 2nd Rhode Island Infantry — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 11:00 a.m. 2nd Brigade (Burnside) Army of Northeastern Virginia, USA 2nd Rhode Island Infantry Col. John S. Slocum "The 2nd was hotly engaged and made so gallant a fight as to push the enemy off the plateau and partly down the hillside. In the cornfield on the slope, and among the woods beyond, they found temporary shelter. But the fire of the 2nd was hot and deadly, and although fresh enemy troops were constantly coming up, our men obstinately held the crest. For nearly . . . — Map (db m9737) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 4th Alabama Infantry — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 11:00 a.m. 3rd Brigade (Bee) Army of the Shenandoah (Johnson), CSA 4th Alabama Infantry Col. Egbert J. Jones "Our regiment had scarcely emerged from the timber before a murderous fire was opened on us by the Yankees. Our brave boys marched steadily up the hill in the face of the shower of balls. We were then ordered to halt and lie down. It was a critical moment, and a fearful position, but the boys stood it with courage and coolness." -Chaplain James G. Hudson — Map (db m9730) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 4th South Carolina Infantry — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 6:30 a.m. 7th Brigade (Evans) Army of the Potomac (Beauregard), CSA 4th South Carolina Infantry Col. J.B.E. Sloan "Just before day on Sunday morning those of us on post nearest the Warrenton Turnpike heard the enemy approaching. We gave the alarm, and in a few minutes the regiment was formed in line of battle on the hill overlooking the Stone Bridge. Just at six o'clock the enemy fired their first gun (a cannon). It went over us, and in a few moments a regular firing was . . . — Map (db m9740) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 71st New York State Militia — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 11:00 a.m. 2nd Brigade (Burnside), 2nd Division (Hunter) Army of Northeastern Virginia, USA 71st New York State Militia Col. Henry P. Martin "The Alabama 4th, which had long ago expressed, in print, their desire to meet the New York 71st, deployed from a wood. The 71st, recognizing them, answered the challenge with a shout, and, springing forward, delivered a volley of musketry. They then charged down the hill upon them with tremendous vigor, intending to take them with . . . — Map (db m9733) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 73rd Ohio Infantry — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 5:00 p.m. 2nd Brigade (McLean), First Division (Schenk) First Corps (Sigel), Army of Virginia, USA 73rd Ohio Infantry Col. Orland Smith "The enemy in our front, moving in concert with those on our flank, came out of the woods - their line masking and overlapping our own. The whole left of our brigade poured into them a murderous volley. The combat grew fierce indeed. But the contest was not long. On came the flanking column. We stood until the enemy had nearly gained . . . — Map (db m9788) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — 8th Georgia Infantry — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 11:00 a.m. 2nd Brigade (Bartow) Army of the Shenandoah (Johnson), CSA 8th Georgia Infantry Lt. Col. W.M. Gardner "Away we went straight into the teeth of the murderous fire. We entered a thicket and were within 100 yards of the enemy. Yet, not a gun of ours was fired until the command 'commence firing' was given. Most of the men were cool as cucumbers - each would load, pick his man, and take deliberate aim. We stood the fire in that wood for 30 minutes, and had the . . . — Map (db m9731) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Attack From Matthews Hill — Cannoneer's-Eye View — First Battle of Manassas From the ridge beyond Stone House 15,000 Federals were swiftly advancing in this direction. Confederate Capt. John Imboden rushed four cannon into position here, to try to slow the Federal attack. Behind this slight rise the artillerists had some protection from enemy bombardment. Though the smoke and dust, Imboden's men could see outnumbered Confederate infantry starting to fall back from Matthews Hill. The connoneers kept firing at top speed, knowing it would take massive reinforcements to . . . — Map (db m8229) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Blocking the Union Advance — First Battle of Manassas Knowing they were badly outnumbered, Evans' 900 Confederates stared across this open field, waiting for the enemy to appear over the crest of the hill. Their only hope was to slow the 15,000-man Federal column long enough for reinforcements to arrive. When the first Federals topped the rise, the Confederates fired. Both sides rushed reinforcements into the fight, and the battle raged on a half-mile front. After 1 ½ hours, outflanked and overwhelmed, the Confederates retreated in disarray toward Henry Hill. The battle seemed lost. — Map (db m9660) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Cavalry Clash — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 These open fields and low hills make idea terrain for a cavalry fight. Here on the Lewis property, John Buford's cavalry was guarding the Union Army's left flank during the retreat from Henry Hill. Scouts reported Rebel cavalry approaching fast. Buford decided to attack immediately from the ridge where Route 66 now runs. By then the opposing columns were close enough to hear each other's commands: "Draw sabers! Forward, trot!" The lines of cavalry met head-on. Men were knocked from their . . . — Map (db m9758) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Charge on Griffin’s Guns — Raw Recruits: The 33rd Va. Infantry — First Battle of Manassas The Virginians were waiting, tense, here at the wood’s edge—their first time under bombardment. Shells from Ricketts’ battery exploded in the boughs overhead and plowed up the ground in front. When the two Union cannon rolled into position on top of the rise only 100 yards away, Col. A. C. Cummings gave the order to charge. Better to get the men moving, the colonel figured, before they panicked and before the Union guns could do more damage. You are about to follow in the footsteps of . . . — Map (db m895) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Church During Wartime — First Battle of Manassas People were on their way to worship—some already in the church yard—when thousands of Federal soldiers suddenly appeared marching south Sudley Road. Within minutes the sound of gunfire came from the direction of Matthews Hill. As wounded men stumbled back behind the lines, Federals turned Sudley Church into a field hospital. Harried surgeons used the altar for an operating table. — Map (db m878) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Confederate Headquarters — Portici — First Battle of Manassas Fought in civilian's fields and front yards, the battle had a terrible intimacy. At this site stood the Lewis home, "Portici" (Por-TEE-cee) - a large plantation. Most Confederate regiments passed through the Lewis property during the twelve hours of First Manassas. Portici made an idea headquarters for Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. From here he had a bird's-eye view of the main roads and neighboring fields, and could shuttle reinforcements to any part of the line. After the battle Confederates used the house as a hospital. — Map (db m9757) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Confederates Rally — First Battle of Manassas This field was a scene of confusion. Shells were exploding all around. Hot, tired, shot-up during the retreat from Matthews Hill, Confederate units had fallen out of line and were milling about. They felt they'd lost the battle and maybe the war. At that moment Generals Johnston and Beauregard arrived on the field to rally the scattered regiments, and the Confederate line began to re-form. Out of the woods behind you filed fresh reinforcements - Thomas J. Jackson's Virginia infantry. There at that line of cannon Jackson stood firm. — Map (db m8206) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Counterattack — First Battle of Manassas Dead cannoneers lay in rows between their cannon, dead horses along the back slope; the Union guns were immobilized yet still a magnet for both armies. Up this slope marched the 14th Brooklyn, resplendent in Zouave uniforms. They managed to recapture Griffin’s two guns—for a few moments. From here to Ricketts’ cannon (the start of the walking tour) the fighting fell into a bloody, seesaw pattern: Confederates capturing the line or artillery, Federals driving them off, then reinforcements . . . — Map (db m896) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Death of Fletcher Webster — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 On the morning of the 30th, Col. Fletcher Webster wrote his wife: "If a fight comes off, it will be to-day or to-morrow & will be a most dreadful & decisive one. This may be my last letter, dear love, for I shall not spare myself..." About 5 p.m., leading his regiment to support the cannon here on Chinn Ridge, Webster was shot through the right arm and chest. He lay helpless in the confusion of the Union retreat as Confederates overran the guns. According to Ludwell Hutchinson of the 8th . . . — Map (db m9828) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Deep Cut — Porter's Attack — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 Before the attack, soldiers massed in the woods behind the present day road - 10,000 men under Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter. This would be the major Union attack of Second Manassas. At 3 p.m., a lieutenant in Berdan's Sharpshooters addressed his troops: "Now, men, if there are any here who think they are going to have an easy time on this skirmish, change your tune now." — Map (db m18361) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Defending the Cannon — 5th Maine Battery — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 Picture Longstreet's advance - gray lines of Confederates as far as you can see, driving Ohio troops from the rail fence across the field toward this position. Here four gun crews from Maine were trying to load and fire faster than they ever had in their lives. As Confederates surged into close range, the cannoneers switched from shell to canister. Like a giant shotgun, the barrage perforated the first line of assault, but reinforcements quickly filled the gaps. Confederates were soon cutting . . . — Map (db m9806) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Farm Ford — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 Here, about 11:00 a.m., Col. William T. Sherman led his four regiments across Bull Run and joined the Union drive toward Henry Hill. Later that day the ford was used again, this time by the retreating Union army. — Map (db m9738) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Federal Artillery Position — Second Battle of Manassas August 29 & 30, 1862 Federal Artillery Position A succession of Union artillery batteries occupied this ridge throughout August 29 and 30, 1862. August 29 Company I, 1st Ohio Light Artillery Capt. Hubert Dilger (9-11 a.m.) 2nd Battery, New York Light Artillery Lt. Theodore Blume (11 a.m. - 1 p.m.) Company E, 2nd U.S. Artillery Lt. Samuel N. Benjamin (Noon - 3 p.m.) 1st Battery, New Hampshire Light Artillery Capt. George A. Gerrish (7 p.m., one gun captured) August 30 Company B, 1st . . . — Map (db m9855) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Federal Artillery Positions — Second Battle of Manassas August 29 and 30, 1862 Federal Artillery Positions From the John Dogan House northward to this point, Union batteries occupied this ridge throughout the Second Battle of Manassas. At one time on August 30 more than thirty guns were firing from this line. — Map (db m15919) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Fight at the Fenceline — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 From the left and rear came wave after wave of Confederates. At that moment the only troops facing them were two regiments of Ohio infantry taking cover behind the rail fence. (The Ohioans knew what was coming: they had witnessed the few surviving New York Zouaves stagger out of the woods.) The Confederate columns divided around Chine House and swept toward the fence line, less than 100 yards away. Suddenly the Ohioans rose and fired. Their concentrated volley struck the front rank of the . . . — Map (db m9759) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Fighting in Twilight — The Hatch-Hood Collision — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Two - August 29, 1862 Officers said the Rebels were retreating. Hatch’s Division was ordered to pursue. Marching double-quick west on the turnpike, the Federals reached this hill just after sundown. Suddenly the ridge erupted with fire. In the confusion—screaming horses, showers of earth and shrapnel—soldiers lined up in the wrong regiments. In the dying light, New York troops saw movement in the dark woods to the left. Voices shouted “Don’t fire on us, boys, we are coming to help . . . — Map (db m873) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Henry Hill Walking Tour — Retracing the Battle — First Battle of Manassas On the tour route you follow in the footsteps of charging Union and Confederate troops, and stand where they loaded cannon or braced for a bayonet assault. Terrain and tree lines have changed little since that day. As you walk imagine deafening cannon and musket fire, whizzing shell fragments, and smoke rolling like acrid fog across the slope. Some of the bloodiest fighting occurred at Ricketts' artillery, twenty yards ahead. — Map (db m8270) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Historic Farm Road Trace — First Battle of Manassas Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson's First Virginia Brigade, plus artillery, marched from Confederate headquarters at the Lewis House ("Portici") along this wagon path to Henry Hill, arriving here about noon. — Map (db m8299) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Honoring the Dead — First Battle of Manassas Union Soldiers built Henry Hill Monument to commemorate those who died at First Bull Run (Masassas). For many Civil War veterans this had been their first battle. Intense memories drew both Union and Confederate soldiers back to this scene years after the war. — Map (db m592) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Invaded Farmland — First Battle of Manassas The morning of the battle was hot and still. Except for a few details the scene mirrored today's pastoral landscape. Fields lay fallow, overgrown with tall grass. Around the Henry House grew rose bushes and a small peach orchard. Eighty-five-year-old Judith Henry was inside, bedridden, too old to work the farm that had been in her family for more than a century. At ten o’clock Confederate cannon suddenly rumbled into position on the rise 100 yards ahead. There artillerists turned their guns towards Matthews Hill. — Map (db m879) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Kemper's Brigade — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 5:15 p.m. Kemper's Division, Right Wing (Longstreet) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA Kemper's Brigade Col. Montgomery D. Corse 1st Virginia - 11th Virginia 7th Virginia - 17th Virginia 24th Virginia "We neared the Chinn House, when suddenly a long line of the enemy rose from behind an old fence and poured straight into our breasts a withering volley. It struck the long line like an electric shock, but the officers surged ahead cheering on the men. It was a decisive . . . — Map (db m9782) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Kemper's Brigade — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 5:30 p.m. Kemper's Division, Right Wing (Longstreet) Army of Northern Virginia, CSA Kemper's Brigade Col. Montgomery D. Corse 1st Virginia - 11th Virginia 7th Virginia - 17th Virginia 24th Virginia "Above us, on a gentle rise, was a battery - the guns hidden from view by a dense curtain of smoke. Nothing could be seen but the flash of the guns. 'Form into line men! Forward! Charge that battery!' The veil of smoke slowly lifted, and we could see the muzzles of the guns. . . . — Map (db m9794) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Matthews Hill — First Taste of Combat — First Battle of Manassas Officers were trying to hurry the long Union column down the road past Matthews Hill. (McDowell's flanking plan depended on speed and surprise.) Suddenly there was a rattle of musketry ahead. Like a nightmare in sunlight, men stumbled out of the dense smoke, horribly wounded. Two men rushed past carrying Colonel Slocum. As Union infantry and artillery pushed forward, they could hear the enemy starting to charge upslope. In the distance ahead, near Henry House, Confederate reinforcements were . . . — Map (db m8361) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — One-Sided Slaughter — Fate of the 5th New York — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 The 5th N.Y. Infantry thought they had gotten off easy that day. The trees screened them from Confederate artillery fire, and most of the fighting was a mile off to the right near Deep Cut. Suddenly they heard heavy musket fire up ahead. Terrified Union skirmishers came running out of the woods, followed by a tremendous crashing of brush and leaves - the sound of a large army approaching. Unable to see what was coming, but knowing it was going to be very bad, the 5th New York hurried to form . . . — Map (db m9842) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Opening Shots — "Look Out for Your Left!" — First Battle of Manassas Confederates were spread out along this ridge - 1100 men commanded by Col. Nathan "Shanks" Evans. At first light, Federals east of Stone Bridge sent a cannon shell screaming overhead. Skirmishers from both sides opened a sporadic musket fire. After two hours Colonel Evans became suspicious; no Federal attack had developed. Then an officer flagged a message from the signal post near Manassas Junction: "Look out for your left! You are turned!" Leaving a small force here to guard the bridge, . . . — Map (db m9741) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Outnumbered — The Stand in Robinson’s Lane — First Battle of Manassas Shot-up Confederate regiments stumbled past, in retreat from Matthews Hill. First along Warrenton Pike, then in Robinson’s Lane, Col. Wade Hampton’s South Carolinians tried to delay the Union advance. Slowly, with volley after volley of musket fire, the Union wave forced Hampton’s Legion back past Robinson House toward the pine woods. At this point the Confederate Army seems on the brink of defeat. — Map (db m899) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Point-Blank Volley — An Officer’s Error? — First Battle of Manassas In clear view of artillerymen here, Confederates lined up at the fence and trees across the open field. The two cannon and supporting infantry could have stopped the Rebels cold, yet the four hundred charging Virginians were able to fire a musket volley at such close range that they virtually wiped out the Union gun crews. Congressional inquiries failed to clear up the mystery: how did the Confederates manage to get that close? Though the 33rd Virginia captured these guns, the battle was far . . . — Map (db m881) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Pope's Headquarters — Second Battle of Manassas August 29 & 30, 1862 Headquarters, Army of Virginia, USA Pope's Headquarters Headquarters, Army of Virginia, USA 1:00 p.m. August 29 to 6:00 p.m. August 30, 1862 "There were no tents, nothing to mark the spot except a cracker box or two for seats." - Brig. Gen. John Gibbon — Map (db m14511) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Retreat from Chinn Ridge — First Battle of Manassas Expecting to outflank the Rebels, Col. Oliver O. Howard's Maine and Vermont regiments reached the top of this rise in two lines of battle. Suddenly the air exploded with shell fragments. A Confederate battery had opened fire from the Chinn House yard. Masses of Confederate infantry came charging out of the woods below. There was no training for this moment, the New Englanders' first time under fire. They managed to get off a few ragged volleys, then the parade-style battle lines began to . . . — Map (db m9830) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Rhode Island Battery — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 11:00 a.m. 2nd Brigade (Burnside, Second Division (Hunter) Army of Northeastern Virginia, USA Rhode Island Battery Capt. William H. Reynolds Six 13-Pounder James Rifled Guns "'Forward into line of action, front,' came Captain Reynolds' order. I dismounted and ran to my gun, and found that within 20 yards of us were the Rebels, advancing. I thought for a moment our battery was lost, but the 2d Rhode Island Regiment made a fearful charge and gave a most hideous scream, and . . . — Map (db m8354) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Robinson House — First Battle of Manassas The home of James Robinson—a freed slave—stood here at the time of the battle. That morning hundreds of Confederates streamed through the yard as they retreated from the Union attach. Surprisingly, the property suffered little damage in the first battle, but Union troops sacked the house and fields during Second Manassas. For these damages Congress awarded Robinson $1,249 by Private Act of March 3, 1873. — Map (db m5615) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Second Brigade — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 5:15 p.m. Second Division (Ricketts) Third Corps (McDowell) Army of Virginia, USA Second Brigade Brig. Gen. Zealous B. Tower 26th New York - 88th Pennsylvania 94th New York - 90th Pennsylvania "The regiment rushed up on the double quick and the companies deployed as best they could, facing the enemy's line near the Chinn House. Very soon the Confederates advanced in many lines of battle. We at once opened fire on them, checking their advance. But the infantry fire was . . . — Map (db m9791) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Short of Total Victory — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Three - August 30, 1862 Nothing could stop them now: sweeping downhill from Chinn Ridge thousands of Confederates crossed Chinn Branch and began crashing through these woods. Ahead was Sudley Road - the road to the Stone House intersection, and the chance to cut off any Union retreat. At the last minute, regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves and U.S. Regulars came running full-tilt from Henry Hill, and took position along the road cut. From the hill behind them artillery started lobbing shells in this direction; Union . . . — Map (db m8359) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — The Fight for Rickett’s Guns — First Battle of Manassas Shells were exploding overhead as Ricketts’ men dueled Stonewall Jackson’s artillery, directly across the field. Sharpshooters’ bullets thumped into the wooden limber chests. On the rear slope horses were screaming, dying. Suddenly from the far woods came an eerie, blood-chilling cry—the rebel yell. Through dense smoke, Ricketts could see Confederate infantry starting across the field. Up to that moment the Confederates appeared to be loosing the battle, and possibly the war. Here the . . . — Map (db m897) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — The Rock Fight — Second Battle of Manassas — Day Three, August 30, 1862 Yankees were pinned down on the far side of the embankment, only ten yards away. After twenty minutes of continuous shooting, Confederates here were running out of ammunition. Frantically, they searched their dead and wounded comrades for cartridges. Others pried stones from the railroad grade and hurled them down on the enemy. Already shell-shocked, some bewildered Federals threw the stones right back. The rock fight lasted only a minute. Reinforcements arrived and drove off the Federals. . . . — Map (db m903) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Third Brigade — Second Battle of Manassas August 30, 1862 5:30 p.m. Second Division (Ricketts) Third Corps (McDowell) Army of Virginia, USA Third Brigade Col. John W. Stiles 12th Massachusetts - 83rd New York 13th Massachusetts - 11th Pennsylvania "Our boys dropped like tenpins before an expert player. Ten feet to my left the tall sergeant of Company F sank down in a heap, shot squarely through the head. Franks went down with a bullet through the face. Stevens was swearing like mad, shot through the thigh. A man I did not . . . — Map (db m9807) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — U.S. Infantry Battalion — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 11:00 a.m. 1st Brigade (Porter), Second Division (Hunter) Army of Northeastern Virginia, USA U.S. Infantry Battalion Maj. George Sykes "As soon as we were formed, we commenced firing, and the rebels did not like the taste of our long range rifles. Our men fired badly; they were excited, and some of the recruits fired at the stars. There was some confusion, but we formed line of battle and marched across the field in splendid order. We went through some woods, which were . . . — Map (db m9735) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Various Sections of Virginia Artillery — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 2:00 p.m. Army of the Potomac (Beauregard) and Army of the Shenandoah (Johnston), CSA Loudoun Artillery Capt. Arthur L. Rogers Wise Artillery Capt. Ephraim G. Alburtis Rockbridge Artillery Capt. William N. Pendleton Staunton Artillery Capt. John D. Imboden Thomas Artillery Capt. Philip B. Stanard "The ground occupied by our guns was an open space just at the eastern verge of the plateau. Here thirteen pieces, mostly 6-pounders, were maintained in action alternating . . . — Map (db m8302) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Vision of Victory — Second Battle of Manassas - Day Two - August 29, 1862 As Pope saw it, the battle was almost won. Stonewall Jackson was the only foe he faced here, and Jackson was retreating after the fight at Brawner Farm. Now the Federals could crush the outnumbered Rebels. Tactical realities were a bit different. Instead of "retreating," Jackson's troops had taken position along the ditches and high embankments of the Unfinished Railroad. By noon on the 29th, Maj. Gen. James Longstreet and 28,000 men - the rest of the Confederate Army - had marched from . . . — Map (db m8468) Virginia (Prince William County), Manassas — Washington (Louisiana) Artillery Battalion — First Battle of Manassas July 21, 1861 2:00 p.m. Army of the Potomac (Beauregard), CSA Washington (Louisiana) Artillery Battalion Maj. John B. Walton Three 6-pounder Smoothbores Two 6-pounder Rifled Guns. “We advanced by hand to the front until finally the battery was upon the crown of the hill, entirely exposed to the view of their artillery and infantry. At this moment their fire fell like hail around us. Notwithstanding, my guns were as rapidly and beautifully served by the cannoneers, with as much . . . — Map (db m805) Virginia (Shenandoah County), New Market — “Good-bye, Lieutenant, I am killed.” — Woodson’s Missouri Cavalry in the Battle of New Market In front of you is one of only two monuments erected by veterans of the battle. This one was placed by members of Woodson’s Company of Missouri Cavalry. The unit followed perhaps the strangest path to this field of conflict. Captured in Mississippi in 1862, the men were exchanged at City Point, Virginia a year later. In Richmond, some 70 officers and men were designated as Co. A, 1st Missouri Cavalry under the command of twenty-one-year-old Capt. Charles H. Woodson. The Missourians were . . . — Map (db m13197) Virginia (Shenandoah County), New Market — Baptism of Fire — VMI Cadet Casualties in the Battle of New Market While the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute comprised one of the smallest Confederate units engaged in the Battle of New Market, they paid a disproportionately high price in their baptism of fire. Nearly one in four of the cadets were either killed or wounded during the fighting, resulting in the third-highest casualty rate in Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge’s army. In addition to 45 cadets who would survive their wounds, ten cadets were either killed outright or would die after the . . . — Map (db m13186) Virginia (Shenandoah County), Strasburg — Hupp's Hill — The Battle of Hupp's Hill or Stickley's Farm — 1864 Valley Campaign During mid-October 1864, Union Gen. Philip Sheridan's army was camped along the north bank of Cedar Creek, confident his Valley campaign had successfully ended following smashing victories at Winchester, Fishers Hill and Toms Brook. But the Confederates weren't finished yet. Gen. Jubal A. Early and his entire Confederate army had followed. On October 13, 1864, at about 10 a.m., Early and his staff reached the crest of Hupp's Hill where they could plainly see the camps of Col. Joseph Thoburn's . . . — Map (db m3045) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Chancellorsville — A Missed Opportunity — The Battle of Chancellorsville The morning of May 3d found the Confederate army heavily outnumbered and dangerously divided. "Stonewall" Jackson's flank attack the evening before had staggered the Union army but had not irretrievably damaged it. As the day broke, Jackson's corps, now under J.E.B. Stuart, lay one-half mile to your left; the rest of the army, personally led by Lee, was one mile to your right. Between them lay this large, open plateau known as Hazel Grove. Hazel Grove was the key to the battlefield. Had Hooker . . . — Map (db m19165) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Chancellorsville — Birthplace of Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873) — The Battle of Chancellorsville This jumble of bricks and stones tucked deep within Spotsylvania's Wilderness marks the birthplace of Matthew Fontaine Maury, the "Pathfinder of the Seas." All but forgotten now, Maury was a legend during his lifetime. While superintendent of the U.S. Naval Observatory, he compiled information on winds, weather, and ocean currents gleaned from the logbooks of thousands of ships. The result was The Physical Geography of the Seas (1855), the first modern study of oceanography. Maury's . . . — Map (db m21934) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Chancellorsville — Chancellorsville — The Battle of Chancellorsville The Civil War had entered its third year, and the Army of the Potomac was again on the march. Led by its new commander, "Fighting Joe" Hooker, the 134,000-man Union juggernaut crossed the Rappahannock River beyond Lee's left flank on April 28, 1863, and descended upon a former country inn known as Chancellorsville. Although reduced to just 60,000 men, Lee responded with his accustomed audacity, attacking Hooker here in the gloomy thickets of the Wilderness. Four days of pitched battle . . . — Map (db m10703) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Chancellorsville — Maury House Trail — The Battle of Chancellorsville This short trail leads to the birthplace of Matthew Fontaine Maury, one of America's greatest scientists. By the time of the Civil War, Maury's birthplace was gone, replaced by a simple brick house. Few of the 28,000 Confederate soldiers who marched past on May 2, 1863, knew the significance of the site tucked off the roadside about 200 yards in front of you. Today only a depression remains. — Map (db m21933) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Chancellorsville — McLaws Trail — The Battle of Fredericksburg This trail will take you across the swampy headwaters of Ninemile Run, where for three days Confederate skirmishers of General Lafayette McLaws' division sparred with elements of Joseph Hooker's Union army. McLaws' spirited attacks fixed Hooker's attention on this sector, enabling "Stonewall" Jackson to successfully maneuver around the Union army's right flank, four miles ahead of you. Fliers at Stop #1 will lead you on a self-guided tour of this little-known phase of the Chancellorsville . . . — Map (db m25644) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Chancellorsville — Memorializing Jackson's Death — The Battle of Chancellorsville Of his soldiers he was the idol; of his country he was the hope; of war he was the master. Senator John Warwick Daniel When General "Stonewall" Jackson died eight days after being wounded in these woods, shock waves rippled through the South. Confederates immediately memorialized him in in words. "A greater sense of loss and deeper grief never followed the death of mortal man," wrote one artilleryman. Few felt Jackson's loss more keenly than Robert E. Lee, who confessed "I know not how . . . — Map (db m19166) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Chancellorsville — The Union Center — The Battle of Chancellorsville Upon reaching Chancellorsville on April 30, 1863, General Joseph Hooker deployed the Army of the Potomac in a defensive perimeter around the intersection. General Henry W. Slocum's Twelfth Corps held the center of the Union line. For three days his troops entrenched, creating a sturdy earthwork screened by the line of fallen trees known as an abatis. The trench in front of you is a remnant of that fortified line. At first the Confederates did not test Slocum's position, but on May 3 Lee . . . — Map (db m21931) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Five Mile Fork — Confederate Defense Turns to Offense — Battle of Chancellorsville - 1863 Confronted by overwhelming numbers, Confederate forces fell back from Chancellorsville (three and a half miles in front of you) and established a defensive position here on April 30. General Robert E. Lee instructed Richard H. Anderson, who commanded this line, to “…Set your spades to work as vigorously as possible.” Anderson did just that. With 9,100 men, he constructed a line of earthworks along Mine Road, which ran southeast from U.S. Ford, stretched across Orange Turnpike and . . . — Map (db m7532) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Five Mile Fork — Earthworks — Battle of Chancellorsville - 1863 "We were digging and fortifying all night." Charles E. DeNoon, Mahone's Brigade Civil War earthworks, sometimes referred to as breastworks, were built in a fashion much different than modern military trenches. Soldiers started at ground level and built up, using felled trees to build a barricade. Behind the logs, they dug a shallow trench, throwing the dirt over the logs and banking it up against the logs until they had constructed apposition about chest-high. Confederates . . . — Map (db m7530) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Five Mile Fork — McCarty Farm — Battle of Chancellorsville - 1863 Behind you, on the Orange Turnpike, stood the home of Frances McCarty. In 1860, Frances lived here with three members of her family. She owned 120 acres, three slaves, and scratched out a living as a farmer. Like so many residents of Sptosylvania County, the McCarty household suffered the intrusion and devastation brought on by the Civil War. On the evening of April 30, 1863, the McCarty Farm was the scene of intense activity as Confederate soldiers constructed defensive earthworks across . . . — Map (db m7531) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Five Mile Fork — Opening of the Campaign — Battle of Chancellorsville - 1863 Following its defeat at Fredericksburg in December 1862, the Union Army of the Potomac spent the winter in Stafford County. Across the Rappahannock River, Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia kept a defensive position that covered a 25-mile stretch of the river. In January 1863, President Lincoln promoted General Joseph Hooker to command the army opposite Fredericksburg and charged him with the defeat of Robert E. Lee. On April 27, Hooker sent a force across the river below . . . — Map (db m7535) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Five Mile Fork — Roads Through the Battlefield — Battle of Chancellorsville - 1863 Today, much like it was in the nineteenth century, Spotsylvania County contains very few east-west roads. The few that exist, such as Route 3 before you, are heavily used and follow the same routes as their antebellum predecessors. The first improved east-west roadway in Spotsylvania was the Orange Turnpick, which opened in 1813. Constructed by the Swift Run Gap Turnpike Company, it followed an earlier path that stretched the 45 miles from Fredericksburg to Orange Court House. Complete with . . . — Map (db m7533) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — Bernard's Cabins — The Battle of Fredericksburg On this knoll stood Bernard's Cabins, a small community that in 1860 was home to about three dozen slaves. The complex consisted of three two-room cabins, a stone-lined well, and perhaps two additional buildings. This was only one of several such clusters of slave housing scattered across the 1,800-acre "Mannsfield" estate. The men and women who lived here helped power the most prosperous plantation in the Fredericksburg area. Arthur Bernard's plantation house, "Mannsfield" (1766), stood about . . . — Map (db m7973) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — Confederate Earthworks — The Battle of Fredericksburg Twisting through the woods one hundred yards ahead of you are two well-preserved lines of earthworks constructed by Confederate forces in the winter of 1862-1863. General Robert E. Lee had ordered his troops to build the trenches in anticipation of a Union Crossing of the Rappahannock River the following spring. When first built, the works stood two and one-half feet high with a ditch of like depth in the rear, allowing soldiers to stand without exposing themselves to enemy fire. On the . . . — Map (db m19313) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — Dead Horse Hill — The Battle of Fredericksburg The crescent-shaped earthworks in front of you protected the 14 guns of Lieutenant Colonel Reuben Lindsey Walker's artillery battalion, which held this position on December 13, 1862. Prior to the assault of Union infantry, artillery blanketed this hilltop with a savage fire. So many artillery horses perished in the bombardment that local residents nicknamed this ridge "Dead Horse Hill." During the bombardment, battery commander Captain Willie Pegram struggled to keep his men to their work. . . . — Map (db m21901) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — Engines of Destruction — The Battle of Fredericksburg On December 13, 1862, nine Confederate cannon on this knoll helped repulse one of two major Union attacks against Jackson's front. At noon, Union infantry crashed into the Confederate infantry line to your right-front. Captain Greenlee Davidson's cannoneers fired double rounds of canister at just 300 yards' range. "The Yankees broke ... and you never saw such a stampede in your life," Davidson wrote. Before and after this attack, Davidson's men engaged Union cannon in fierce duels. By day's . . . — Map (db m7975) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — Hamilton's Crossing — The Battle of Fredericksburg This footpath leads to the site of Hamilton's Crossing, a critical supply base for Confederate troops camped near Fredericksburg during the winter of 1862-63. Prior to the Civil War, Hamilton's Crossing had been merely a flag-stop on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad line. But once Union troops occupied Stafford County, the trains could no longer run safely into Fredericksburg. Hamilton's Crossing, four miles south of the town, became the new railhead. After the December 1862 . . . — Map (db m21797) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — Jackson Holds Prospect Hill — The Battle of Fredericksburg You are standing on the right of the Confederate army, held by Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps on December 13, 1862. His 35,000 troops spread along a mile front - some in the woods, some in fields, some on ridgetops, some in swampy bottoms. In front lay the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. Some of Jackson's troops used the railroad embankment as a ready-made earthwork. As dawn broke on December 13, fog obscured the Union army maneuvering on the plain beyond the railroad, . . . — Map (db m21916) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — Riverside Plantation: Mannsfield — The Battle of Fredericksburg In 1862, the patterns of forest and field in this area reflected historic uses of local farmers. The woods around you were in fact a working part of the Mannsfield Plantation, owned by Arthur Bernard. They provided timber for construction, wood for fuel, and forage for roaming livestock. These woods were as much a part of local plantations as the farm fields themselves. On larger plantations like Mannsfield, slaves often lived far removed from the "big house." One grouping of slave cabins for . . . — Map (db m21771) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — The Gallant Pelham — The Battle of Fredericksburg Young, handsome, and modest, Major John Pelham was one of the most popular men in the Confederate army. He was also one of its premier artillerists. Time and again the twenty-four-year-old officer had engaged the enemy at close quarters, earning the praise of his superiors and the respect of his peers. Pelham gained his greatest fame at Fredericksburg. On December 13, 1862, he single-handedly took on the Union army, delaying its advance by almost an hour. Although finally forced back to . . . — Map (db m19314) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — The Meade Pyramid — The Battle of Fredericksburg Usually thought of as a Union monument, the large pyramid in front of you was in fact erected by the Confederate Memorial Literary Society. In 1897, the society contacted Virginia railroad executives asking them to erect markers at historically significant sites along their lines. The president of the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad embraced the proposal, but rather than simply erected a sign, he constructed a stone pyramid modeled after the memorial to the unknown Confederate . . . — Map (db m7977) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — The Slaughter Pen Farm — Where the Battle of Fredericksburg Was Decided — Civil War Preservation Trust As hard as it is to believe, the beautiful and historic landscape you see before you was once on the verge of being bulldozed for an industrial park. It was here, on December 13, 1862, that Union forces nearly broke through Confederate lines and snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. More than 5,000 men in blue and gray fell as a result of the fighting on the Slaughter Pen Farm. Five Medals of Honor were awarded for valor on these fields. Despite its historic significance, in December 2005 . . . — Map (db m21113) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Fredericksburg — The Winter Line — The Battle of Fredericksburg The months following the Battle of Fredericksburg brought a temporary halt to the fighting in Virginia, but not to the digging. Throughout the winter of 1862-1863 Confederate troops constructed nearly thirty miles of earthworks along the south bank of the Rappahannock River. The works stretched from United States Ford, in the north, to Port Royal, in the south. Unwilling to attack Lee’s strong defenses, Union commander Joseph Hooker devised a plan to maneuver the Confederates out of their . . . — Map (db m19315) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Locust Grove — The Chewning Farm — The Battle of the Wilderness On the ridge ahead of you stood the Chewning house, an important landmark on the Wilderness Battlefield. Sixty-nine-year-old William V. Chewning scratched out a living on this 150-acre farm during the war with the help of his wife Permelia and their two grown children. Union troops looted the farm in November 1863 but left the two-and-one-half-story frame house standing. The building, extensively remodeled after the war, fell victim to fire in 1947. The farm road to your right leads to the . . . — Map (db m7454) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — A Mass Capture — Battle of Spotsylvania Court House As the first rays of daylight filtered through the rain-drenched woods here on May 12, the men of General George H. Steuart’s brigade heard a commotion up the line, to their left. Moments later, through the shifting mists, they saw a human tidal wave: 20,000 Union soldiers of General Winfield S. Hancock’s Union Second Corps sweeping down the lines to their left and rear. Surprised and defenseless, more than 3,000 Confederate soldiers had little choice but to surrender – one of the largest . . . — Map (db m23846) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Burying the Dead — The Battle of the Wilderness At battles end, more than 2,000 Union dead lay scattered through the Wilderness. The first major effort to bury the dead came more than a year later, when a Union regiment received orders to proceed to the Wilderness and inter those Union soldiers whose remains still littered the landscape. For a week burial parties combed the woods, gathering up as many remains as they could find. They placed the bones in wooden coffins and buried them in two temporary graveyards; one near here beside the . . . — Map (db m5443) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Crisis in Tapp Field — Battle of the Wilderness Here on the morning of May 6, 1864, Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his army faced perhaps their greatest crisis. Soon after dawn, hundreds of disorganized Confederates tumbled from the woods to your left, driven by a powerful Union assault. As the Confederates swept past, only General Lee, his staff, and some 12 cannon stood between the Union army and Confederate disaster. Southern reinforcements under Longstreet were on the way, but would they arrive in time to prevent Lee’s . . . — Map (db m6058) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Echoes Homeward — The Battle of the Wilderness Once schoolmates, friends, and neighbors, they came here as soldiers from Yorkville, South Carolina; Pen Yan, New York; Clarksville, Virginia; Barre, Vermont; and a hundred other towns, North and South. Their deaths in these woods on May 5 and 6, 1864 devastated familes and communities hundreds of miles away. In Birmingham, Pennsylvania, outside Pittsburg, Almira Patterson (right) learned of the death of her husband in these woods when she received a letter from one of his subordinate . . . — Map (db m7526) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Farm to Killing Field — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House On May 12, 1864, the pastures, potato patches, and crop-lots of Willis Landram's farm would become North America's most notorious killing field. Just before dawn, 20,000 Union soldiers swarmed past the Landram house toward the main Confederate line on the ridge in front of you. The sudden Union attack triggered a day of carnage - a 22-hour struggle for control of the Muleshoe Salient. Throughout the day, Union generals gathered near this spot to watch and direct the fighting. Union . . . — Map (db m10317) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Fighting for Time — Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Throughout May 12, Confederates here waged a battle for critical minutes and hours. When Union troops swarmed over the east face of the Muleshoe Salient before dawn, Robert E. Lee knew instantly that the position – even if regained temporarily – could not be held permanently. But to build a new line farther to the rear, he needed time. Though driven away in the first hour of the battle, the Confederates fought their way back into these works by 7 a.m. For the rest of the day . . . — Map (db m23847) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Flank Attack! — The Battle of the Wilderness These woods saw some of the heaviest fighting of the Battle of the Wilderness. On May 5, then again on May 6, 1864 ragged Union and Confederate battle lines surged back and forth on both sides of the Orange Plank Road. The stalemate here finally broke late on the morning of May 6, when Confederate General James Longstreet managed to move troops opposite the Union left flank, in front of you. At 11 a.m., Longstreet’s men surged through the woods ahead of you screaming the rebel yell. Panic . . . — Map (db m5390) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Grant's May 18th Attack — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Following the fight for the "Bloody Angle," Lee constructed this new line of works across the base of the Muleshoe. Unwilling to attack the Confederates in their new position, Grant shifted east toward the Fredericksburg Road (modern Route 208). When Lee withdrew troops from Laurel Hill to counter this move, Grant sent Hancock's and Wright's corps back to the Muleshoe in hopes of catching the Confederates out of their trenches. The ploy failed. Ewell's corps had not yet abandoned this portion . . . — Map (db m10281) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Hell Itself — The Battle of the Wilderness The Wilderness of today looks different than it did in 1864. Then it was a patchwork of second-growth forest. Brush obscured, briars grabbed, and thickets disrupted the battle lines. One solder described the combat here as "bushwhacking...on a grand scale." For men accustomed to fighting in open woods and fields, the tangled landscape of the Wilderness translated into sheer horror. Smoke from thousands of rifles hovered motionless in the air, choking the combatants. Enemy lines rose up, fired . . . — Map (db m7516) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Horror on the Orange Plank Road — The Battle of the Wilderness Some of the Civil War's heaviest fighting occurred along the Orange Plank Road on May 5 and 6, 1864. One of two major roads passing through the Wilderness, the Plank Road became a magnet for both armies as they struggled to maneuver through the tangled forests. Battle lines surged up and down the Plank Road corridor, littering the roadside woods with fallen men. Fires scorched the forest, consuming the dead and wounded indiscriminately. Though violent and horrifying, the fighting here ended in . . . — Map (db m4968) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Jackson Attacks — The Battle of Chancellorsville "You can go forward then." With those words "Stonewall" Jackson unleashed one of the most famous and successful attacks of the Civil War. On the afternoon of May 2, 1862, Jackson led 30,000 men of his Second Corps to a point just beyond the Union army's right flank, located in this vicinity. He deployed his men astride the Orange Turnpike (modern Route 3) in three lines of battle, each one-half mile or more in length. Two hours before sunset, Jackson struck. As his men struggled through the . . . — Map (db m3941) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Lee to the Rear! — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House The General's countenance showed that he had despaired and was ready to die rather than see the defeat of his army. Isaac G. Bradwell, 3rd Georgia Infantry In these fields on the morning of May 12, 1864, Gen. Robert E. Lee faced a crisis so severe that he felt compelled to lead his troops personally into battle. It was the third such crisis in a week - a sure sign of the Confederate army's dwindling power. Soon after dawn a courier dashed up to Confederate Gen. John Gordon at the . . . — Map (db m10426) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Longstreet Felled — The Battle of the Wilderness It was the most successful day of James Longstreet’s career. He had arrived on the Wilderness battlefield early in the day to find the Confederate army in full retreat and in danger of being destroyed. His troops had prevented disaster. Now, at midday, he had just launched a flank attack that knocked the Union army back in confusion. As Longstreet galloped down the road at the head of his victorious troops – near this spot – he inadvertently rode between two Confederate lines . . . — Map (db m5392) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Mayhem in the Muleshoe — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Surrounded on all sides by low ridge lines, Neil MccCoull's house sat in the center of the famous Muleshoe Salient. On the night of May 8, 1864, Confederate engineers built the bulging line of earthworks that wrapped around McCoull's farm to the west, north and east. When Union troops broke through the Muleshoe on May 12, Confederates swarmed over McCoull's farm, desperate to reclaim their lines. Thousands of troops passed by this house en route to some of the most desperate fighting the world . . . — Map (db m10289) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — No Turning Back — The Battle of the Wilderness When the armies departed the Wilderness, they left behind a disfigured landscape. Trenches twisted like earthen snakes through the woods, and blackened leaves marked the paths of fires. Along the Brock Road, noted one soldier, trees "were scarred by bullets from their roots to their tops, and in great spaces the whole tops were mown down by bullets as with a scythe." Corpses, too, littered the landscape. "Thousands of men were dead and wounded," wrote one officer, "and that vast wilderness was . . . — Map (db m4966) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — On to Richmond! — The Battle of the Wilderness Before the Wilderness, battlefield stalemate meant retreat by one side or the other - a return to the starting point to try again another day. But not here. Union General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant rendered stalemate in the Wilderness irrelevant. On the night of May 7, 1864 as the woods around you still smoldered, Grant ordered the Union army not backward, but forward - south toward Spotsylvania Court House and eventually Richmond. As Union soldiers quietly left the earthworks in front of you, . . . — Map (db m4967) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Pressing the Attack — The Battle of Chancellorsville That evening, as the fighting subsided, Confederate officers reassembled their commands in the clearing surrounding Wilderness Church, one-half mile in front of you. The attack had taken a heavy toll on the army's organization. Units had become mixed. Some men wandered off in search of food or water; others plundered abandoned Union camps. It would take time to get his corps back into fighting trim, but Jackson could not wait. The Confederate army was divided. Decisive action by Hooker might . . . — Map (db m3938) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Rearguard Action — The Battle of Fredericksburg On May 2, 1863, as the tail end of Stonewall Jackson's flanking column neared the Wellford place, Union infantry launched an attack. They struck Jackson's rearguard (the 23rd Georgia) a half-mile to the north, at Catharine Furnace. From there, they fought a running battle to the Wellford farm. Confederate artillery unlimbered in the yard of the Wellford house to help repel a Union assault. Outnumbered, the Georgians fell back to the protection of a railroad embankment, still visible inside the . . . — Map (db m11432) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Spindle House — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Many Spotsylvania families lost property during the war, but Sarah Spindle nearly lost her life. The 36-year-old widow and her family had just sat down to breakfast on May 8, 1864, when the popping of rifles announced the presence of hostile troops. Confederate soldiers started digging protective earthworks on one side of the farm (in front of you). Minutes later Union infantry appeared on the other side of the farm, behind you. They soon charged into Mrs. Spindle's yard and orchard. Fighting . . . — Map (db m10253) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — The Battle of Harris Farm — Final Battle Around Spotsylvania Court House — Harris Farm Battlefield Civil War Site From May 8-18, 1864, Union troops battered Gen. Robert E. Lee's lines at Spotsylvania Court House. Unable to defeat the Confederates by direct assault, Union commander Ulysses S. Grant determined to head south, drawing Lee out of his Spotsylvania defense. Suspecting Grant's move, Lee ordered Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to located the Union army's right flank. On May 19, 1864, Ewell sent his entire corps, reduced by recent fighting to just 6,000 men, on a reconnaissance-in-force toward the . . . — Map (db m9046) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — The Climax — The Battle of the Wilderness The Battle of the Wilderness climaxed here in the twilight of May 6, 1864. After a day of seesaw fighting in the woods behind you, the Confederates mounted a final effort to take the Plank Road-Brock Road intersection, 100 yards to your left. Thousands of Confederate troops tore through these woods, wrapped in the smoke of burning leaves and underbrush. Thousands of Union soldiers awaited them behind earthworks, the remains of which still stand about 40 yards ahead of you. As the Confederates . . . — Map (db m7529) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — The Confederate Line — Battle of Spotsylvania Court House The landscape in front of you bears vivid testimony to the nature of fighting here in May 1864. At Spotsylvania, not only did soldiers build stout dirt and log works to protect them from fire in front, but they also built shorter trenches called traverses to protect them from enemy cross fire (a circumstance common on this part of the line). These traverses extend back from the main line like teeth on a comb. Soldiers came to call the three-sided enclosures "hog pens." Remains of those hog . . . — Map (db m10404) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — The Flying Dutchmen — The Battle of Chancellorsville The target of Jackson's attack was General Oliver O. Howard's Eleventh Corps, which extended for more than a mile along the Orange Turnpike. The Eleventh Corps was relatively new to the Army of the Potomac. Its 11,000 men included a large percentage of German immigrants - men with names like Peisser and Buschbeck, Schurz and Schimmelfennig. Union pickets had warned Howard of the enemy's approach, but he had ignored their reports. Headquarters had assured him that the Confederate army was in . . . — Map (db m3939) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — The Harrison House — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Like most Spotsylvania County residents, Edgar W. Harrison little imagined the impact the Civil War would have on his community and his life. Harrison, his wife Ann, and their three young children lived in a story-and-a-half farmhouse set on the knoll across the road, where they made a living churning butter, slaughtering hogs, and harvesting corn, oats, and tobacco. Although he tiled less than half of his 190-acre farm, Harrison owned 11 slaves. One slave, Joseph E. Walker, remembered the . . . — Map (db m10424) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — The Landram House — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House The rubble of two chimneys is all that remains of Willis Landram's modest farmhouse, a building destroyed in the 1864 battle. The 65-year-old Landram, his wife Lucy, and five other family members chiseled a life of bare essentials from 170 acres. They raised wheat, corn, and potatoes. Five cows produced milk and 200 pounds of butter a year; two oxen plowed the fields; seven sheep gave the Landrams 20 pounds of wool each season; four pigs provided bacon and pork. The unremarkable existence of . . . — Map (db m10325) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — The McCoull House — The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House This was the home of farmer Neil McCoull and his unmarried sisters Mary, Eliza, and Milly. McCoull's farm was typical of those that dotted Spotsylvania County: a few hundred acres that produced a modest income from corn and other grains. Like his neighbors the Harrisons, McCoul owned slaves, a circumstance common to more than half of Spotsylvania's residents. Around the house stood a kitchen and other outbuildings. Simple dirt roads connected the McCoulls to their neighbors the Harrisons (to . . . — Map (db m10290) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Valuable Crossroads — Battle of the Wilderness Just after noon on May 5, 1864, Union troops raced toward this intersection. With Confederates from General A.P. Hill's corps sweeping down the Orange Plank Road from the west, blue-clad troops under George W. Getty arrived here just moments before the Confederates. The Federals immediately started building earthworks to defend the crossroads. The remnants of those works are still visible along the Brock Road. Later on May 5, men of the Union Second Corps launched attacks westward from these . . . — Map (db m4969) Virginia (Spotsylvania County), Spotsylvania — Widow Tapp’s Field — Battle of the Wilderness Few families of modest means became so famous. In this field lived widow Catherine Tapp, who with other family members eked out an existence from the poor soil. The Tapps occupied a lopsided log cabin about 300 yards in front of you – seven people living in a space perhaps 30 by 20 feet. A corncrib, log stable, and a few fruit trees surrounded the house. Four milk cows and seven pigs wandered the property. Catherine Tapp’s net worth barely exceeded 100 dollars. She owned no land; she . . . — Map (db m6057) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Asbury Chapel — “1st Maryland to the Front!” — Battle of Front Royal - May 23, 1862 Early on the morning of Friday, May 23, 1862, Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson paused here at Asbury Chapel well in advance of his 16,000-man army. Although he was familiar with the main roads to Front Royal, Jackson knew that the terrain through which they passed would restrict his troop-deployment options. He also wanted to find a route concealed from his Union adversary at Strasburg, Gen. Nathaniel Banks, who still thought Jackson was in the main part of the Shenandoah Valley . . . — Map (db m3647) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Bel Air — Home of Lucy Buck, Diarist — Battle of Front Royal - May 23, 1862 A remarkable number of Front Royal residents recorded the battle in their diaries. At least five of these diaries survive to reveal the civilian side of the Civil War, usually absent from official military records or soldiers' letters. One of the most colorful diaries was kept by Lucy Buck, the 19-year-old daughter of William M. and Elizabeth A. Buck. Lucy witnessed the action from her parents' home, Bel Air, which was built in 1795. Her father was a leading merchant and citizen of Front . . . — Map (db m2962) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Belle Boyd — Jackson Prepares for Battle — Battle of Front Royal - May 23, 1862 Early in the warm afternoon, Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson and Gen. Richard S. Ewell and their staffs stopped here at the head of Jackson’s army. As the two commanders studied the ground leading to Front Royal, Capt. Henry Kyd Douglas, one of Jackson’s aides caught the attention of Capt. G. Campbell Brown of Ewell’s staff. Brown later wrote that he focused his gaze on “a woman running like mad down from the hill on our right…gesticulating wildly to us.” Douglas, at . . . — Map (db m3649) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Front Royal — Battle of Front Royal — 1862 Valley Campaign On May 23, 1862, Front Royal was occupied by 1000 Federal troops (1st Maryland Infantry, 29th Pennsylvania and a battery of Knap’s Artillery) under the command of Col. J. R. Kenley In the early afternoon Confederate Gen. T. J. “Stonewall” Jackson, after advancing his army north during the morning hours on the Luray Road, ordered Col. Bradley Johnson’s and Col. Roberdeau Wheat’s Louisiana Battalion forward. Kenly’s Federal infantry pickets were driven back from their positions . . . — Map (db m2439) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Guard Hill — “Oh, What an Opportunity for Artillery!” — Battle of Front Royal - May 23, 1862 Closely pursued by the 8th Louisiana Infantry, Union Col. John R. Kenly's rear guard occupied Guard Hill just west of here. The two-gun section of Knap's Battery E, Pennsylvania Light Artillery, commanded by Lt. Charles Atwell, covered part of the peninsula between the North and South Forks of the Shenandoah River as the Confederates surged toward the North Fork Bridge. As the Confederate forces crossed the South Fork onto the peninsula, Kenly's Union troops deployed on the Winchester side of . . . — Map (db m3736) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Prospect Hill Cemetery — Jackson Prepares for Battle — Battle of Front Royal - May 23, 1862 Devoid of trees in 1862, this hill afforded Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's troops their first good look at Front Royal and the deployments of the Union garrison here. Approaching from the south on the Gooney Manor Road (now Browntown Road), Col. Stapleton Crutchfield, Jackson's artillery chief, posted a battery here. The smoothbore cannon, however, lacked the range to reach the Union guns on Richardson's Hill, a mile an three quarters further north. Lt. Samuel J. Simpson, a native of the . . . — Map (db m2959) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Richardson’s Hill — Kenly Makes His Stand — Battle of Front Royal, May 23, 1862 Directly in front of you is the “commanding height” where Union Col. John H. Kenly made his last attempt to hold Front Royal. Atop Richardson’s Hill—this “cherty” ridge, as Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson called it—Kenly posted the two-gun section of Knap s Battery E, Pennsylvania Light Artillery. The two ten-pounder Parrott rifled cannons, commanded by Lt. Charles Atwell, pinned down the Confederates on the plain below while Kenly’s . . . — Map (db m803) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — Rose Hill — Combat in the Front Yard — Battle of Front Royal May 23, 1862 Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Maryland and Louisiana troops had steadily pushed Col. John R. Kenly's 1st Maryland Infantry (US) north, despite occasionally fierce street fighting, until they reached this point. The Confederates halted abruptly when Union artillery and infantry on Richardson's Hill opened fire. Col. Bradley T. Johnson quickly reorganized his battle line, posting the 1st Maryland Infantry (CSA) on the right and Maj. Chatham Roberdeau Wheat's battalion on the left. As the . . . — Map (db m2977) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — The Bridges — “Torch the Bridges!” — Battle of Front Royal - May 23, 1862 Flanked out of his position on Richardson's Hill, Union Col. John R. Kenly hurried his command north to the bridges spanning the forks of the Shenandoah River. At this spot on the South Fork stood the Front Royal Turnpike Bridge, and the Manassas Gap Railroad bridge was located just east. Another bridge led over the North Fork. As the Federals crossed the bridges, the 1st Maryland Infantry (CSA) pressed the Union rear and the Louisianans attacked the flanks. Kenly's troops burned their tents . . . — Map (db m2975) Virginia (Warren County), Front Royal — The Courthouse — Front Royal Street Fighting — Battle of Front Royal, May 23, 1862 As Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s army pushed its way into Front Royal, Col. Bradley T. Johnson’s 1st Maryland Infantry (CSA) confronted Col. John R. Kenly’s 1st Maryland Infantry (US). The street fighting grew especially hot here, between the Warren County Court House and the Confederate military hospital just across the street to the west. Federal troops delivered “hot musketry fire” from the large windows of one of the two-story hospital buildings, . . . — Map (db m588) West Virginia (Greenbrier County), Lewisburg — Lewisburg — The Battle of Lewisburg The Battle of Lewisburg was fought on May 23, 1862, between the Southern forces of General Henry A. Heth and the Northern forces of Colonel George Crook, later famous as the captor of Geronimo. The inhabitants of Lewisburg, Virginia, a peaceful town were awakened by the sound of artillery and the rattle of musketry that morning. This deadly conflict was a part of a larger Federal effort to sever communications between Virginia and Tennessee. Although Colonel Crook won this half hour-long . . . — Map (db m21738) Virginia (Frederick County), Winchester — The Third Battle of Winchester (Left Side): The Third Battle of Winchester - September 19, 1864 Bloodiest Battle of the Shenandoah Valley Gen. Jubal Early assuming that Gen. Phil Sheridan was yet another cautious Union commander, divided his roughly 14,000 troops on a wide front north from Winchester. Sheridan planned to use his army of 39,000 men to attack the portion of Early's force near Winchester. Early, however, learned of the impending attack and raced to concentrate his army at Winchester. The Third . . . — Map (db m3090) Virginia (Frederick County), Winchester — The Third Battle of Winchester (Left Side): The Third Battle of Winchester - September 19, 1864 Bloodiest Battle of the Shenandoah Valley Gen. Jubal Early assuming that Gen. Phil Sheridan was yet another cautious Union commander, divided his roughly 14,000 troops on a wide front north from Winchester. Sheridan planned to use his army of 39,000 men to attack the portion of Early's force near Winchester. Early, however, learned of the impending attack and raced to concentrate his army at Winchester. The Third . . . — Map (db m3194) Kansas (Douglas County), Baldwin City — The Battle of Black Jack (Left marker):The Battle of Black Jack "Civil War in Kansas!" "Let not the knives of pro-slavery men be sheathed while there is one abolitionist in the Territory." Squatter, Sovereign, proslavery newspaper in Atchison, Kansas Territory, June 10, 1856 On this site at dawn on June 2, 1856, the abolitionist John Brown led a free-state militia, with co-commander Samuel Shore, in attacking the camp of a proslavery force led by Henry Clay Pate. The clash was the first pitched battle . . . — Map (db m20051) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — Willis Church Parsonage — The Confederates Move Toward Malvern Hill — Malvern Hill Battlefield – Richmond Nat'l Battlefield Park Frustrated by his failure at Glendale, Robert E. Lee gathered his army on July 1, 1862, for a final effort to destroy the Union army. But on this day, unlike his previous efforts during the Seven Days, Lee did not have a Union flank or a strung-out marching column to attack. Before him stood the powerful Union rear guard, arrayed on the plateau of Malvern Hill, about a half mile in front of you. The Willis Church parsonage (the ruins behind you) became an important landmark on July 1. Before . . . — Map (db m14916) California (Santa Clara County), Santa Clara — Battle of Santa Clara On January 2, 1847, somewhere hereabouts was fought the last northern battle of the Mexican War. The official casualty report: “Dead none, Wounded none, Missing but one on the American side and he came up shortly afterwards stating that he had been searching for his ramrod which in the excitement, he had forgotten to draw from his gun and fired at the enemy” — Map (db m24337) Georgia (Chatham County), Savannah — Colonel Mordecai Sheftall 1735 - 1797 As Deputy Commissary General of Issues for Georgia and South Carolina, Colonel Sheftall was the highest ranking Jewish officer in the Revolutionary War. Captured by the British in the Battle of Savannah, Dec. 29, 1778, Sheftall was imprisoned for two years at Antigua and later released in an exchange of prisoners. — Map (db m6571) Georgia (Fulton County), Atlanta — 060-55 — Geary’s Div. to Peachtree Creek July 19, 1864. Geary’s Div. 20th A.C. [US] camped the previous night on Paces Fy. Rd. (at Arden). Moving S.W. on the ridge E. of Green Bone Cr., by a road more or less identical with Arden, Geary’s intonation was to cross Peachtree Cr. at Howell’s Mills. Learning that Palmer’s 14th A.C. was there, Geary shifted his column to the southward near Hiram Casey house & headed for a point .7 mi. above the mills. On the wooded ridge in the bend of the cr. S. on the hills was massed; 2 batteries were . . . — Map (db m23207) Georgia (Fulton County), Atlanta — 060-42 — On Geary's Front In 1864, Collier Rd. topped the ridge N. Descending the slope E. it crossed the branch below the dam at Collier’s Mill. Geary’s left – Candy’s brigade & Aleshire’s batteries [US] - were aligned along the old road facing south. The 33d N.J. (Jones’ brigade) was sent to the high hill 500 yds. S. as an outpost. It had just gotten there when the left of Scott’s brigade (Loring’s div.), [CS] in a surprise attack, drove the 33d from the hill, captured its colors & pressed forward toward . . . — Map (db m16532) Georgia (Glynn County), St Simons Island — 063-42 — Battle of Gully Hole Creek During the late morning of July 7, 1742 Georgia Rangers guarding the military road approach to the town of Frederica sighted a force of over 100 Spanish soldiers and their Indian allies. James Edward Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, quickly organized a force composed of the Highland Independent Company, Rangers and Indian friends and courageously led the assault on the Spanish at a place near this marker. The fighting was fierce and lasted almost an hour as Frederica's defenders routed the . . . — Map (db m11634) Maryland (Frederick County), Frederick — Federal Retreat — 4:30-5:00 p.m. July 9, 1864 The Northerners held, then lost, then retook the Thomas house grounds as the fighting ebbed and flowed in the stifling heat. Casualties mounted quickly on both sides. Union Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace could see that his numbers were dwindling and that the Confederates were coming in waves. Wallace gave the order to retreat. "Under a raking of fire of both musketry and artillery," his troops pulled back and fled to the northeast past Gambrill Mill to the road to Baltimore. The Confederates had won . . . — Map (db m3274) Maryland (Frederick County), Frederick — Headquarters of Generals Robert E. Lee — “Stonewall” Jackson and Longstreet Headquarters of Generals Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, and Longstreet Sept. 6-9, 1862 Here was written the famous lost order No. 191 and the proclamation to the people of Maryland. — Map (db m1589) Maryland (Montgomery County), Gaithersburg — Gaithersburg — Summit Hall Farm — Gettysburg Campaign On Sunday, June 28, 1863, Confederate Gen. J.E.B. Stuart and an estimated 5,000 cavalrymen arrived in Rockville en route to Gettysburg. Armed with a list of Union supporters, Stuart’s men planned to arrest John T. DeSellum as he left Presbyterian services, but shopkeeper Dora Higgins warned him in time to escape. Stuart’s cavalrymen seized new mounts and supplies around Rockville, including some of Summit Hall’s horses, forage, and foodstuffs. Though a slaveholder, John T. DeSellum was an . . . — Map (db m1709) New Jersey (Bergen County), River Vale — “The Baylor Massacre” — September 28, 1778 Late one night in 1778, the woods you are standing in suddenly echoed with the sounds of battle. A surprise attack by British soldiers nearly destroyed an American regiment, Baylor’s 3rd Continental Light Dragoons. Today, this park tells the story and honors the memory of the men of “The Baylor Massacre.” Who was Baylor? George Baylor was born to advantage. His father, Colonel John Baylor, a prominent member of the Virginia aristocracy, raised fine race horses on his plantation . . . — Map (db m8455) New Jersey (Somerset County), South Bound Brook — Battle of Bound Brook At dawn on April 13, 1777 Hessian Captain Ewald’s assault over the stone bridge across the Bound Brook was pinned down by “murderous fire” from American soldiers stationed in the Half Moon Battery. Advancing North along present day Easton Avenue, a column of approximately 1,000 troops and artillery, under command of Hessian Colonel Donop, pushed aside American outposts and arrived at this point 15 minutes after Ewald’s attack had faltered. Advancing over the Queen’s Bridge, . . . — Map (db m7813) New York (Essex County), Ticonderoga — Death of Lord Howe Near this spot, July 6, 1758 Lord George Augustus Howe was killed in a skirmish preceding Abercrombie’s defeat by Montcalm at Fort Carillon. — Map (db m6141) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — Maryland Regiment Burial Site — Revolutionary War Heritage Trail The vicinity of 3rd Avenue and 9th Street is the presumed location of the burial site of the more than 250 soldiers of the Colonel Smallwood Regiment from Maryland. Nearby, in the swamps of Gowanus, during the Battle of Brooklyn on August 27, 1776, approximately 400 gallant men, under the command of General William Alexander, also known as Lord Stirling repeatedly attacked a British force many times their number. Their objective was to cover the American retreat across the Gowanus Creek to . . . — Map (db m13206) New York (Oneida County), Oriskany — The Ambush Parched and exhausted from heat and humidity on their march to Fort Stanwix, some of General Herkimer’s men broke ranks and ran to this creek for water. Although Sir John Johnson had told his Indian allies not to attack until all of Herkimer’s men had entered the ravine, they could not resist this opportunity. As the militiamen laid down their muskets and placed their heads to the water, the Indians attacked. Tradition states that an hour into the battle, this creek ran red with blood. . . . — Map (db m16106) New York (Oneida County), Oriskany — The military road and the ravine The military road On August 6, 1777, the Tryon County militia marched down a wilderness road that entered this ravine. A “corduroy” road, made of logs, it was the only means by which General Herkimer and his men could reach Fort Stanwix other than by boat. and the ravine The Military Road dipped more than fifty feet into this marshy ravine. A small stream, barely three-feet wide, meandered along the bottom. It was a splendid spot for an ambush. While 50 of Sir . . . — Map (db m16109) New York (Saratoga County), Stillwater — The Battle of Freeman’s Farm In the fields before you, the first action of the Battle of Saratoga began. Shortly after noon on September 19, American pickets posted in the Freeman House fired on advance elements of the center column of the British army. The Americans were driven back. After a lull, general fighting followed, and these fields changed hands several times. Then, German troops under Baron von Riedesel arrived from the river road and struck the American flank, forcing the Patriots to withdraw to Bemis Heights. . . . — Map (db m9824) New York (Saratoga County), Stillwater — The British Advance on Bemis Heights — October 7, 1777 On October 7, General Burgoyne sent 1,500 men and 10 cannon to flank the American position on Bemis Heights. The Patriots intercepted the British here in the Barber wheatfield and the battle was on again. — Map (db m10012) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — Battle of White Plains General George Washington Commander In Chief of the Continental Army Erected by the City of White Plains to commemorate the 225th Anniversary of the Battle Back of Marker: The Continental Army Under the command of General George Washington the Continental Army survived the Battle of Long Island, to carry the War through Manhattan and across Westchester to the stand off at White Plains. Thwarting the British Plan to capture and to destroy the Army, repeatedly averting military . . . — Map (db m8303) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — Battle of White Plains October 28th, 1776 The Continental Army Under the Command of General George Washington Defended the Heights Checking the British Advance Across Westchester Erected by the City of White Plains to commemorate the 225th Anniversary of the Battle Back of Marker: White Plains At the time of the Battle of Long Island and Capture of the city of New York by the British, the New York Provincial Congress moved to safety in White Plains. The Colonial roads intersected in the Town, . . . — Map (db m8298) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — Battle of White Plains — American Forces — 1776 Commanded by General George Washington Numbered about 14,500 Men fit for Duty, Consisting of Continentals From Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and New York, and Militiamen From Several Provinces. Many of These Units Had Participated in The Battle of Long Island, Harlem Heights, Throg’s Neck, and Pell’s Point. Erected by the City of White Plains to commemorate the 225th Anniversary of the Battle Back of Marker: Battle of White Plains October 28, 1776 The . . . — Map (db m8307) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — Battle of White Plains — British Forces — 1776 Commanded by General William Howe Numbered about 13,000 Including Several Brigades. The Regiments of Foot Deployed Light Infantry, Chasseurs, and Grenadiers. Artillery Batteried and Light Cavalry Supported Them. The Hessian Battalions Under Heister, Rahl, and Donop Reinforced The British. Their Grenadiers and Jagers Were Essential to the Battle. Back of Marker: Battle of White Plains October 28, 1776 The British Assaulted Chatterton’s Hill With Reinforced 2nd Brigade Numbering about . . . — Map (db m8308) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — Battle of White Plains — Chatterton’s Hill, October 28, 1776 The American Revolutionary War 1776 2001 Phases of Action October 28th Morning 1. Americans Occupy Chatterton’s Hill 2. British Approach from the South 3. American Pickets Retreat 4. Hessians Under Rahl Seize Hill 5. British Bombard Chatterton’s Hill Midday 6. British and Hessians Cross Bronx River 7. Hessians Outflank Americans 8. British Dragoon Cavalry Attacks 9. Americans Retreat from Chatterton’s Hill October 29th to 31st 10. Heavy Rain . . . — Map (db m8309) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — Battle Park During the Battle of White Plains, the Americans under General Washington were forced off Chatterton’s Hill after inflicting heavy casualties on British troops, checking their advance into Westchester. Revolutionary War Heritage Trail — Map (db m8310) New York (Westchester County), White Plains — The Battle of White Plains — October 28, 1776 Near this spot, the British under Howe, forded the Bronx River and attacked the right wing of Washington’s Army located above on Chatterton Hill. Erected by Act of Congress May 18, 1926. Side of Monument: This bowlder was taken from taken from Mount Misery, which was the site of Washington’s encampment, October 31, 1776. — Map (db m8295) North Carolina (Avery County), Valley — Overmountain Men Appalachian Trail, Yellow Mountain Gap. Yellow Mountain Gap is the junction of the Appalachian Trail and Historic Bright’s Trace, route used by the “Overmountain Men” to cross the mountain enroute to the Revolutionary War battle at King's Mountain, S.C. The blue-blazed side trail leads 0.2 miles to a barn which has been renovated to shelter Appalachian Trail hikers. Keep right at forks in the trail and turn right onto the gravel road which leads to the shelter. — Map (db m3269) North Carolina (Guilford County), Greensboro — The British Perspective — Guilford Courthouse National Military Park As a British soldier, you are far more disciplined and experienced in battle than the rag-tag militia. Here at Guilford Courthouse your troops are outnumbered by more than two to one, but hunger and exhaustion seem greater enemies. This is foreign soil and hundreds of miles away from resupply and reinforcement. A battalion of British Guards sweeps across this ground from right to left to assault the American third line. By this stage in the fighting, the Guards have momentum but their ranks . . . — Map (db m11582) North Carolina (Lenoir County), Kinston — Battle of Wyse Fork — Hoke's Attacks — Carolinas Campaign The yellow sidebar in the upper left of the marker provides a brief synopsis of the Carolinas Campaign. It states: The Carolinas Campaign began on February 1, 1865, when Union Gen. William T. Sherman led his army north from Savannah, Georgia, after the “March to the Sea.” Sherman’s objective was to join Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia to crush Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. Scattered Confederate forces consolidated in North Carolina, the Confederacy’s . . . — Map (db m23811) North Carolina (Lenoir County), Wyse Fork — Battle of Wyse Fork — March 8-10, 1865 In the late stages of the Civil War Union forces were intent on moving up the rail line from New Bern through Kinston to Goldsboro. Their objective was to unite with Sherman and open a supply route through eastern North Carolina. Confederate troops entrenched on Southwest Creek sought to impede their progress. For three days the opposing armies clashed in the fields and woods south and east of the creek. Union Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox commanded over 13,000 soldiers, most belonging to the . . . — Map (db m23554) Ohio (Guernsey County), Cambridge — Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients — State of Ohio, Guernsey County United States of America Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients State of Ohio, Guernsey County Civil War Cox, Robert M. - Corporal - Mississippi - 1863 Power, Albert - Private - Arkansas - 1862 Richardson, William R. - Private - Virginia - 1865 Waller, Francis A. - Corporal - Pennsylvania - 1863 WWII Christian, Herbert F. - Private - Italy - 1944 — Map (db m15982) South Carolina (Bamberg County), Ulmer — 5-8 — Buford's Bridge (Front Text) Buford's Bridge, the earliest settlement in what is now Bamberg County, was established as early as 1792, when William Buford maintained a bridge and operated a ferry over the Salkehatchie River. It grew throughout the nineteenth century, with several residences, four stores, two taverns, a boarding house, a Masonic lodge, and Mizpah Methodist Church here by the 1850s. ( Reverse Text) On February 3-5, 1865, as Gen.W.T. Sherman's Federals advanced toward Columbia, . . . — Map (db m7644) Virginia, Fairfax — C-19 — Bull Run Battlefields Ten miles west were fought the two Battles of Manassas or Bull Run. — Map (db m619) Virginia, Petersburg — Pocahontas — The Revolutionary War Positions in the Battle of Petersburg On 25 April 1781, this part of the community of Pocahontas served as the rear guard staging area for American Major General Frederick von Steuben’s Virginia militia in their defense of Petersburg against the invading British army under Major General William Phillips. During the evening and night before the battle, troops of Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg’s Corps had encamped in Pocahontas and on the Heights (now Colonial Heights) above the . . . — Map (db m26831) Virginia (Fairfax County), Centerville — Blackburn’s Ford — Guarding the Fords By the early summer of 1861, Americans in both the North and South greeted the outbreak of war with patriotism and expectations of a quick decisive battle to end the conflict. In the North, the public clamored for immediate invasion to crush the rebellious South. While professional soldiers urged patience, President Lincoln, bowing to public pressure, ordered Gen. Irvin McDowell to submit a plan to advance on the important railroad junction at Manassas. On July 17, 1861, anticipating the . . . — Map (db m2257) Virginia (Hanover County), Mechanicsville — The Confederates Attack A. P. Hill initiated the action on June 26, 1862, by sending his division across the Chickahominy River. His troops drove the Union outposts through Mechanicsville and back beyond Beaver Dam Creek. A brigade led by Roswell Ripley supported Hill closely. As Ripley’s Georgians and North Carolinians reached this ground they encountered a withering fire. Private Edgar A. Jackson of Ripley’s brigade, writing after the battle, described the fighting here in a letter to his mother: As we . . . — Map (db m23788) Virginia (Hanover County), Studley — 52 — Enon Church — Rapidan-James Campaign Here on May 28, 1864 the Confederate cavalry under Major General Fitzhugh Lee in a severe engagement withstood for five hours the Federal advance, thereby allowing the Army of Northern Virginia to take its position beyond the Totopotomoy. Near this marker were buried many unknown dead of both armies. — Map (db m14262) Virginia (Henrico County), Glendale — The Battle of Malvern Hill — Stonewall Jackson’s Men Threaten the Union Right “There was no cessation or diminution yet of the enemy’s fire – musketry here – which swept the field to such an extent that it was difficult to believe anything could escape unhurt.” - Lt. McHenry Howard, Confederate staff officer The 15,000 men of Stonewall Jackson brought to the battlefield saw little action on July 1 before dusk. Responding then to calls for help from other hard-pressed Confederates, Jackson sent most of two divisions up the front slope of . . . — Map (db m14923) Virginia (Louisa County), Louisa — W 210 — Trevilian Station Battle In June 1864, Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan led a Union cavalry raid against the Virginia Central Railroad here, which Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton and Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee defended during a two-day battle. On 11 June, the first day, Union Brig. Gen. George A. Custer's brigade got between Lee's division and the rest of Hampton's cavalry and captured Hampton's supply wagons. The Confederates counterattacked and virtually surrounded Custer, who led his troopers in a breakout charge just as Federal . . . — Map (db m4775) Virginia (Nottoway County), Blackstone — Battle of Nottoway “…the mingled roar of the musketry, and heavy lumbering of the artillery, seemed to rend the whole heavens…” At this railroad cut on June 23, 1864, 3,500 Union cavalrymen commanded by Gen. James H. Wilson fought a Confederate cavalry force of 2,000 under Gen. W.H. Fitzhugh Lee. The savage, 9-hor battle was the first major engagement of the Wilson-Kautz Raid, a Union cavalry expedition intended to destroy railroads supplying Confederate forces besieged at Petersburg. . . . — Map (db m6509) Virginia (Prince Edward County), Rice — Ewell’s Line of Defense — The Confederates Dig In On Thursday, April 6, 1865, this high ground above Little Sailor’s Creek was protected by troops from the Richmond fortifications under Confederate General Richard S. Ewell. They hurriedly threw up a line of breastworks consisting of fence rails and earth in preparation for the inevitable attack. For many, this would be their first and last battle. Shortly after 5 p.m., Union artillery under Major Andrew Cowan, positioned directly across the valley at the Hillsman farm, began a thirty minute . . . — Map (db m11793) Virginia (Prince William County), Gainesville — C 31 — Bull Run Battlefields Just to the east were fought the two battles of Manassas or Bull Run. — Map (db m2013) Virginia (Shenandoah County), Fishers Hill — Battle of Fisher's Hill September 22, 1864 General Philip Sheridan with 30,000 Federals defeated General Jubal Early with 11,000 Confederates. Driven in route from Winchester September 19, by Sheridan's overpowering numbers, Early formed his line of battle across the brow of this hill, overlooking Tumbling Run, and prepared to check Federal pursuit. The 4-mile front was too long for the badly outnumbered Confederates to hold. On the 22nd, Sheridan concentrated Generals H.G. Wright's and W.H. Emory's corps against . . . — Map (db m4139) Alabama (Baldwin County), Fort Morgan — The Pride of Seven Flags (East Face): Tribute dedicated to the memory of the soldiers who gave their lives in the defense of our country here at Fort Morgan. Here lies the pride of seven flags entombed in our ancestor’s worth, who heard the thunder of the fray break o’er the field beneath knew the watchword of the day was “Victory or Death.” (North Face): Dates of battles and some events relative to Fort Morgan. 1711 – Battle, France – England 1719 – Battle, . . . — Map (db m4649) Kiribati, Tarawa, Betio — Battle of Tarawa Memorial — U.S. Marines War Memorial Marker front, upper plaque: “Follow Me” 2nd Marine Division United States Marine Corps Battle of Tarawa November 20, 1943 To our fellow Marines who gave their all! The world is free because of you! God rest your souls 1,113 killed     2,290 wounded The Central Pacfic spearhead To world victory in World War II “Semper Fidelis” Marker front, lower plaque: To the People of Kiribati “During World War II, many lives were . . . — Map (db m25737) Alabama (St. Clair County), Ohatchee — Battle of "Ten Islands" — 1/4 mile above Neely Henry Dam On July 14, 1864 a small group of brave Confederate Cavalry under General James H. Clanton approximately 300 strong were overwhelmed by a vastly superior Union Cavalry force under General L. H. Rousseau. The Confederates were attempting to protect the Janney Iron Works near Ohatchee and Crowe Iron Works near Alexandria. The superior Union force destroyed both Iron Works and proceeded to Talladega. — Map (db m25552) Arizona (Pinal County), Picacho — Battle at Picacho — April 15, 1862 Dedicated to those Confederate frontiersmen who occupied Arizona Territory, C.S.A., created by President Jefferson Davis, February 14, 1862. Just two months later, ten of Capt. Sherod Hunter's Confederate Cavalrymen successfully defended Picacho Pass against thirteen Union soldiers who suffered three killed and three wounded but did manage to capture Confederate Sgt. Henry Holmes and Pvts. William Dwyer and John W. Hill before retreating. This 'westernmost battle of the Civil War' delayed for a . . . — Map (db m26620) California (Monterey County), Prunedale — 651 — Battle of Natividad Combined American forces under Captains Charles D. Burrass (or Burroughs) and Bluford K. Thompson clashed with Comandante Manuel de Jesús Castro's Californians in this vicinity on November 16, 1846. Casualties on each side consisted of several men killed and wounded. The Americans saved a large herd of horses for Lt. Col. John C. Frémont, who then later proceeded south to participate in the Armistice at Cahuenga in January 1847. California Registered Historical Landmark No. 651 . . . — Map (db m26646) California (San Bernardino County), Chino — Site of the Battle of Chino Near this spot once stood the home of Isaac Williams, first American settler in this valley, about which on September 26-27 1846, was fought the first important engagement in California of the war with Mexico. This was also the site of the Chino Ranch Station of the Butterfield Stage Line, 1858–61. — Map (db m379) California (Santa Clara County), Santa Clara — The Battle of Santa Clara — January 2-7, 1847 The Battle of Santa Clara was the only campaign fought in the Northern district of California between Californios and United States forces during the Mexican-American war. In the 1840’s an oak forest grew near the present Lawrence Expressway, but brackish water and marshy soil limited tree growth in the region to the east providing an unobstructed view of Mission Santa Clara three miles ahead. The battle took place in this open plain. As you face towards City Hall, the battle area . . . — Map (db m24320) Connecticut (Fairfield County), Ridgefield — Battle of Ridgefield — April 27, 1777 The Third and Chief Engagement Occurred on This Ridge — Map (db m23395) Connecticut (Fairfield County), Ridgefield — Battle of Ridgefield Dead In defense of American Independence at the Battle of Ridgefield April 27, 1777 died Eight Patriots who were laid in this ground companioned by Sixteen British Soldiers Living, their enemies, Dying their guests, in honor of service and sacrifice this Memorial is placed for the strengthening of hearts. — Map (db m23396) Connecticut (Fairfield County), Ridgefield — The Battle of Ridgefield — April 27, 1777 The chief engagement of Connecticut’s only inland battle during the War for Independence was fought approximately 100 yards from this site. Several hundred hastily-mustered militia joined a handful of Continental troops under Generals Benedict Arnold and Gold Stilliman to face British regulars more than thrice their number led by Major General William Tryon. Only an hour before, American General David Wooster fell mortally wounded during his second attack on the British rearguard as it . . . — Map (db m23400) Connecticut (Fairfield County), Ridgefield — 8 — The Battle of Ridgefield, April 27, 1777 — Ridgefield, Connecticut — The Museum in the Streets British General Tryon’s Raid on Danbury occurred on April 26, 1777. The beginning of the 1777 campaign was the first British invasion and the only pitched battle in Connecticut. Following the burning of Danbury the British troops marched through Ridgefield the next day on their way back to their ships moored at Compo Beach in Westport. The first skirmish, under the leadership of American General David Wooster occurred at the intersection of Barlow Mountain Road and North Salem Road. The . . . — Map (db m23412) Connecticut (Fairfield County), Westport — Battle of Westport Commemoration To commemorate the battle fought on and near this point between the British forces and the American Patriots, April 28, 1777. Ordnance presented by U.S. Government and erected July 4, 1901 — Map (db m22556) Connecticut (Litchfield County), Watertown — Civil War Monument (Front):In commemoration of the patriotism and valor of the men of Watertown who, in the hour of peril, offered their lives that the republic might live, thus winning the gratitude of their fellow-citizens, the admiration of succeeding generations and a place among the nation’s heroes; this monument is erected that their example may serve as an inspiration to heroic deeds in all coming time. (Right):Fifth Regiment Infantry Co. D. William Gridley Sixth Regiment Co. E. . . . — Map (db m18865) Connecticut (New London County), Groton — Groton Battle Monument The monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut, A. D. 1830, and in the 55th year of the Independence of the U. S. A. in memory of the brave Patriots, who fell in the Massacre at Fort Griswold, near this spot, on the 6th of Sept. A. D. 1781, when the British, under the command of the traitor, Benedict Arnold, burnt the towns of New London and Groton, and spread desolation and woe throughout this region. — Map (db m18050) Connecticut (New London County), Groton — The Battle of Groton Heights — Stabilization and Preservation of Fort Griswold — Phase 1 On the morning of September 6, 1781, a British fleet under the command of former American general Benedict Arnold appeared at the mouth of the Thames River. Arnold’s mission was to destroy American privateers in New London and to capture military supplies stored there. The British troops were divided into two divisions of 800 men, with one landing on each side of the river. The division on the New London side, commanded personally by Arnold, marched upriver to the town, quickly taking in . . . — Map (db m19038) Delaware (New Castle County), Newark — Battle of Cooch's Bridge American light infantry and cavalry under General William Maxwell encountered advance guard of British and Hessian troops under Generals Howe, Cornwallis and Knyphausen in this vicinity September 3, 1777. American troops were expert marksmen drafted by General Washington from the several brigades of his army then encamped near Wilmington. Only battle of American Revolution on Delaware soil and claimed to have been the first in which the Stars and Stripes were carried. Erected by the Patriotic . . . — Map (db m9774) Delaware (New Castle County), Newark — The Battle of Cooch's Bridge On September 3, 1777 over 800 Americans forming the Light Infantry Corps of Brigadier General William Maxwell engaged about 2,000 British Light Infantry and Hessian and Anspach "Jägers" (light infantry) in a series of skirmishes ending at Cooch's Bridge. Maxwell's newly-formed corps was composed of Continentals from New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Virginia, as well as militia from New Castle and Chester counties. For one week Maxwell's Corps had harassed and scouted the . . . — Map (db m10055) Florida (Baker County), Olustee — The Battle of Olustee (Front):The Battle of Olustee was fought on this ground February 20th, 1864. Between 5,000 Confederate troops commanded by General Joseph E. Finegan and 6,000 Federal troops under General Truman Seymour. The Federals were defeated with a loss of 2,000 men. The Confederate loss was less than 1,000. (Back):To the men who fought and Triumphed here in defense of their homes and firesides. This monument is erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy aided by the State of . . . — Map (db m13708) Florida (Hardee County), Zolfo Spings — 1965 — Seminole Indian Battle One of the Last Battles fought with the Semiole Nation ended here on June 16, 1856 with Defeat of the Indians by Soldiers from Ft. Meade. — Map (db m24590) Florida (Leon County), Tallahassee — Battle of Natural Bridge — March 6, 1865 Site of decisive repulse of Federal forces by Confederate Militia in joint U.S. Army and Navy Operation to take St. Marks. The Army landing at lighthouse was prevented from getting to rear of St. Marks by Confederate opposition at Newport and Natural Bridge. The Federal Flotilla ran aground during ascent of River; it did not reach St. Marks. Their next objective would have been Tallahassee. Federal (number) 893*, (killed) 21, (wounded) 89, (missing) 148. Confederate (number) 595, (killed) 3, . . . — Map (db m13721) Georgia (Baker County), Newton — 004-2 — Battle of Chickasawachee Swamp Near here in Chickasawachee Swamp a decisive battle of the Southern Indian Wars was fought July 3, 1836. About 300 warriors were entrenched on an island in the swamp, after a raid in which they killed several settlers. A force of militia under command of Col. Thomas Beall followed them into the swamp and a fierce battle was fought. A number of Indians were killed, and 13 soldiers wounded, 1 mortally. A large amount of plunder taken on the raid on Roanoke was recovered here. This battle broke . . . — Map (db m26959) Georgia (Barrow County), Winder — 007-3 — Battle of King's Tanyard On July 31, 1864, at the Battle of Sunshine Church (19 miles NE of Macon), Maj. Gen. Geo. Stoneman [US] surrendered with 600 men to Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson, Jr., [CS], after covering the escape of Adams’ and Capron’s brigades of his cavalry command. Both units retreated via Athens, intending to resupply their troops there, but were stopped early on August 2nd at the river bridge south of Athens by Home Guard units with artillery. Unable to cross, they turned west; Capron on the Hog Mountain . . . — Map (db m23454) Georgia (Barrow County), Winder — 007-4 — The Stoneman Raid Battle of King's Tanyard Closing in on Atlanta in July, 1864, Maj. Gen. W.T. Sherman found it "too strong to assault and too extensive to invest." To force its evacuation, he sent Maj. Gen. Geo. Stoneman's cavalry [US] to cut the Macon railway by which its defenders were supplied. At the Battle of Sunshine Church (19 miles NE of Macon), Stoneman surrendered with 600 men to Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson, Jr., [CS], after covering the escape northward of Adams' and Capron’s brigades. Both units retreated via Athens, . . . — Map (db m17307) Georgia (Bartow County), Cartersville — 008-41 — Battle of Allatoona After the fall of Atlanta, hoping Sherman would follow, Hood moved his Confederate army north, sending French’s Division to fill the railroad cut at Allatoona, and burn the railroad bridge over the Etowah River, to hamper Sherman’s movement. French found Corse with 2,000 men entrenched on the ridge guarding military stores, and with his 3,000 he attacked on October 5, 1864. The fight was costly but indecisive. French lost 799, Corse 706 men. French, not risking an all-out attack, withdrew before aid reached Corse. — Map (db m21843) Georgia (Bartow County), Emerson — 008-5 — Battle of Allatoona — October 5, 1864 Lt. Gen. John B. Hood, Army of Tenn. [CS], while enroute N. from Palmetto, Ga., sent Lt. Gen. A.P. Stewart´s Corps to destroy the State R.R. from Big Shanty to the Etowah River. Stewart seized Big Shanty and Acworth on the 3d, and French´s Div. was sent on the 4th, to capture Allatoona. Daylight, the 5th, French [CS] deployed his troops around the Federal garrison, commanded by Gen. John M. Corse [US], posted on high ground E., and W. of the rock cut. — Map (db m13935) Georgia (Bartow County), Emerson — 008-6 — Battle of Allatoona — October 5, 1864 After artillery firing and repeated assaults by French´s troops, [CS] the Federals made a final stand in the star fort W. of rock cut. Failing to dislodge the defenders, French retreated to New Hope Church in Paulding County. French´s division consisted of Young´s, Cockrell´s, & Sear´s Brigades, [CS] 3,276; losses 799. Corse´s command: Alexander´s & Rowett´s Brigades, [US] 2137; losses, 706. This battle inspired the gospel hymn, "Hold the fort for I am coming". — Map (db m13936) Georgia (Catoosa County), Ringgold — 023-15 — Battle of Chickamauga — <--- 9 mi. ---<<<< Nine miles west of here on Saturday and Sunday, September 19th and 20th, 1863, the bloody battle of Chickamauga was fought. Here, Federal forces of about 60,000 under Major-General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A., fought the two day battle with Confederates, numbering about 66,000 under General Braxton Bragg, C.S.A. Federal losses were about 16,179, Confederate losses were about 17,804. It was a bloody victory for the Confederacy from which it never recovered. — Map (db m19249) Georgia (Chatham County), Port Wentworth — 025-79 — Battle Between Confederate Gunboats and Union Field Artillery — (December 12, 1864) In December, 1864, was fought on the Savannah River near here one of the few battles in which Confederate gunboats and Union field artillery were engaged against each other. Colerain Plantation, as these lands were then known, had been occupied on December 10, 1864, by units of Sherman`s army. Anticipating an attempt by a Confederate naval flotilla, which had been engaged in protecting a railroad bridge further upstream, to return to Savannah, Captain C. E. Winegar's battery was posted on a . . . — Map (db m12615) Georgia (Chatham County), Savannah — Battle of Savannah En l'honneur des valliants Français qui se sont sacrifiés en cet endroit pour notre liberté le 9 Octobre, 1779 In honor of the valiant Frenchmen who gave their lives on this battlefield for our freedom on 9 October, 1779 Les Sociétés Honoraires de Français Eastwood High School Belair High School El Paso, Texas — Map (db m18455) Georgia (Chatham County), Savannah — The Battle of Savannah The 1779 Battle of Savannah was one of the deadliest of the entire American Revolution. The overwhelming defeat of French and American forces resulted in an allied withdrawal and in approximately 800 wounded or killed, with British losses totaling 55 wounded or dead. • The British victory in Savannah rekindled England's spirit for the war, in part because the victory defeated troops of the regular army of France as well as American rebels. The battle marked the first time . . . — Map (db m18214) Georgia (Cherokee County), Ball Ground — 028-1 — Battle of Taliwa Two and one-half miles to the east, near the confluence of Long-Swamp Creek and the Etowah River, is the traditional site of Taliwa, scene of the fiercest and most decisive battle in the long war of the 1740's and 50's between the Cherokee and Creek Indians. There, about 1755, the great Cherokee war-chief, Oconostota, led 500 of his warriors to victory over a larger band of Creeks. So complete was the defeat that the Creeks retreated south of the Chattahoochee River, leaving to their opponents . . . — Map (db m15481) Georgia (Clayton County), Jonesboro — 031-26 — Battle of Jonesboro The First Day Aug. 31, 1864. This immediate area was occupied by the Army of the Tenn. [US], commanded by Gen. O. O. Howard. These troops, Logan’s 15th, Ransom’s 16th & Blair’s 17th corps, marched to this position from Fairburn the previous day; the 15th & 17th cast up intrenched lines on this side of Flint river, the 16th, W. of it. S. D. Lee’s A. C. [CS], moving from lines W. of the town, attacked 15th & 17th A. C. fronts while Hardee’s corps assailed the refused flank of the 15th & part of the 16th . . . — Map (db m18824) Georgia (Clayton County), Jonesboro — 031-24 — Battle of Jonesboro The Second Day Sept. 1, 1864. The area bounded by the McPeak house (N), the Warren house (S), the R. R. (E), & U.S. 41 (W), was the scene of the final pitched battle of the Atlanta Campaign (begun May 7, '64). Hardee’s A. C. [CS], posted in a salient angle at the Warren house, was attacked by Carlin's 1st, Morgan’s 2d, & Baird's 3d divs. of Davis’ 14th A. C. Moving S. E. from the Fayetteville Rd. (at Riverdale), they went into action at 5 P. M.; the battle ended with nightfall & withdrawal of Hardee’s . . . — Map (db m18185) Georgia (Clayton County), Jonesboro — 03-11 — Two Days of Battle at Jonesboro In this vicinity were fought the engagements that ended the Atlanta Campaign of 1864. Confederate forces under Gen. Hardee, endeavoring to defend the remaining R.R. to Atlanta, against outnumbering Federal troops, Aug. 31 & Sept. 1 were forced to withdraw to Lovejoy's The area within the enclosure was a burial place of Confederate soldiers who died in local hospitals during the war. After its close, Confederate casualties (buried on the battlefields where they fell) were removed to this . . . — Map (db m12330) Georgia (Cobb County), Kennesaw — Battle of Gilgal Church June 15-17, 1864 U.S.: Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield. 3rd Div. 20th Corps. Army of the Cumberland. C.S.: Maj. Gen. Patrick R Cleburne. Cleburne’s Div. Hood’s Corps. Army of Tennessee. — Map (db m17698) Georgia (Cobb County), Marietta — 033-13 — Battle of Kolb's Farm — June 22, 1864 The extension of the right wing of Federal forces S. of the Dallas Rd. threatening to outflank him, Johnston sent Hood’s Corps [CS] from the right (E. of Kennesaw) to this, the extreme left, with directions to stop further Federal advances. Hood sent Stevenson’s 4 brigades [CS] -- 2 astride the road, and 2 N. of it, against the 20th and 23d corps troops [US] posted astride the road to the W. This, and later attempts failed to check the Federal extensions southward. — Map (db m17158) Georgia (Cobb County), Marietta — 033-11 — Battle of Kolb's Farm — June 22, 1864 Hascall’s (2d) Div. 23d A.C., Union, via Manning’s Mill, reached Kolb’s schoolhouse (site of Mt. Zion Ch.) 2 p.m. & joined its left to right of Williams' (1st) Div., 20th A.C. [US] at the McAdoo - Oatman house on Powder Springs Rd. Hascall placed 3 brigades on high ground S. E. of the road. Skirmishers, supported by the 14th Ky., [US] seized a ridge E. of the Valentine Kolb house and stubbornly held it until forced to withdraw. The left of Stevenson’s Div., Confederate, after dislodging . . . — Map (db m16871) Georgia (Cobb County), Marietta — 033-12 — Battle of Kolb's Farm — June 22, 1864 The 14th Kentucky (2d Division, 23d A.C.,) together with the 123d N. Y. (1st Division, 20th A.C.,) [US] were posted as skirmishers East of the Kolb farmstead. The stubborn resistance by the 14th Ky., and the 123d N.Y., disrupted the concerted assault by Stevenson’s Division, [CS] upon the main line [US] astride the Powder Springs Road West of this point. This delaying action, together with Federal artillery fire halted Stevenson’s attempt to win his objective. — Map (db m19573) Georgia (Cobb County), Marietta — Battle of Kolb's Farm - June 22, 1864 A costly Confederate attack here stopped the Union army's attempt to bypass Kennesaw Mountain. On June 22, 1864, Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston sent Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood's 13,000 troops down Powder Springs Road to stop the Federal army's threat to his flank. When Confederate skirmishers encountered Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's 11,000-man Union corps here at Kolb's farm, Hood ordered his troops to attack. Hooker, having learned of Hood's plans from some captured Confederates, ordered . . . — Map (db m17280) Georgia (Cobb County), Marietta — Battle of Pine Knob — June 15, 1864 On June 15, 1864, General Sherman ordered an attack on a portion of the Confederate fortified line located between Gilgal Church and a hill one mile eastward known as "Pine Knob". Three divisions of the 20th Army Corps were to break through an over-extended Confederate defense line and force a retreat. The attack began promptly at 5PM with a force of 15,000 Federal infantry. The attack failed. The 60th New York Regt's battle line can be seen nearby. This shallow trench was dug late in the fight . . . — Map (db m11765) Georgia (Cobb County), Marietta — Main Confederate Battle Line — June 1-17, 1864 About a hundred yards southeast of this marker is the remnant of a 15 mile line of Confederate fortifications. These infantry trenches were occupied until June 17th by the Army of Mississippi, a unit within the Confederate Army of Tennessee, Gen. Leonidas Polk commanding. An additional trace of these entrenchments may also be seen close to this marker, on the west side of the nearby road. On June 15th, Polk's left flank linked with Hardee's Confederate corps at today's junction of Hickory View . . . — Map (db m11337) Georgia (Cobb County), Smyrna — 033-74 — Battle of Ruff's Mill July 4, 1864. Early a.m., Brig. Gen. John Fuller’s brigade, 4th div., 16th A. C. [US], moved 1 mi. E. from the Nickajack Cr. Bridge, Concord Rd., to ascertain the strength of Hood’s A. C. [CS]. Finding it strongly posted, Fuller returned to Ruff’s Mill. Late p.m., Fuller’s men again advanced, supported by Sweeney’s 2nd div., and after a bitter struggle seized the first line of works on Hood’s rt. near the present Gann Cemetery. This Federal assault on Johnston’s left & the one at Smyrna, on . . . — Map (db m19603) Georgia (Cobb County), Smyrna — 033-77 — Battle of Smyrna July 3, 1864. Gen. J. E. Johnston's army [CS] withdrew from Kennesaw Mtn. & occupied a double line of field-works which crossed the R. R. at old Smyrna Camp Ground, facing N. W. Loring's A. C. was on the rt. (N. E. of R. R.); Hardee's, at center; Hood's on left, near Ruff's Mill, Nickajack Cr. July 4. The 4th A. C. [US], (E. of R. R.), attacked the Confederate right to ascertain strength of the position; it was found impregnable. A similar attack on the left near Ruff's Mill was alike . . . — Map (db m5951) Georgia (Cobb County), Smyrna — 033-75 — Hood's Corps at Battle of Ruff's Mill When Johnston’s forces [CS] withdrew from Kennesaw Mtn., July 3, 1864, they occupied a double line of field works extending from Smyrna S. W. to Nickajack Creek at Dodgen's Mill, more or less along this, the old Concord Road. Hood’s Corps held the left, (S.W.) sector of the lines which crossed the road at this point. July 4. Federal forces moved up, investing the entire Confederate position. Dodge’s 16th A. C. [US] crossed Nickajack at Ruff’s Mill & late P.M., Fuller’s brigade (4th div.) . . . — Map (db m19626) Georgia (Coweta County), Newnan — 038-2 — Battle of Brown's Mill On July 27, 1864, Brig. Gen. E. M. McCook with 3,600 Federal calvary began a raid to destroy railroads south of Atlanta and release 32,000 Federal prisoners at Andersonville. Three miles south of Newnan on July 30th, Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler with 1,400 Confederate calvary caught and routed the Federals, captured about 2,000 men, several ambulances, a full battery and released 500 Confederate prisoners. Here General Wheeler whipped the "pick" of the Federal calvary and saved Newnan from capture and possible destruction. — Map (db m10494) Georgia (Crisp County), Cordele — 040-9 — Spanish-Indian Battle — (1702) Early in 1702 Joseph de Zuñiga, Spanish Governor of Florida, and Pierre le Moyne Iberville, French founder of Louisiana, made plans to check steadily increasing English trade with the Indian tribes in the interior, and perhaps to drive them out of the Southeast. To accomplish this, they agreed to an expedition against the English and their allies, the Creek Indians, in the Carolina territory which is now Georgia. In August, Governor Zuñiga sent a force northward of more than 800 Spaniards . . . — Map (db m22899) Georgia (Dekalb County), Atlanta — 044-47 — Bate’s Battle Line July 22, 1864. Gen. Bate's div., Hardee's A.C. (CS) was deployed on the rt. of Walker's div. when they advanced N. from Terry's Mill pond. Being on the extreme rt. of the corps, Bate's troops moved up the east side of Sugar Cr., valley and swung westward to face Rice's 16th A.C. (US) brigade posted on the hill (Murphy High School) and northward along the old Clay Rd. (Clay St.). This attack failed to dislodge Rice's brigade. Bate's command consisted of three brigades - composed of Georgia, . . . — Map (db m18762) Georgia (DeKalb County), Atlanta — 044-46 — Battle of Atlanta Began Here July 22, 1864. Sweeny's 2nd. div., Dodge's 16th A.C. (US), having been held in reserve N. of the Ga. R.R. (Candler Park), was ordered to support the left wing of Blair's 17th Corps in East Atlanta. Marching via Clay Rd., Sweeny's column halted here at noon to await further orders. Mersy's brigade led the advance, followed by Rice's. Thus, by mere accident, the two brigades were posted where they intercepted the surprise attach by Walker's and Bate's divs. (Hardee's A.C.) (CS), aimed at the . . . — Map (db m8889) Georgia (DeKalb County), Atlanta — 044-63 — Maney's Div. in the Battle of Atlanta Gen. George Maney, comdg. Cheatham’s old div. of Hardee’s A.C. (CS) at Peachtree Cr., July 20, led the div. July 22 in the Battle of Atlanta. Both Cleburne’s & Maney’s divs. advanced N.W. on Flat Shoals Road to attack the Federal 17th A.C. aligned along its course – its left, terminating in a dangling fish-hook bent eastward. Maney’s four brigades were deployed in this area. Moving N., they assaulted the Federal front in concert with Cleburne’s flank & rear attack with three brigades . . . — Map (db m10411) Georgia (Dekalb County), Decatur — Battle of Decatur During the Battle of Decatur on July 22nd 1864 there was hot fighting in and around the old courthouse which stood on this square. Wheeler's Cavalry made a gallant charge here and captured a battery of federal artillery with officers and men. — Map (db m8756) Georgia (Elbert County), Elberton — Battle of Cherokee Ford — 11 Feb. 1779 [Marker Front]: In honor of the brave militia men under Robert Anderson, including Capt. William Baskin, Jr., James Little, John Miller, Joseph Pickens and Lt. Thomas Shanklin, who fought a superior Tory force led by Col. Boyd at the mouth of Van[n]'s Creek and the Savannah River. This encounter weakened Col. Boyd's Tories three days prior to the Battle of Kettle Creek. [Marker Reverse]: The first encounter with Col. Boyd occurred at the blockhouse where he was refused a . . . — Map (db m2760) Georgia (Fulton County), Altanta — 060-109 — Where Hood Watched the Battle of Atlanta In 1856 James E. Williams (Mayor of Atlanta 1866-1868), built a residence atop this high ground which later became a part of Oakland Cemetery. From the second story of the house, Gen. John B. Hood, in command of Confederate forces, & members of his staff, watched that part of the Battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, where Brown’s & Clayton’s divs., Cheathams’s A.C. (CS) moved eastward astride the Ga. R.R. to the assault on the Federal 15th A.C. line also astride the R.R. – at DeGress Ave., 1 . . . — Map (db m10448) Georgia (Fulton County), Atlanta — 060-159 — Battle of Utoy Creek Federal siege operations not only involved the encircling line of Atlanta's defenses, but threatened the 2 railroads S.W. of the city. Pursuant thereto, Federal forces after the Battle of Ezra Church were shifted S., only to be confronted by a line of Confederate works west of and parallel to the railroads. Blocking this southward drift, Bate's division of Hardees A.C. (CSA) was posted on a ridge West of the main line and South of the Sandtown Rd. Aug 6, 1864: Cox's div., 23d A.C. (USA), . . . — Map (db m24456) Georgia (Glynn County), St Simons Island — Battle of Bloody Marsh We are resolved not to suffer defeat - we will rather die like Leonidas and his Spartans - if we can but protect Georgia and Carolina and the rest of the Americans from desolation             Oglethorpe Erected on the battlefield of Bloody Marsh - by the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America and the Georgia Society of Colonial Wars in memory of the great victory won over the Spainiards on this spot July 7 - 1742 Tiffany & Co. — Map (db m12915) Georgia (Gordon County), Calhoun — 064-19 — Battle of Lay's Ferry May 14, 1864. A contingent from Sweeny´s (2d) div., 16th A.C. [US] made a crossing here in pontoon boats, but on a rumor of Confederate crossings upstream, it withdrew. May 15. The division, supported by Welker´s Artillery [US], crossed in force & deployed to meet the immediate attack by Maj. Gen. W.H.T. Walker´s div., Hardee´s A.C. [CS], in the area between the George W. Frix house & the Oostanaula River. This Federal move on the Confederate left & rear forced Johnston [CS] to evacuate his lines at Resaca. — Map (db m13865) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-7 — Battle of Resaca — May 14, 1864 The Battle of Resaca was one of the few places where the entire armies of Sherman and Johnston faced each other in the Atlanta Campaign. Judah´s (2nd) Div., 23rd Army Corps & part of the 14th Corps [US] moved from the high bluff west of Camp Creek ¾ mile west to the valley floor & attempted to carry Confederate works east of the stream. Met by blazing musketry & artillery fire from Hindman´s and Bates Divs. [CS], posted on the ridge (east) the Federals sought refuge in the stream-bed & made . . . — Map (db m13914) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-11 — Battle of Resaca May 16, 1864. Johnston's forces (CS) withdrew from Resaca via pontoon, R. R. & trestle bridges over the Oostanaula River. The 4th & two divs. Of the 14th Corps (US) rebuilt 2 bridges which had been burned & followed the retreating Confederates S., along R. R. and highway. Davis' (2d ) Div., 14th A. C. (US) moved W. of R. to Rome. The 20th & two divs. Of 23d A.C. (US) moved E. to Fites Ferry, Conasauga R., enroute to Coosawattee R. crossings - McClure's Ferry & the one at Fields Mill. Army of . . . — Map (db m11551) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-9 — Battle of Resaca May 13, 1864, McPherson's 15th and 16th A.C. (US) moving from Snake Creek Gap reached this cross-roads where his forces were deployed for advance toward Camp Cr. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick's Cav. Div. (US) led advance; during a sharp engagement he was wounded by skirmishers of Polk's Corp(CS). Night found the 20th, 14th & 23d Corps (US) N. on Dalton - Calhoun road, & by noon May 14th, Federal forces W. of Resaca were deployed on ridges parallel to & overlooking Camp Creek. The battle began 2.5 . . . — Map (db m11552) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-3 — Battle of Resaca — May 14-15, 1864 0.5 mi. W. is Camp Creek Valley, scene of the 23rd Corps (US) assaults on Hood's left and Hardee's right (CS), May 14. On ridge 0.2 mi. W. was the position of Wood's (3rd) Div., 4th A.C. and Capt. Wm. Wheeler's 13th New York battery (US), May 14-15. 225 yds. E. on wooded ridge is the emplacement of Capt. Max Van Den Corput's Cherokee Battery (CS) - 4 twelve pounders-captured and removed by 2d and 3d Divs. Of the 20th A.C (US) May 15. — Map (db m11553) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-4 — Battle of Resaca — May 14-15, 1864 At this point the intrenched line of Gen. John B. Hood's Corps (CS) crossed the road ~ this corps being one of the three composing Gen. J.E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee. Line faced N., Hindman's Div. (CS) on the left extended W. to Camp Creek Valley; Stevenson's Div. (CS) was astride the road and the right of Stewart’s Div. (CS) was E. at State R.R. near Conasauga River. Hardee's and Polk's Corps (CS) were aligned parallel to Camp Creek 0.5 mi. W. ~ left of Army (CS) being on Oostanaula River. — Map (db m11554) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-5 — Battle of Resaca Hood's line, (CS) beginning E. at State R.R. ran W. to point atop ridge (S) where Hardee's rt. joined it & together with Polk's Corps, (CS) the line was prolonged 3 miles S. to the Oostanaula River. May 13, 1864, Sherman's forces (US) reached the old Dalton-Calhoun rd., W. of here (via Snake Cr. Gap). On 14th, from ridges W. of Camp Creek, 2 assaults were made on Johnston's line (CS) - one, 2.5 mi. southward - the other in this vicinity. In both attacks, the Federals moved across the creek . . . — Map (db m11555) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-6 — Battle of Resaca — May 14, 1864 A portion of Hood's A. C. (CS), thrust forward to hold ridge in fork of cr. was driven back to hills this side of the valley & N. of the road. Cox's ( 3d ) Div., 23d A. C. (US) having taken the ridge in creek - fork, was relieved by 4th A.C. which with 20th A. C. troops, (US) moved E. seizing the area between the creek & the State R.R. near the Conasauga River. This movement completed the Federal alignment parallel to the Confederate line N. & W. of Resaca. — Map (db m11556) Georgia (Gordon County), Resaca — 064-13 — Battle of Resaca May 13, 1864. The 15th and the 16th A.C. (US) deployed astride road on ridges W. of those next to and this side of Camp Creek, where Polk's Corps (CS) was posted. May 14: The 15th and the 16th A.C. drove Polk's troops across creek from this ridges and occupied it. Polk established a line on a chain of hills just E. of creek. 5:30 pm: the 15th and the Veatch's (4th) Div. 16th A.C. (US) moved across creek and carried Polk's position, holding it against repeated attempts to regain it. Polk . . . — Map (db m11557) Georgia (Jones County), Gray — 084-26 — Battle of Griswoldville The Deployment and Assaults About 1:30 P.M. Nov. 22, 1864, after halting in Griswoldville to reform his column and report his progress, Brig. Gen. P.J. Phillips began moving his command (1st Division, Georgia Militia and attached units) east to clear the town, intending to halt there and await further orders. When the head of the column reached this vicinity, firing was heard about one half mile to the front. Riding forward, Phillips found Cook’s Athens and Augusta battalions engaged with Walcutt’s brigade [US] which, . . . — Map (db m25302) Georgia (Jones County), Griswoldville — 084-24 — Battle of Griswoldville On Nov. 22 1864, the Right Wing (15th and 17th Corps) of Gen. Sherman’s army [US] marched southeast from the vicinity of Gray toward Gordon and Irwinton on its destructive March to the Sea. To protect the right against Wheeler’s cavalry [CS], Brig. Gen. C. C. Walcutt’s brigade of Woods division, 15th Corps, with two guns of Arndt’s Michigan Battery, was sent toward Macon. Near Griswoldville, Walcutt found Murray’s brigade of Kilpatrick’s cavalry division engaged with Wheeler. Together, they . . . — Map (db m25198) Georgia (Jones County), Griswoldville — 084-25 — Battle of Griswoldville The Advance from East Macon On Nov. 22, 1864, the 1st Division, Georgia Militia (less the 1st Brigade), with the 1st and 2nd Regiments, Georgia State Line, and Anderson’s Georgia Battery attached, Brig. Gen. Pleasant J. Phillips commanding, marched from East Macon about 8:00 A.M. enroute to Augusta. About a mile west of Griswoldville, Phillips found the Athens and Augusta local defense battalions, under Maj. F. W. C. Cook, formed in line of battle facing the town, through which elements of Wheeler’s cavalry [CS] had just . . . — Map (db m25191) Georgia (Jones County), Macon — 084-22 — Battle of Griswoldville On Nov. 22, 1864, the Right Wing (15th and 17th Corps) of Gen. Sherman’s army [US] moved SE from Clinton (near Gray) towards Gordon and Irwinton on its destructive March to the Sea. Walcutt’s brigade, with two guns of Arndt’s Michigan Battery, was posted on the right to protect the movement from the persistent harassment of Wheeler’s cavalry [CS] from the direction of Macon. Near Griswoldville (2 miles NE), Walcutt was attacked by a division of Georgia Militia [CS] under Brig. Gen. P. J. . . . — Map (db m25240) Georgia (Monroe County), Culloden — 102-5 — Battle of Culloden On April 19, 1865, a part of Wilson`s Federal Raiders, moving toward Macon, encountered the "Worrill Grays" near this spot. The "Grays," numbering less than 200 men, fought a magnificent battle, greatly outnumbered. After a two-hour battle they finally yielded to the superior force, leaving their dead and wounded in Federal hands. So fierce was the fighting that the two men in the 17th Indiana (mounted) Infantry who captured the flag of this fighting unit, were awarded Medals of Honor by the United States Government. — Map (db m9930) Georgia (Paulding County), Dallas — 110-28 — Battle of New Hope Church Lt. Gen. J. B. Hood’s A.C. [CS], having marched from the Etowah River, reached New Hope Ch., May 25, 1864, in time to halt Gen. J. W. Geary’s (2d) div., 20th A.C. [US], which had detoured near Owens’ Mill enroute to Dallas by New Hope. Checked by Hood’s outposts near the mill, the Federals advanced & struck Stewart’s div. [CS] astride the road at this point -- the left brigade (Stovall’s) in the cemetery, with no intrenchments. Followed then several hours of bitter conflict -- late afternoon . . . — Map (db m20840) Georgia (Paulding County), Dallas — 110-27 — Battle of Pickett’s Mill After the successful defense at New Hope Church by Hood’s Corps [CS], May 25, 1864, Johnston [CS] extended his right NE to keep pace with the Federal leftward shift to outflank him. Elements of the 4th, 14th and 23rd Corps under Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard [US] with over 18,000 men passed this point seeking the extreme right of the Confederate army. The Federal forces attacked a point where the Army of Tennessee’s line bent back to the south. The brigades of Hazen, Gibson and Scribner . . . — Map (db m20838) Georgia (Paulding County), Dallas — 110-27 — Battle of Pickett's Mill After the successful defense at New Hope Church by Hood’s Corps [CS], May 25, 1864, Johnston [CS] extended his right NE to keep pace with the Federal leftward shift to outflank him. Elements of the 4th, 14th and 23rd Corps under Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard [US] with over 18,000 men passed this point seeking the extreme right of the Confederate army. The Federal forces attacked a point where the Army of Tennessee’s line bent back to the south. The brigades of Hazen, Gibson and Scribner . . . — Map (db m20929) Georgia (Screven County), Sylvania — 124-20 — Battle of Brier Creek - Mar. 3, 1779 In early February, 1779, the Southern Armies of the United States and Great Britain were facing across the Savannah River on a battle line reaching from Savannah to the Broad River above Augusta. The British controlled Georgia and the Americans South Carolina. A victory for the American forces meant an early end to the war. Each side, realizing the importance of the impending struggle, was carefully maneuvering troops for an opening blow. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, Commander of the American . . . — Map (db m11212) Georgia (Twiggs County), Griswoldville — 143-12 — Battle of Griswoldville: — The Big Picture On Nov. 15, 1864, [US) Maj. Gen. W.T. Sherman left Atlanta on his devastating “March to the Sea.” His force divided into two wings and feinted toward Macon and Augusta while on their way to the capital at Milledgeville. [CS] General William J. Hardee opposed Sherman with cavalry under Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler and state troops and militia. Hardee realized the move toward Macon was a feint and ordered [CS.] General Gustavus W. Smith with his Georgia Militia, the Athens and Augusta . . . — Map (db m11929) Georgia (Walker County), LaFayette — 146-16 — The Battle of LaFayette On June 18, 1864, during Gen. Sherman's campaign for Atlanta, Col. Louis D. Watkins, commanding the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division (US), occupied LaFayette with about 450 men of the 4th, 6th and 7th Kentucky cavalry regiments (US) "to endeavor to rid the country of several guerilla bands." His headquarters were in the Court House, then in the center of the square, and his men were quartered in adjacent buildings. On June 24th, about 3 A.M. he was attacked by Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, . . . — Map (db m13177) Georgia (Walker County), Rock Spring — Peavine Church — Chickamauga Campaign Heritage Trail The majority of the people who came into the area to establish Walker County were deeply religious. Soon after establishing their farms, the residents of most areas usually built a church that also served as a community and social center for the surrounding area. One such church was the Peavine Church located on Peavine Creek. During the war this facility consisted of a small frame church building with an adjacent cemetery. During the years before the war a large farming community grew up . . . — Map (db m13238) Georgia (Whitfield County), Mill Creek — 155-10 — Battle of Dug Gap May 8, 1864. Maj. Gen. J.W. Geary, with Buschbeck`s & Candy`s brigades of the 2d div., 20th A.C., moving from near Gordon`s Springs, reached this, the Babb Settlement, at 3 p.m. Planting McGill`s Penna. Battery (3 inch Rodman guns) near Joel Babb`s house, the Confederate position at Dug Gap in rocky Face Ridge was shelled. This was followed by a concerted assault up the steep scarp by Buschbeck`s brigade on the right, Candy`s on the left. Repeated attempts by the Federals to seize the gap . . . — Map (db m10913) Georgia (Whitfield County), Nance Springs — 155-4 — Battle of Resaca May 15, 1864. The 23d A.C. (US) was shifted from Camp Cr., 1.5 mi. W., to this vicinity where it extended the left of Sherman’s line (US) to the Conasauga River. Hovey’s (1st) div. supported Williams’ (1st) div., 20th A.C. (US), between the Scales house and R.R., during Stewart’s (CS) 2d attack. May 16. Johnston’s forces (CS) evacuated his position and withdrew S. followed by 4th and 14th A.C. (US). The 20th, and 1st and 2d divs., 32d A.C. (US) moved SE to the Coosawattee River; Cox’s (3d) . . . — Map (db m11067) Georgia (Whitfield County), Pratersville — 155-1 — Battle of Resaca May 14, 1864: The 20th Corps was shifted from Camp Creek Valley, 0.5 mi. W. & aligned across rd.~ the 2d & 3d Divs. in reserve; the 1st Div. prolonging Stanley’s Div. (4th A.C.) to the State R.R., east. May 15: Butterfield’s (3d) & Geary’s (2d) Divs. of 20th A.C. astride rd., moved in assault on Hood’s line 0.7 mi. S. in an attempt to break through. Butterfield, W. of the rd. led off, followed by Geary, E. of the rd., 6 brigades in all. They failed to break Hood’s line, but seized & removed . . . — Map (db m10942) Georgia (Whitfield County), Resaca — 155-3 — Battle of Resaca May 14: Stewart’s Div., Hood’s Corps (CS) moved from intrenchments near the John Green house and attacked left of Federals then extending toward the State R. R. This attack fell upon the left of Stanley ’s (1st) div., 4th A. C. and 5th lnd. Battery (US) (on ridge NW). The timely arrival of Williams’ (1st) div., 20th A.C. (US) checked Stewart’s (CS) advance and stabilized the left flank of the Federal forces. May 15: Stewart (CS) repeated attack of 14th – the assault falling on . . . — Map (db m10971) Georgia (Whitfield County), Resaca — 155-2 — Battle of Resaca At this point the entrenched line of Stanley’s (1st) Div., 4th A.C. (US) crossed the highway, facing Hood’s line (CS) 0.5 mi. South. May 14, 1864: 0.4 mi. E. (near Nance’s Spring) Hood’s rt.(CS) made a spirited attack on Stanley’s left (US), which was foiled by timely arrival of 20th Corps troops. May 15: Hood’s rt. (CS) attacked 1st Div., 20th A.C. (US) near State R.R., E., & the 2d & 3d Divs., failing to break Hood’s line (CS) in their front, captured Corput’s 4-gun battery. — Map (db m10972) Georgia (Whitfield County), Tilton — The Chase, and a Battle — 250 yards → To the left over the railroad crossing stood a water tower where the famed "General", of "The Great Locomotive Chase" stopped for water while being chased by the "Texas", April 12, 1862. A brief stop was made at nearby Green's Wood Yard for fuel. On October 13, 1864, solders of French's division, Steward's Corps Confederate Army of Tennessee launched an attack against 300 men of the 17th Iowa, Volunteer Infantry, under command of Lt. Col. S. M. Archer, U.S. Army. The 17th Iowa was . . . — Map (db m10791) Georgia (Wilcox County), Abbeville — 156-5 — Battle of Breakfast Branch Near this spot on March 9, 1818, 34 men of the Telfair County Militia, commanded by Major Josiah D. Cawthon, engaged about 60 Creek Indians in combat. Four Indians and five whites, including Capt. Benjamin Mitchell Griffin were killed. Three whites, including Mark Willcox (later Major General), were wounded. Willcox was saved by Nat Statham and Wiley Ellison who carried him back to the Ocmulgee river while under fire. This was the last battle between Indians and whites in this vicinity. — Map (db m10805) Georgia (Wilkes County), Washington — 157-15 — Battle of Kettle Creek The Battle of Kettle Creek, fought here on February 14, 1779, was one of the most important battles of the Revolutionary War in Georgia. At that time, the State was almost completely under British control. Col. Boyd with 600 British sympathizers (Loyalists or Tories) crossed the Savannah River into present day Elbert County en route to the British Army then at Augusta. Patriots Col. Andrew Pickens with 200 S.C. militia and Col. John Dooly and Lt. Col. Elijah Clark with 140 Georgia Militia . . . — Map (db m10684) Georgia (Wilkes County), Washington — The Battle of Kettle Creek (Side 1) On this hill the Fourteenth Day of February 1779 the Battle of Kettle Creek was fought (Side 2) This battle of the American Revolution in which the British were severely defeated checked their invasion of Georgia (Side 3) The victorious American forces were commanded by Colonel Andrew Pickens, Colonel Elijah Clarke, Colonel John Dooly — Map (db m25828) Georgia (Worth County), Oakfield — 159-1 — Battle of the Blankets In 1702 a decisive battle took place along the nearby Flint River. Nine hundred Apalachees, in league with the Spanish, fought here against English traders and five hundred of their Creek allies. Forewarned of an impending attack, the Creeks arranged empty sleeping blankets by their campfires and hid in the surrounding woods. The Spanish Apalachees attacked at dawn, firing into the blankets, but before they could reload their muskets, were themselves attacked by the Creeks. The Battle of the . . . — Map (db m9001) Indiana (Allen County), Fort Wayne — The Battle of Harmar's Ford To the Memory of Major John Wyllys And His Brave Soldiers Who Were Killed Near this Spot In The Battle of Harmar's Ford Oct. 22, 1790 With the Indians Under Chief Little Turtle — Map (db m21358) Indiana (Allen County), Fort Wayne — The Battle of Kekionga The Battle of Kekionga in October 1790 was the fist battle fought by the United States Army after the War for Independence. The campaign had been ordered by President Washington against the Miami settlement of Kekionga, the center of Indian resistance to U.S. migration across the Ohio River. On October 17, the U.S. commander, General Josiah Harmar, reached Kekionga with 1,453 regular and militia soldiers and found that the Miami had burned and abandoned their town. General Harmar sent . . . — Map (db m21497) Indiana (Grant County), Marion — 27.1947.1 — Battle of Mississinewa Two miles west. Site of battle fought Dec. 18, 1812, in which British-allied Miami Indians were defeated by U.S. troops and Militia under Col. John Campbell. — Map (db m1497) Indiana (Harrison County), Corydon — Battle of Corydon On July 9, 1863, along this wooded ridge - - - from the “Laconta” Road extending across the “Mauckport” Pike to the old “New Amsterdam” Road - - - occurred the only Civil War battle in Indiana. It was between Gen. John Hunt Morgan’s Confederate Cavalry Division and the Sixth Regiment of the Indiana Legion (The Harrison County Home Guards) under Col. Lewis Jordan. This “Battle of Corydon” was the first and only organized resistance that Morgan . . . — Map (db m9721) Indiana (Harrison County), Corydon — 31.1963.1 — Battle of Corydon Site of the Battle of Corydon July 9 - 1863 — Map (db m9635) Indiana (Harrison County), Corydon — 31.1961.1 — Battle of Corydon — - - - July 9, 1863 - - - A force of about 400, Indiana militia and citizen volunteers commanded by Col. Lewis Jordan, engaged John Hunt Morgan's raiders, 2,400 cavalry, along a wooded ridge a mile south of Corydon. The determined Hoosier defense caused General Duke, Morgan's second in command, to comment, "They resolutely defended their rail piles." Three Hoosiers and eight Confederates were killed. Morgan then brought up his cannon and flanked the militia forcing Jordan to retreat. After Morgan surrounded and began shelling Corydon, Jordan surrendered with 345 men. — Map (db m9636) Indiana (Sullivan County), Carlisle — 77.1985.1 — Westernmost Naval Battle of the Revolution — Col. George Rogers Clark On 25 February 1779 Col. George Rogers Clark captured Ft. Sackville at Vincennes from the British. About 6 miles west at Pointe Coupee on the Wabash River on 2 March 1779 Capt. Leonard Helm commanding 3 boats and 50 volunteers from Vincennes captured a reinforcement fleet of 7 boats carrying 40 soldiers and valuable supplies and Indian trade goods. This small naval battle completed destruction of British military strength in the Wabash Valley. — Map (db m23202) Kansas (Douglas County), Baldwin City — 7 — Battle of Black Jack This "battle" was part of the struggle to make Kansas a free state. In May, 1856, Proslavery men destroyed buildings and newspaper presses in Lawrence, Free-State headquarters. John Brown's company then killed five Proslavery men on Pottawatomie Creek not far from this spot. In retaliation Henry C. Pate raided near-by Palmyra and took three prisoners. Early on the morning of June 2, Brown attacked Pate's camp in a grove of black jack oaks about 1/4 mile south of this sign. Both sides had . . . — Map (db m20059) Kansas (Douglas County), Baldwin City — Battle of Black Jack (Main Marker): First Battle between Free and Slave States fought on these grounds June 2, 1856 (Secondary Marker): Deeded to Kansas 1917 — Map (db m20050) Kansas (Linn County), Pleasanton — Battle of Mine Creek Upon this rolling prairie and across Mine Creek occurred the largest Civil War battle in Kansas. It also was one of the largest cavalry battles of the Civil War. Nearly 8,000 Confederate soldiers clashed with 2,500 Union troops. The battle lasted less than one hour. Many Confederates were captured and more than 600 were killed or wounded. Union casualties numbered approximately 120. This decisive Union victory contributed to the defeat of the 1864 Confederate invasion of Missouri and Kansas. . . . — Map (db m20261) Kansas (Linn County), Pleasanton — Battle of Mine Creek — October 25, 1864 Of the approximately 600 Confederate casualties in this battle, many of those killed in action were buried in unmarked graves on this battlefield. Most of the dead were from Marmaduke's Missouri Cavalry Division and Fagan's Arkansas Cavalry Division of Major General Sterling Price's Army of Missouri. Known but to God, they gave their lives in the defence of their country, fighting for the ideals in which they believed. We dedicate this memorial in their honor. May they rest in peace for all eternity. — Map (db m20264) Kansas (Linn County), Pleasanton — Battle of Mine Creek In October, 1864, a Confederate army under Gen. Stirling Price was defeated near Kansas City. He retreated south, crossed into Kansas, and camped at Trading Post. Early on the morning of October 25 Union troops under Generals Pleasonton, Blunt and Curtis forced him from this position, and a few hours later the battle of Mine Creek was fought over these fields. Confederate forces were thrown into confusion as they tried to cross the steep, slippery banks of the stream. In the close fighting on . . . — Map (db m6937) Kansas (Miami County), Osawatomie — Battle of Osawatomie On the morning of August 30, 1856, John Brown led about 30 antislavery men into battle against 250 proslavery Missourians. This Battle of Osawatomie raged on the site of John Brown Memorial Park. Local tradition maintains that the statue of John Brown is located where the mounted proslavery men fired their first shots. Brown positioned his men about four hundred yards to the north in the timber lining the south bank of the Marais Des Cygnes River. The Missourians charged down the hill . . . — Map (db m21125) Kentucky (Boyle County), Perryville — Battle of Perryville The battle which climaxed the major Confederate invasion of Kentucky was fought on these hills west of Perryville. A sharp clash occurred on October 7 in order to gain possession of the only water supply in the vicinity. The opposing armies took their positions along a north-south battle line three miles in length. This part is located at the northern end of the battle line and it was here, at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of October 8, 1862, that a fierce charge from the Confederate's . . . — Map (db m21474) Kentucky (Boyle County), Perryville — 58 — Battle of Perryville October 8, 1862 Here 16,00 Confederates under General Braxton Bragg fought 22,000 Federals under General Don Carlos Buell. Bragg, facing superior forces, withdrew.Union casualties 4211; Confederate, 3396. — Map (db m5193) Kentucky (Hardin County), Elizabethtown — Elizabethtown Battle Confederate Gen. John Hunt Morgan on his second raid into Kentucky, with 3,900 men, was met by 652 Union troops under Lt. Col. H.S. Smith, Dec. 27, 1862. Object of raid was destruction of L & N R.R. main artery for U.S.A. troop movement south. Morgan surrounded town and placed artillery on the cemetery hill. Elizabethtown garrison was destroyed. Federals surrendered. — Map (db m25136) Maryland, Baltimore — The Battle Monument Battle of North Point, 12th September, A.D. 1814, and of the Independence of the United States, the thirty-ninth • Bombardment of Fort McHenry, 15th September, A.D. 1814, and of the Independence of the United States, the thirty-ninth. • Levi Clagett, 1st Lieut. Nicholson’s Artilleries • (names of thirty-six men who lost their lives in the Battle of Baltimore) (adjacent interpretive panel affixed to wrought iron fence) Built 1815-1825 to commemorate those who fell in the . . . — Map (db m2701) Maryland, Baltimore — The Guns That Won the Battle These cannons represent the largest guns that defended the fort during the War of 1812. Cannons from this battery fired 18 and 36 pound iron balls almost a mile and a half. Heated cannonballs or “hot shop” proved especially devasting to wooden ships. For most of their bombs and rockets missed the fort. After 25 hours they sailed back into the Chesapeake Bay—unwilling to come within range of the fort’s deadly artillery. — Map (db m2589) Maryland (Anne Arundel County), Annapolis — Monument to the Battle of Midway [Front top]: Dedicated to the Preservation of the Memory of Midway where one of the most decisive naval battles in military history was fought June 4, 1942 The day when the American Spirit reached unparalleled heights and, in so doing, save democracy for the western world. [Front, lower left]: United States Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief * Task Force 17 * Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher Tactical Commander . . . — Map (db m6491) Maryland (Anne Arundel County), Fort Meade — The Battle of the Bulge December 16, 1944 - January 25, 1945 Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge, Ardennes Dedicated to the Gallant and Victorious Men and Women of the United States Army who participated in The Battle of the Bulge This enormous and intensive battle, the greatest battle ever engaged in by the United States Army, was fought in Belgium and Luxembourg during World War II from 16 December 1944 through 25 January 1945, under most adverse winter weather. The Maryland/District of Columbia . . . — Map (db m19631) Maryland (Baltimore County), Dundalk — Battle Acre — September 12, 1814 Here General Stricker’s City Brigade inflicted severe losses upon the main body of the British Army. This spirited defense together with that of Fort McHenry the next night saved Baltimore. — Map (db m2118) Maryland (Baltimore County), Dundalk — Battle of North Point — 1814 Who Dies for Country, doth not yield To death’s uncompromising sway He soars Immortal from the field And dwells untouched by time’s decay               Wm. M. Marine This one-acre of the North Point Battlefield was set aside in 1839 to commemorate those who risked and gave their lives to defend their homes and country from an invading British Army. On September 12, 1814, the 5th, 27th, 39th, 51st Regiments of Maryland Militia, engaged in battle with the British on . . . — Map (db m2136) Maryland (Calvert County), Prince Frederick — Battle Creek Cypress Swamp A Bald Cypress Reserve and amphibian sanctuary. One of the last remaining stands of Bald Cypress in Maryland, and the most northerly growth in the Country. Registered as a National Landmark, 1965. — Map (db m3451) Maryland (Carroll County), Westminster — Aftermath of Battle — Hospitals and Graves — Gettysburg Campaign After the cavalry engagement here on June 29, 1863, Westminster’s citizens cared for dozens of wounded of both sides. Besides the human toll, shattered and broken cannons, gun carriages, and caissons lined both sides of Court Street to Main Street after the Battle of Gettysburg, awaiting repair in Northern foundries and arsenals. The Union Meeting House atop a mound in Westminster Cemetery became a makeshift hospital. There, military and civilian physicians, assisted by townspeople, treated . . . — Map (db m13848) Maryland (Dorchester County), Taylors Island — Battle of the Ice Mound Last battle of the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake Bay. A tender to the British ship of war "Dauntless" was captured by Joseph Stewart and local militia near james Island on February 7, 1815. Ice along the shore allowed the militia to approach within firing range. The carronade taken from the tender was named for two of the twenty captured. Commander Lt. Matthew Phibbs, and African-American Cook Becca. By tradition it has come to be called "Becky Phipps". — Map (db m4002) Maryland (Frederick County), Bolivar — Battle at South Mountain — A Natural Barrier — Antietam Campaign 1862 The Battle of South Mountain erupted on September 14, 1862, when elements of the Union army tried to drive the Confederate rear guard from Crampton’s, Fox’s, and Turner’s Gaps and break through to the western side of the mountain to attack Confederates there. When Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia marched into Maryland earlier in the month, he was looking for supplies and recruits for a possible invasion of Pennsylvania. He hoped while resting men at Frederick . . . — Map (db m1519) Maryland (Frederick County), Burkittsville — Battle for Crampton’s Gap — “Sealed With Their Lives” — Antietam Campaign 1862 The Battle of South Mountain struck Crampton’s Gap late in the afternoon of September 14, 1862, when Union Gen. William B. Franklin finally ordered an attack against Confederate Gen. Lafayette McLaws’s force here. As the Confederate defensive line along the Mountain Church Road began to disintegrate, Gen. Howell Cobb arrived in Whipp’s ravine with reinforcements to stop the Federal onrush. Soon, they were surrounded on three sides. Lt. Col. Jefferson Lamar, leading Cobb’s Georgia Legion, . . . — Map (db m1909) Maryland (Frederick County), Burkittsville — The Battle of South Mountain In September, 1862, after the second Battle of Manassas, Gen. Robert E. Lee led his victorious Confederates on their first invasion of the North. At Frederick, Md. he boldly divided his army. Three columns (No. 1) were to surround and capture the Federal garrison at Harpers Ferry and then reunite with Lee and Longstreet (No. 2) at Boonsboro and Hagerstown and continue north. Gen. George McClellan’s strong Union army (No. 3) was hot on Lee’s heels, threatening to overrun his divided units. . . . — Map (db m2032) Maryland (Frederick County), Frederick — Battle of Monocacy The Battle that saved Washington Here along the Monocacy River on July 9, 1864, was fought the battle between Union forces under General Lew Wallace and Confederate forces under General Jubal A. Early. The battle, although a temporary victory for the Confederates, delayed their march on Washington one day, thereby enabling General Grant to send veteran reinforcements from Petersburg, Virginia to the defenses of Washington in time to forestall the attack by the Confederates and thus save the . . . — Map (db m3218) Maryland (Frederick County), Frederick — The Battle That Saved Washington The Battle of Monocacy took place on July 9, 1864 <blurred>. The battle pitted North [against South] and Washington, D.C., was the prise. Richmond and Petersburg were [under siege and Confederate] leader, General Robert E. Lee had sent [General Jubal Early] to threaten Washington, D.C., at least to force the Union commander at Richmond, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, to send soldiers back to defend the Capital. The Battle of Monocacy was <blurred>, July 9, . . . — Map (db m3292) Maryland (Frederick County), Frederick — Thick of the Battle 4:00 - 4:30 p.m. July 9, 1864 The Battle of Monocacy changed from a stalemate to a rout as the final lines of Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon's three Confederate brigades swept down Brooks Hill onto the fields of Thomas farm. Both sides traded blistering gunfire around the Thomas house and outbuildings and along the ridge toward the Monocacy River. Numerous soldiers and officers lay dead or wounded on the fields and in the streams. Running low on ammunition, Union troops fell back to the Georgetown . . . — Map (db m3279) Maryland (Frederick County), Point of Rocks — Battle at Point of Rocks This [railroad] company was met by the most decided and inveterate opposition, on the part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. Philip E. Thomas, President, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company The proximity of railroad tracks by the canal belies the intense battle over the right-of-way between the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The idea route west lay on this narrow strip of land between the river and the mountains. Both the canal and the railroad . . . — Map (db m7661) Maryland (Kent County), Fairlee — Battle of Caulk’s Field — War of 1812 Kent County Militia under Lt. Col. Philip A. Reed marched from Belle Air (Fairlee) to meet British Forces here on August 31, 1814. The British with 15 killed, were repulsed and their commander, Sir Peter Parker, mortally wounded. American losses were slight. — Map (db m21906) Maryland (Prince George's County), Bladensburg — The Battle of Bladensburg (1814) — The War of 1812 On August 24, 1814, British forces broke camp at Melwood Park and moved northwest to Bladensburg. The Baltimore militia, under the command of General Tobias Sansbury, was positioned west of the Anacostia River along the Bladensburg-Washington Road in the area of present day Cottage City, Colmar Manor, and Fort Lincoln Cemetery. Marching in the intense heat along the river road paralleling today's Kenilworth Avenue, the British arrived in Bladensburg about noon and attacked the American . . . — Map (db m6069) Maryland (Prince George's County), Colmar Manor — Battle of Bladensburg This is the site of the Battle of Bladensburg which took place in the War of 1812. Commodore Joshua Barney and his 500 Marines were greatly outnumbered by the British Expeditionary Force of 4,500 trained regulars. The battle raged for four hours but eventually the overpowering numerical odds won out for the British who went on to burn the Capitol and White House. On this location, Commodore Barney was wounded and taken prisoner. This memorial is in honor of Commodore Joshua Barney who made . . . — Map (db m5068) Maryland (Queen Anne's County), Queenstown — Battle of Slippery Hill — August 13, 1813 American Videttes skirmished with approximately 300 British troops under the command of Col. Sir Thomas Sidney Beckwith as they advanced on Queenstown along this road. Two British soldiers and Beckwith’s horse were killed. Fearful of being cut off by a second British amphibious force, Maj. William H. Nicholson, commander of the Queen Anne’s County militia, withdrew to Centreville. — Map (db m3115) Maryland (Washington County), Boonsboro — Battle of Boonsboro — Buying Time — Gettysburg Campaign Confederate Gen. J.E.B. Stuart faced a difficult assignment: to locate the Union cavalry and prevent it from severing Gen. Robert E. Lee’s avenue of retreat to Williamsport and the Potomac River after the Battle of Gettysburg. The result was the biggest and most sustained cavalry battle in Maryland during the campaign. The Battle of Boonsboro occurred here along the National Road on Wednesday, July 8, 1863. Stuart, with five brigades advancing from the direction of Funkstown and Williamsport, . . . — Map (db m1630) Maryland (Washington County), Boonsboro — The Battle for Fox’s Gap — “Hell is empty and all the devils are here.” — Antietam Campaign 1862 As Confederate Gen. D.H. Hill’s division struggled to hold the gaps of South Mountain on September 14, 1862, the fighting here at Fox’s Gap raged throughout the day. About 9 a.m., Gen. Jesse L. Reno’s corps attacked Confederate Gen. Samuel Garland’s lines approximately ¾ of a mile south of here and began pushing the men north towards Fox’s Gap. Sometime around midmorning, Garland fell mortally wounded and the Confederates scattered into the gap. The fighting died down at midday as both sides . . . — Map (db m454) Maryland (Washington County), Boonsboro — The Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg The bloodiest conflict of the War Between the States occurred September 17, 1862, a few miles from this point (turn left in the center of Boonsboro). — Map (db m456) Maryland (Washington County), Funkstown — Battle of Funkstown — July 10, 1863 After Gettysburg, in order to mask entrenching operations along the Potomac river by General R. E. Lee, Confederate troops, led by General J.E.B. Stuart, engaged Union forces under General John Buford. The day-long battle east of the road resulted in 479 casualties. The Chaney house served s a hospital and at the Keller home Major H.D. McDaniel, later Governor of Georgia, survived his wounds. — Map (db m388) Maryland (Washington County), Funkstown — Battle of Funkstown — At Bay another Day — Gettysburg Campaign The Confederate presence at Funkstown threatened any Union advance against Gen. Robert E. Lee’s position near Williamsport and the Potomac River as he retreated to Virginia after the Battle of Gettysburg. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry, posted at Funkstown, posed a serious risk to the Federal right and rear if the Union army lunged west from Boonsboro. Stuart, meanwhile, determined to wage a spirited defense to ensure Lee time to complete fortifications protecting his army and his avenue of . . . — Map (db m1158) Maryland (Washington County), Hagerstown — First Battle of Hagerstown — Vicious Fighting in the Streets — Gettysburg Campaign Combat raged here in the town square and in adjoining city blocks for six hours on Monday, July 6, 1863. Holding Hagerstown was crucial to Gen. Robert E. Lee's retreat to Virginia after the Battle of Gettysburg. If the Confederates lost this crossroads town, Lee's access to the Potomac River would be seriously hampered. The Federals recognized Hagertown's importance, and just before noon Gen. H. Judson Kilpatrick's cavalry division galloped north on Potomac Street. It charged into three . . . — Map (db m6533) Maryland (Washington County), Hagerstown — Second Battle of Hagerstown — Custer Captures the Town — Gettysburg Campaign Six days had passed since the Federals had failed in their first attempt to seize Hagerstown as they pursued Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate army retreating to Virginia after the Battle of Gettysburg. On Sunday morning, July 12, 1863, a decisive event occurred - the Union army determined to secure its northern flank. The mission to capture Hagerstown was assigned to Gen. George Armstrong Custer and his Michigan cavalry brigade. Custer's Wolverines rode into town from the east, scattering . . . — Map (db m6534) Maryland (Washington County), Sharpsburg — "The Battle Opened" Dawn was at 5:43 a.m. By 6 a.m. Southern defenders could see the Union's First Corps: "In apparent double battle lines, the Federals were moving toward us at charge bayonets, common time, and the sunbeams falling on their well polished guns and bayonets gave a glamor and show at once fearful and entrancing." Union General Joseph Hooker also saw bayonets in the morning sun: "We had not proceeded far before I discovered that a heavy force of the enemy had taken possession of a . . . — Map (db m5903) Maryland (Washington County), Sharpsburg — The James Rumsey Bridge / The Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg (West Facing Side):The James Rumsey Bridge Named in honor of the inventor James Rumsey, who made successful public demonstrations of his steamboat on the Potomac River on December 3 and 11, 1787. Opened and dedicated on July 15, 1939.. (East Facing Side):The Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg Three miles northeast of this point lies Sharpsburg, Maryland, the scene of the bloodiest conflict of the War Between the States, occurring September 17, 1862. — Map (db m23184) Maryland (Washington County), Sharpsburg — A — Union Line of Battle U.S.A. Union Line of Battle Meade's Division. First Army Corps. Pennsylvania Reserves. Evening of September 16, 1862. — Map (db m5883) Massachusetts (Middlesex County), Concord — Concord Battle Monument Here on the 19th of April 1775 was made the first forcible resistance to British aggression. On the opposite bank stood the American Militia. Here stood the invading Army and on this spot the first of the enemy fell in the War of that Revolution which gave Independence to these United States. In gratitude to God and in the love of Freedom this monument was erected AD 1836 — Map (db m18021) Massachusetts (Middlesex County), Concord — Trades along the Battle Road — Minute Man Nat’l Hist Park, Mass In 1775, the house before you was the home of Job and Anna Brooks, and their children Asa and Anna. Across the street was the home of cousin Joshua Brooks and his family. From the late 17th century until the 19th century, there was a tannery at this site near Elm Brook. At the time of the Battle, it was run by Joshua Brooks. The brook provided water to wash leather hides, and to fill large vats in which the hides were tanned. The Brooks family also ran a nearby slaughterhouse, a brick kiln for . . . — Map (db m18553) Massachusetts (Middlesex County), Lexington — Battle of Lexington Monument Sacred to Liberty & the Rights of mankind!!! The Freedom & Independence of America, Sealed and defended with the blood of her sons. This Monument is erected by the inhabitants of Lexington, under the patronage & at the expense of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, to the memory of their fellow citizens, Ensign Robert Munroe, Mess. Jonas Parker, Samuel Masey, Caleb Harrington and John Brown of Lexington, Ishael Porter of Woburn, who fell on this field, the first victims to the sword of British . . . — Map (db m17976) Massachusetts (Middlesex County), Lexington — The Battle Green The battle fought on the Lexington Common between the British and the Americans on April 19, 1775 was one of the first great events of the American Revolution. But for a century afterwards, residents paid no particular attention to their town Common. They were not prepared for the turmoil and the over whelming demand for food and other necessities when, on a cold snowy day, 100,000 visitors streamed into town to see President Grant and other dignitaries at the Centennial Celebration of 1875. . . . — Map (db m18480) Massachusetts (Suffolk County), Boston — The Battle of Bunker Hill The Battle of Bunker Hill 17 June 1775 This tablet marks the point where the British reinforcements landed — Map (db m21413) Michigan (Monroe County), Monroe — After the Battle — River Raisin Battlefield 1813 In the words of Laurent Durocher, "after the defeat of Winchester, many of the inhabitants fled with their families to the frontier of Ohio. Others went to Detroit. The British made several attempts to persuade the Indians to destroy what was left of the settlement at the River Raisin, but the Potawatomies protested and declared they....had given the land to the first settlers, and had been compensated therefore....and would not suffer them to be disturbed in their habitations." In October . . . — Map (db m20905) Michigan (Wayne County), Detroit — 70 — The Battle of Bloody Run — Michigan Registered Historic Site Near this site, in late July 1763, the British and Indians fought the fiercest battle of Chief Pontiac's uprising. As Captain James Dalyell led about 260 soldiers across Parent's Creek, the Indians launched a surprise attack which devastated the British. Dalyell and some sixty of his men were killed, and the creek became known as Bloody Run. This battle marked the height of Pontiac's siege of Detroit, a struggle which he was forced to abandon three months later. — Map (db m21846) Michigan (Wayne County), Trenton — s0199 — Battle of Monguagon On August 9, 1812, a force of about 600 American troops, regulars and militia, moved down the River Road in an attempt to reach Frenchtown (Monroe) and bring back supplies needed desperately by the Americans in Detroit. At a point that cannot now be exactly located, near the Indian village of Monguagon, American scouts ran into a British and Indian force of about 400 hundred men, led by Capt. Adam Muir and Tecumseh, blocking the road south. Lieut. Col. James Miller quickly brought up his . . . — Map (db m14349) Mississippi (Hinds County), Raymond — Battle of Raymond May 12, 1863, on Fourteen Mile Creek, 2,500 Confederate troops under Gen. John Gregg attacked a 10,000 man corps under Gen. James B. McPherson. Outnumbered, Gregg was forced to withdraw to Jackson. — Map (db m26145) Mississippi (Lee County), Baldwyn — Battle of Brices Cross Roads — June 10, 1864 — The Western Campaign, 1864 When General Sherman advanced on Atlanta, General Forrest sought to destroy the Union supply line between Nashville and Chattanooga. He had nearly reached the Tennessee River when he had to turn back to meet a Union force marching southeast from Memphis under General Sturgis. Forrest's remarkable ability to concentrate his men quickly and strike vigorously resulted in total victory by 4,787 Confederates over 7,900 Federal troops who retreated in confusion to Memphis. Yet Forrest was diverted . . . — Map (db m8365) Mississippi (Lee County), Baldwyn — Battle of Brice's Cross Roads In Memory of the Men of the Confederate and the Federal Armies who took part in the Battle of Brice's Cross Roads or Tishimingo Creek June 10, 1864 which resulted in a victory for the Confederate forces under Brigadier General N. B. Forrest — Map (db m8367) Mississippi (Lee County), Tupelo — Battle of Tupelo In Memory Of The Men Of The Federal And The Confederate Armies who took part in the Battle of Tupelo or Harrisburg July 14-15, 1864. Which resulted in a victory for the Federal Forces under Major General Andrew J. Smith — Map (db m5739) Mississippi (Lee County), Tupelo — Battle of Tupelo — The Western Campaign, 1864 In the summer of 1864, General Forrest's hard hitting troops in Northern Mississippi threatened the supplies of General Sherman's campaign against Atlanta. Therefore, General A.J.Smith marched 14,000 Union troops against Forrest. He reached Tupelo despite harassing attacks and took positions here. A Confederate force of about 10,000 under General Stephen D. Lee, with Forrest commanding the right wing, attacked fiercely and repeatedly from the west throughout July 14, but could not penetrate the . . . — Map (db m6784) Missouri (Dunklin County), Campbell — The Battle at Chalk Bluff — A State Divided — The Civil War in Missouri The Battle at Chalk BluffDown the hill from this marker is the place where four brigades of Confederates, led by Brig. Gen. John Sappington Marmaduke, crossed the St. Francis into the safety of Arkansas on May 1-2, 1863. The clash with Union troops at Chalk Bluff was the last fight of Marmaduke's second expedition into Missouri, usually known as the Cape Girardeau Raid, in April 17-May 2, 1863. The fleeing Confederates were hotly pursued by Union troops, led by Gen. John McNeil, and their . . . — Map (db m18141) Missouri (Jackson County), Kansas City — 3 — Battle of Westport — Union Flanking Movement Here just before noon on Sunday, October 23, 1864, Major General Samuel Ryan Curtis, commanding the Federal Army of the Border, began his flanking movement of Brigadier General Joseph Orville Shelby's Division of the Confederate Army of Missouri. While the Union army was engaged in heavy fighting just east of here, General Curtis led the 9th Wisconsin Battery and Company G of the 11th Kansas Cavalry up a twisting, wooded defile to a position on the left and rear of General Shelby's lines, the . . . — Map (db m21702) Missouri (Mississippi County), Belmont — The Battle of Belmont — A State Divided — The Civil War in Missouri North and west of this location, the Battle of Belmont was fought on November 7, 1861. It was the first battle in which Ulysses S. Grant commanded an army. He had recently been promoted to Brigadier General and placed in command of the federal District of Southeast Missouri with headquarters at Cairo, Illinois. Opposing Grant was Major General Leonidas Polk, an Episcopal bishop turned soldier. Polk was commanding the confederate fortifications at Columbus, Kentucky overlooking the Mississippi . . . — Map (db m17763) New Jersey (Atlantic County), Port Republic — Battle of Chestnut Neck In honor of the Brave Patriots of the Revolutionary War who defended their liberties and their homes in a battle fought near this site October 6, 1778 ---------- Dedicated October 6, 1911 Lower Plaque: Erected by the State of New Jersey through the efforts of Gen. Lafayette Chapter N.S.D.A.R. Commissioners Miss Sarah N. Doughty, Mrs. Jos. Thompson, Mrs. J.J. Gardner Forward Marker: In memory of those Brave Patriots who took part in the Battle of Chestnut Neck to further the cause of . . . — Map (db m10811) New Jersey (Cape May County), Wildwood Crest — The Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet June 29, 1776 A memorial to the seamen and officers of the Brigantine Nancy — Map (db m19535) New Jersey (Essex County), Millburn — Battle of Springfield At this site during the Battle of Springfield on June 23, 1780, the Americans, consisting of Continental Dragoons and the militia of this and surrounding neighborhoods, under Colonel “Light Horse” Harry Lee, Colonel Matthias Ogden, and Captain George Walker, encountered the right column of the British forces which were being led to an attack on General Greene at Short Hills, and maintained the contest until the enemy diverted his course. — Map (db m7358) New Jersey (Gloucester County), National Park — Battle of Red Bank This monument was erected on the 22 Oct 1829 to transmit positively a grateful remembrance of the patriotism & gallantry of Lieuit Colonel Christopher Greene who with 400 men defeated the Hessian army of 2000 troops then in the British Service at Red Bank on the 22nd Oct. 1777. Among the wounded was found their commander Count Donop who died of his wounds and whose body is interred near the spot where he fell. Side of Monument: A number of the New Jersey & Pennsylvania Volunteers being . . . — Map (db m13434) New Jersey (Mercer County), Princeton — Princeton Battle Monument Here memory lingers to recall the guiding mind whose daring plan outflanked the foe and turned dismay to hope when Washington, with swift resolve, marched through the night to fight at dawn and venture all in one victorious battle for our freedom. SAECVLA PRAETEREVNT RAPIMVR NOS VLTRO MORANTES ADSIS TV PATRIAE SAECVLA QVI DIRIGIS (translation: The ages pass away. We too, yet lingering, are hurried on. Oh Thou who guidest the ages, guard our land!) A nearby sign (see picture . . . — Map (db m5379) New Jersey (Mercer County), Princeton Township — Burial Site of those who fell in the Battle of Princeton Near here lie buried the American and British officers and soldiers who fell in the Battle of Princeton January 3rd, 1777 Here freedom stood by slaughtered friend and foe, and ere the wrath paled or that sunset died, looked through the ages; then, with eyes aglow, laid them to wait that future, side by side.                               Alfred Noyes                               1880 – 1958 — Map (db m10616) New Jersey (Mercer County), Trenton — The Second Battle of Trenton On this site, late in the afternoon of January 2, 1777, General Washington’s “Little Band” of determined men and boys won the Second Battle of Trenton. Having amassed a great concentration of artillery and small-arms power, the Americans withstood three powerful charges by the enemy and exacted a heavy toll in killed and wounded. This stand enabled the Americans to outflank the enemy during the night and march on to another victory at Princeton, thus completing the ten days that kept a dying revolution alive. — Map (db m3743) New Jersey (Mercer County), Trenton — Trenton Battle Monument A Bicentennial commemorative site recognizing America’s 200th year of liberty Trenton Battle Monument Marks site of major gun emplacement at Battle of Trenton December 25, 1776 — Map (db m4151) New Jersey (Mercer County), Trenton — Trenton Battle Monument (On the back Panel): This monument is erected by the Trenton Battle Monument Association to commemorate the victory gained by the American Army over the forces of Great Britain in this town on the 25th day of December Anno Domini 1776 (On the front door): All our hopes were blasted by that unhappy affair at Trenton From the speech of Lord George Germain, Colonial Secretary of State of King George III in British House of Commons, May 3, 1779 — Map (db m4137) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Freehold — Battle of Monmouth Monument There is no plaque on this monument. There are titles under the brass reliefs of historic events that surround the column. — Map (db m7123) New Jersey (Monmouth County), Rumson — Battle of Black Point On June 10, 1779, a British raiding party under Lieutenant James Moody marched from Tinton Falls to Black Point. When embarking for Sandy Hook they were attacked by a detachment of the Continental Army. The Americans lost eleven, killed or wounded, including Captain Chadwick and Lieutenant Hendrickson. The engagement was broken off under a flag of truce, both forces returning to their own lines. — Map (db m16584) New Jersey (Somerset County), Bound Brook — Battle of Boundbrook [Front of monument]: This stone marks the site of the Battle of Boundbrook, fought April 13, 1777, between 500 American soldiers under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln and 4,000 British troops under Lord Cornwallis. [Back of monument]: Boundbrook Battle Monument — Map (db m7758) New Jersey (Union County), Springfield — Battle of Springfield Here, June 23, 1780, 1500 Americans under Greene and Dayton, were attacked by 5000 British and Hessians under Clinton and Knyphausen enroute to capture stores at Morristown. The British burned Springfield, but were defeated. — Map (db m6917) New Jersey (Union County), Springfield — The Battle of Springfield Their deeds enriched and glorified our nation. This gate is dedicated in commemoration of the heroic service performed at The Battle of Springfield during the war for American Independence by the soldiers whose remains are resting within this sacred tract. Tribute of the New Jersey Society Sons of the American Revolution on the 150th anniversary of the engagement. June 23, 1930 — Map (db m7001) New Jersey (Union County), Union — Battle of Connecticut Farms — 7 June 1780 In honor of the American soldiers who lost their lives in defense of our newly formed nation at the Battle of Connecticut Farms 7 June 1780 We dedicate this flagpole to all American Servicemen and Women who served their country during the last 225 years Presented by Florence and Charles O. Hoffman Jr. in Memory of Loved Ones gone – June 21, 2001 — Map (db m6928) New York (Albany County), Town of New Scotland — Site of the Battle of Clarksville On Dec.3, 1839, during the Anti-Rent Wars, Sheriff Artcher and his posse marched from Albany to Clarksville. They met their first resistance here. — Map (db m4365) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — Battle Hill — Revolutionary War Heritage Trail Early in the morning of August 27, 1776, British troops came up the Narrows Road to attack American forces defending Brooklyn Heights. In and around this location, the highest natural point in Kings County, the outnumbered Americans put up a stiff resistance until nearly surrounded by the enemy. From Battle Hill in Green-Wood Cemetery, established 1838, the scope and complexity of the fighting that day can be appreciated. To the south is Gravesend Bay, where the British and Hessian forces . . . — Map (db m13250) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — Historic Marker of Battle Pass At this point the old Porte Road or Valley Grove Road intersected the line of hills separating Flatbush from Brooklyn and Gowanus. In the Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776, this pass was barricaded in front by Dongan Oak and other obstructions. It was protected by artillery on Redoubt Hill just to the east. Here the American forces stood their ground against the Hessians coming from the south till flanked from the river by a body of British troops. General Sullivan was captured, but most . . . — Map (db m13214) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — The Battle of Brooklyn — Revolutionary War Heritage Trail On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence proclaimed to the world that thirteen British colonies had joined together to create a new nation: the United States of America. Here in Brooklyn, only two months later, the survival of that new nation would be challenged on the field of battle. There had been clashes with the British before, but the Battle of Brooklyn was the debut of the Continental Army and its untested commander-in-chief, Gen. George Washington. Following a series of . . . — Map (db m13255) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — The Battle of Brooklyn — Revolutionary War Heritage Trail On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence proclaimed to the world that thirteen British colonies had joined together to create a new nation: the United States of America. Here in Brooklyn, only two months later, the survival of that new nation would be challenged on the field of battle. There had been clashes with the British before, but the Battle of Brooklyn was the debut of the Continental Army and its untested commander-in-chief, Gen. George Washington. Following a series of . . . — Map (db m21613) New York (Kings County), Brooklyn — The Battle of Long Island — 22-29 August 1776 In the summer of 1776 this site saw both the first coast defense of the newborn United States & the opening of the largest battle of the Revolutionary War. On that original Fourth of July, a small American gun position near here entered into an unequal contest with the British warship Asia, inflicting damage & casualties before being silenced. The challenge to the Asia came as she sailed toward a Staten Island base, convoying troops intended to crush America’s revolution. The next . . . — Map (db m21612) New York (Montgomery County), Fultonville — Site of The Battle of Oriskany Historic New York Site of The Battle of Oriskany, August 6, 1777 Oriskany Battlefield (Eight miles west of Utica) The Battle of Oriskany was one of the bloodies engagements of the American Revolution. British and Indians here ambushed the Tryon County militia as they were marching to the relief of Fort Stanwix (Rome). General Nicholas Herkimer, though wounded, rallied his forces and directed the fight until the enemy fled. Defeated at Oriskany and unable to force the surrender . . . — Map (db m4267) New York (New York County), New York — Battle of Harlem Heights To commemorate the Battle of Harlem Heights, won by Washington’s troops on this site, September 16, 1776. Erected by the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York. — Map (db m12665) New York (New York County), New York — Battle of Harlem Heights — September 16 – 1776 In grateful remembrance of the brave soldiers of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia who under General George Washington fought and died on this site for liberty in their country’s struggle against British tyranny. Dedicated by the Daughters of the Defenders of the Republic, U.S.A. Amanda Shaw Hirsch Founder & President-General May 16, 1961 — Map (db m12682) New York (Oneida County), Oriskany — Site of The Battle of Oriskany — August 6, 1777 Historic New York Site of The Battle of Oriskany August 6, 1777 The Battle of Oriskany was one of the bloodiest engagements of the American Revolution. British and Indians here ambushed the Tryon County militia as they were marching to the relief of Fort Stanwix (Rome). General Nicholas Herkimer, though wounded, rallied his forces and directed the fighting until the enemy fled. Defeated at Oriskany and unable to force the surrender of Fort Stanwix, the British retreated to . . . — Map (db m22747) New York (Orange County), Fort Montgomery — The Battle Around the Redoubts Brigadier General George Clinton, the Governor of New York State, commanded Fort Montgomery during the battle of October 6, 1777. Aware the British were approaching, he ordered some of his men to take a 3-pounder cannon down the western road leading to the fort to slow the enemy. The Americans temporarily stopped the 900 advancing British and Loyalist soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Mungo Campbell, but were eventually forced to abandon their gun and return to the fort. As . . . — Map (db m7578) New York (Orange County), Fort Montgomery — The Battle of Fort Montgomery To aid Lieutenant General John Burgoyne’s British army stalled at Saratoga, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton sailed from New York with 3,000 British, German, and Loyalist soldiers and a flotilla of warships. On the morning of October 7, 1777, Clinton landed 2,100 of his men on the west side of the Hudson River near Stony Point. This force followed a narrow trail through the mountains, where they ran into a party of 30 men sent from Fort Clinton to detect the British advance. After beating . . . — Map (db m7404) New York (Orange County), Fort Montgomery — The Naval Battle of Fort Montgomery Accounts of the naval action during the Battle of Fort Montgomery are conflicting. This scene is one impression of how the river might have looked during the battle. "The Shark and Cambden were ordered on the east side of the river to defend the cable and chain in case the enemy should attempt on that side, the Montgomery lay across the tide with her broadside to the enemy and the Washington under her stern. About 12 o’clock the 6th the enemy appeared and fired upon him, but he did not . . . — Map (db m7556) New York (Orange County), Fort Montgomery — The Naval Battle of Fort Montgomery When Sir Henry Clinton’s British troops reached Forts Clinton and Montgomery on October 6, 1777, some of his ships began moving upriver to support them. First came two galleys, the Dependence and the Crane, which were rowed into position. Four American ships, the frigate Montgomery, the sloop Camden, and the galleys Shark and Lady Washington defended the giant iron chain the Americans had stretched across the river below Fort Montgomery. As the British . . . — Map (db m7622) New York (Orange County), West Point — Battle Monument In memory of the Officers and Men of the Regular Army of the United States who fell in battle during the War of the Rebellion. This monument is erected by their surviving comrades. — Map (db m22803) New York (Rockland County), Stony Point — The Battle’s Aftermath Although Stony Point and Verplanck’s Point became a focus of British strategy in 1779, they had shown interest in the Hudson Highlands before. On October 6, 1777, the British had landed here and attacked Forts Clinton and Montgomery, seven miles to the north, withdrawing two weeks later, after sailing up the Hudson River and burning the city of Kingston. On May 30, 1779, the British returned. Six thousand troops left New York City, by land and water, and moved toward Stony Point. The next day, . . . — Map (db m11668) New York (Saratoga County), Stillwater — The Battle Begins at Barber’s Wheat Field — History Now The fighting began where you now stand and in the woods behind you in mid-afternoon of October 7, 1777. Within minutes, more than 4,000 men collided in savage combat along a line stretching westward across the Barber Wheat Field in front of you and into the clearing on the far hillside. This panorama recreates the struggle at the moment when the Americans gained the advantage. In the foreground, Patriots pour murderous volleys into the retreating British Grenadiers. Smoke in the far distance . . . — Map (db m10020) New York (Sullivan County), Highland — Minisink Battle Monument Erected July 22d, 1879 Dedicated to the memory of the Patriots of the Minisink Region who died here July 22, 1779 in the defence of American Liberty <<<<< * * * >>>>> Erected by the Historical Societies of the Minisink Country and of the State of New York on the sesquicentennial of the battle 1929 Minisink Battle July 22d, 1779 — Map (db m20509) New York (Sullivan County), Highland — The Battle at Minisink — Revolutionary War Heritage Trail On July 20, 1779, a party of eighty seven Tories and Iroquois Native Americans under the command of Capt. Joseph Brant raided the frontier settlement of Minisink (present day Port Jervis). The raid destroyed homes, farms and mills and was designed to bring fear to the inhabitants. Later that day, regional militia units were called out. Two days later, Brant and his forces met the pursuing force of New Jersey and New York militia – numbering three units with about one hundred twenty men . . . — Map (db m20505) New York (Sullivan County), Minisink — Battle of Minisink One of the deadliest in frontier warefare, between Militia and Brant’s Tories and Mohawks, on this hill July 22, 1779. — Map (db m20496) New York (Sullivan County), Minisink — Battle of Minisink On this hill, July 22, 1779, N. Y. and N. J. Militia were decimated by Mohawks and Tory raiders of Minisink, (Port Jervis) under Brant. — Map (db m20497) New York (Sullivan County), Minisink — Battle of Minisink Entrance to Battlefield where July 22, 1779, N. Y. and N. J. Militia attacked Mohawk and Tory raiders of Minisink (Port Jervis). — Map (db m20500) New York (Sullivan County), Minisink Ford — Battle of Minisink Col. Joseph Brant led 40 Mohawks and Tories up this ravine and ambushed N. Y. and N. J. Militia lying for him on hill to the west. — Map (db m20495) New York (Warren County), Lake George — Battle of Lake George — Sept. 8, 1755 Right of Monument: Defeat would have opened the road to Albany to the French Back of Monument: 1903 The Society of Colonial Wars erected this monument to commemorate the victory of the colonial forces under General William Johnson and their Mohawk allies under Chief Hendrick over the French regulars commanded by Baron Dieskau with their Canadian and Indian allies Left of Monument:Confidence inspired by this victory was of inestimable value to the American Army in the War of the . . . — Map (db m9410) New York (Warren County), Lake George — The 1755 Battle of Lake George — Lake George Battlefield Park In September 1755, a Colonial army commanded by Major General William Johnson camped on this location in preparation for an advance against the French Fortress of St. Frederic at Crown Point on Lake Champlain. On September 8, a French force commanded by Baron Jean-Armand Dieskau attacked Johnson’s army, which was barricaded behind a crude breastwork. For five hours the battle raged until finally, with heavy casualties on both sides, the French retreated. Johnson’s victory at Lake George, and . . . — Map (db m16035) North Carolina (Cumberland County), Fayetteville — The Battle of Bentonville — March 19, 20, and 21, 1865 At Bentonville, General William T. Sherman's Union Army, advancing from Fayetteville toward Goldsboro, met and battled the Confederate Army of General Joseph E. Johnston. General Robert E. Lee had directed the Confederates to make a stand in North Carolina to prevent Sherman from joining General U.S. Grant in front of Lee's Army at Petersburg, Virginia. Johnston had been able to raise nearly 30,000 men from South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and eastern North Carolina. His army . . . — Map (db m20535) North Carolina (Dare County), Manteo — BB-4 — Battle of Roanoke Island At 3 P.M. February 7, 1862, Union forces under Gen. Ambrose Burnside landed at Ashby Harbor (A). By midnight 7,500 Federals were ashore. A Confederate force of 400 men and 3 field-pieces was sent to resist the Federal landing. The Confederates were driven away by gunfire from the Federal fleet in Croatan Sound (B). The Confederates withdrew north along the only road on the island (C), situated a little to the west of the present State Highway 345 (D), across which a line of breastworks had . . . — Map (db m11386) North Carolina (Dare County), Manteo — Naval Battle of Roanoke Island During late January, 1862, a Federal land-sea expedition assembled at Hatteras Inlet to take Roanoke Island and capture control of the North Carolina Sound region. This force was under the joint command of General Ambrose Burnside and navy Flag-Officer Louis Goldsborough. After several delays due to bad weather, the Union fleet, consisting of numerous troop transports and more than 20 war vessels, arrived at the southern end of Roanoke Island. On February 7, 1862, Federal warships (O) bombarded . . . — Map (db m4828) North Carolina (Guilford County), Greensboro — Expanding Battle — Guilford Courthouse National Military Park This monument honors Maj. Joseph Winston and the Surry County rifleman who fought stubbornly beside William Campbell and “Light-Horse Harry” Lee. During the fierce struggle with British regiments, Lee’s Legion veered southeast of the American second line, with a large contingent of enemy troops in pursuit. You are looking in the direction of that separate engagement, but the fighting actually occurred a half-mile to the south, well beyond the present-day park boundary. The Battle . . . — Map (db m11578) North Carolina (Guilford County), Greensboro — The Battle Begins — Guilford Courthouse National Military Park You are standing 200 yards behind the first American line, which stood looking across what was then an open field. A quarter-mile away the British arrived and formed well-ordered ranks on either side of New Garden Road. To the untrained North Carolina militia – citizen-soldiers – the approaching redcoats appeared confident and lethally professional. The battle began with a terrifying exchange of canon fire, the roll of drums, and a clear view of British bayonets. As the redcoats . . . — Map (db m11575) North Carolina (Harnett County), Dunn — Battle of Averasboro — Third Confederate Defensive Line — Carolinas Campaign Preface: The Carolinas Campaign began on February 1, 1865, when Union Gen. William T. Sherman led his army north from Savannah, Georgia, after the “March to the Sea.” Sherman's objective was to join Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia to crush Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Scattered Confederate forces consolidated in North Carolina, the Confederacy's logistical lifeline, where Sherman defeated Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's last-ditch attack at Bentonville. After . . . — Map (db m3741) North Carolina (Harnett County), Dunn — Battle of Averasboro — Union Route to Bentonville — Carolinas Campaign (Preface): The Carolinas Campaign began on February 1, 1865, when Union Gen. William T. Sherman led his army north from Savannah, Georgia, after the “March to the Sea.” Sherman’s objective was to join Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia to crush Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. Scattered Confederate forces consolidated in North Carolina, the Confederacy’s logistical lifeline, where Sherman defeated Gen. Joseph E. Johnston’s last-ditch attach at Bentonville. . . . — Map (db m5091) North Carolina (Harnett County), Dunn — Battle of Averasboro — Sherman’s Left Wing Departs Averasboro — Carolinas Campaign (Preface):The Carolinas Campaign began on February 1, 1865, when Union Gen. William T. Sherman led his army north from Savannah, Georgia, after the “March to the Sea.” Sherman’s objective was to join Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia to crush Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. Scattered Confederate forces consolidated in North Carolina, the Confederacy’s logistical lifeline, where Sherman defeated Gen. Joseph E. Johnston’s last-ditch attach at Bentonville. After . . . — Map (db m5895) North Carolina (Harnett County), Dunn — Battle of Averasboro — Phase One – March 15, 16, 1865 You are standing near the center of the first phase of fighting in the Battle of Averasboro, March 15-16, 1865. On March 15th the left wing of General Sherman’s Union army, commanded by General H.W. Slocum, was advancing along this road (A) from Fayetteville to Averasboro. General H.J. Kilpatrick’s cavalry division was in the lead, skirmishing with General Joseph Wheeler’s Confederate cavalry which contested the Union advance. At 3:00 P.M. the Union forces struck a heavy Confederate skirmish . . . — Map (db m5831) North Carolina (Harnett County), Dunn — Battle of Averasboro — Phase Two – March 16, 1865 You are standing at the center of the second phase of fighting in the Battle of Averasboro, March 15,16, 1865. On the morning of March 16th, after the fight of the preceding afternoon around John Smith’s house 2 miles south on this road, Union General H.J. Kilpatrick’s cavalry found a back road (A) circled to the rear of the Confederate position (E-2). The Union cavalry (B) attempted to use this road to flank the Confederates, but was stopped by Colonel G.P. Harrison’s brigade of McLaw’s . . . — Map (db m5833) North Carolina (Haywood County), Waynesville — Battle House — Surrender-Role Reversal Until it was demolished in 1899, the Battle House, a stagecoach house and inn, stood just to your left. There, on May 7, 1865, a proposed Union surrender was transformed into a Confederate capitulation. After Col. William C. Bartlett's 2nd N.C. Mounted Infantry (U.S.) occupied Waynesville early in May, the troops emptied the jail (located near the current police station), then burned it and the courthouse. They also burned the former residence of Robert Love, Sr., a well-regarded . . . — Map (db m12892) North Carolina (Johnston County), Bentonville — H 1 — Battle of Bentonville Johnston's Confederates checked Sherman's Union army, March 19-21, 1865. Historic site 2½ Mi. E. — Map (db m5855) North Carolina (Johnston County), Bentonville — Battle of Bentonville — “In suffering condition” — Carolinas Campaign (Preface):The Carolinas Campaign began on February 1, 1865, when Union Gen. William T. Sherman led his army north from Savannah, Georgia, after the “March to the Sea.” Sherman's objective was to join Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia to crush Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Scattered Confederate forces consolidated in North Carolina, the Confederacy's logistical lifeline, where Sherman defeated Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's last-ditch attack at Bentonville. After . . . — Map (db m3738) North Carolina (Johnston County), Bentonville — Fighting at the Cole Plantation: The “Battle of Acorn Run” You are looking north of the Goldsboro Road at the site of the former Willis Cole plantation. Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton chose this ground (a mixture of dense vegetation and open fields) as an ideal location for Confederate forces to block the advance of the Union army (Sherman’s Left Wing). Deploying north of the Goldsboro Road on March 19, 1865, Union Brig. Gen. William P. Carlin’s division (of the Union XIV Corps) sought shelter in a Y-shaped ravine from the incoming barrage by the Confederate . . . — Map (db m5880) North Carolina (Lenoir County), Kinston — Battle of Kinston — Foster's Position on Southwest Creek — Foster's Raid The yellow sidebar in the upper left provides a brief background: Late in 1862, Union Gen. John G. Foster’s garrison was well entrenched in New Bern and made several incursions into the countryside. On December 11, Foster led a raid from New Bern to burn the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad Bridge over the Neuse River at Goldsboro and to demonstrate in support of Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside’s attack at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Foster’s force consisted of 10,000 infantry, 650 cavalry, and 40 . . . — Map (db m23655) North Carolina (Lenoir County), Kinston — Battle of Kinston — Harriet's Chapel — Foster's Raid The yellow sidebar in the upper left provides a brief background: Late in 1862, Union Gen. John G. Foster’s garrison was well entrenched in New Bern and made several incursions into the countryside. On December 11, Foster led a raid from New Bern to burn the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad Bridge over the Neuse River at Goldsboro and to demonstrate in support of Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside’s attack at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Foster’s force consisted of 10,000 infantry, 650 cavalry, and 40 . . . — Map (db m23656) North Carolina (Lenoir County), Kinston — Battle of Wyse Fork — Last Mass Capture of Union Troops — Carolinas Campaign The yellow sidebar in the upper left of the marker provides a brief synopsis of the Carolinas Campaign. It states: The Carolinas Campaign began on February 1, 1865, when Union Gen. William T. Sherman led his army north from Savannah, Georgia, after the “March to the Sea.” Sherman’s objective was to join Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia to crush Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. Scattered Confederate forces consolidated in North Carolina, the Confederacy’s . . . — Map (db m23802) North Carolina (Macon County), Franklin — Battle of Echoe Beginning in 1758, South Carolina engaged in a four-year war with the Cherokee Indians, whose descendants now live in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. This war resulted from French efforts to incite the Southern Indians against the British in the French and Indian War (1754-63). South Carolina Governor William H. Lyttleton in 1759 made the first effort to defeat the Indians but failed because of a smallpox epidemic which caused the abandonment of his expedition. In 1760 . . . — Map (db m3263) North Carolina (Polk County), Columbus — Battle of Round Mountain — The Warriors Monument In Commemoration of the 1776 Battle of Round Mountain (located Northwest of here) in which Captain Thomas Howard with his brave followers and and faithful Indian guide, Skyuka, won the battel against the Cherokee Relocated by Polk County Historical Association 2007 — Map (db m11237) Ohio (Crawford County), Bucyrus — Olentangy Battle Fought in this locality against the Indians. By Crawford's retreating army June 6, 1782. — Map (db m21153) Ohio (Fulton County), Seward — 2-26 — The Ohio Michigan Boundary War / Battle of Phillips Corners — Ohio Historical Markers [Side Facing North] "The Ohio Michigan Boundary War" The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 defined the boundary of the northern and southern tier of states to be carved out of the Northwest Territory, as a line drawn east from the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan until it intersects Lake Erie. Controversy over the exact location of that line led to the 1834-1837 boundary dispute between the State of Ohio and Michigan Territory. Passions ran high as everyone on both sides of the boundary . . . — Map (db m21009) Ohio (Lucas County), Maumee — Fallen Timbers Battle Memorial — In Memoriam On the Battlefield of Fallen Timbers, in unmarked graves, rest the brave soldiers of General Anthony Wayne's Legion of the United States and the Kentucky Volunteers, who were killed on August 20, 1794, in the victorious conflict with the Indians and their British allies. Killed in Action - 33 Captain Robert MisCampbell · · Dragoons Lieutenant Henry B. Towels · · 4th Sub-Legion Sergeant James Mayfield · · 3d Sub-Legion Sergeant Aaron Gilbert · · Dragoons George Collander · Private · . . . — Map (db m20004) Ohio (Lucas County), Maumee — Fallen Timbers Battle Monument (Front) The Greenville Treaty To General Anthony Wayne who organized the “Legion of the United States” by order of President Washington and defeated Chief Little Turtle’s warriors here at Fallen Timbers August 20, 1794. This victory led to the Treaty of Greenville, August 3, 1795. Which opened much of the present state of Ohio to white settlers. (Right Side) Indian Warfare In memory of the white settlers massacred 1783-1794 (Left Side) . . . — Map (db m8175) Ohio (Mercer County), Fort Recovery — Battle of Fort Recovery — Anthony Wayne Parkway In 1793, Gen. Mad Anthony Wayne led a third expedition against the Indians. On this site where St. Clair met defeat, he built a post significantly named Fort Recovery, Dec. 23-26, 1793. Here was won the Battle of Fort Recovery, the most signal victory of the Indian Wars. Early in the morning of June 30, 1794, a force of nearly 2,000 Indians under Chief Little Turtle, together with Canadian militiamen and British Officers, attacked a supply convoy near the fort. This detachment retreated within . . . — Map (db m19847) Ohio (Miami County), Piqua — 6-55 — Battle of Pickawillany — 1752 — Ohio Historical Marker In the mid-1700s, France found its influence waning among midwestern tribes as it contested for Native American trade and military alliances with Great Britain. Shortly after Miami Chief Memeskia (also known as Old Britain or La Demoiselle) moved his village to Pickawillany, British traders were given permission to establish a small post in the village, which was deep in the territory claimed by France. When French demands to evacuate the post failed, Charles Langlade led a party of 250 Ottawa . . . — Map (db m19875) Ohio (Montgomery County), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base — 467th Bombardment Group (H) — Sept. 1943 - June 1945 Dedicated 8 October 1983 to the memory of our comrades who died in training and in 212 combat missions flown in B-24 Liberator bombers from Station 145, Rackheath, Norfolk, England from 10 April 1944 to 25 April 1945, and to all assigned or attached to the 467th Bombardment Group (Heavy). Battle of Europe • Battle of Germany Battle of Normandy • Battle of Northern France — Map (db m25984) Ohio (Ottawa County), Marblehead — 1-62 — First Battle Site — 1812 — Ohio Historical Marker The first War of 1812 battle on Ohio soil was fought here when about 60 exhausted citizen soldiers were ambushed by about 130 Indians on September 29. Twenty men held the Indians at bay in a cabin while the main body escaped by boat to Cedar Point. Two days later the defender were rescued. Forty Indians including several chiefs and 8 Americans were killed in the skirmish, neither a victory nor a defeat for either side. — Map (db m18959) Ohio (Wyandot County), Upper Sandusky — 145 — Battle Island Battle Island Scene Of the Defeat of Col. Wm Crawford June 5. & 6. 1782 — Map (db m21416) Oklahoma (Roger Mills County), Cheyenne — Battle of the Washita — 2 mi. West Nov. 28, 1868, Col. George A. Custer, commanding 7th Cavalry, attacked the Cheyenne village of Chief Black Kettle. 153 Cheyenne casualties, and 34 U.S. troops killed or wounded. Among the killed was Capt. L.M. Hamilton, grandson of Alexander Hamilton. Battle the start of Sheridan's Washita campaign. — Map (db m11573) Oklahoma (Roger Mills County), Cheyenne — The Battle of the Washita — 1868 The Battle of the Washita, a major engagement in the Plains Indian War which established the western expansion of the United States was fought on this site. Col. George A. Custer’s command of 500 troopers from the 7th Cavalry, and a detachment of Scouts including the famed Ben Clark and the Osage, Hardrope, destroyed Chief Black Kettle’s Cheyenne village here on Nov. 27, 1868. Black Kettle, Peace Leader of the Southern Cheyennes, had sought military assurance that he would not be attacked . . . — Map (db m11468) Pennsylvania (Adams County), Fairfield — The Battle of Fountain Dale Fountain Dale is located between Jack's Mountain and Beard's Hill, and is also connected to two major mountain gaps, Monterey Pass and Fairfield Gap, which would prove to be fighting ground all of it's own. Troops on both sides needed to keep the mountain gaps open for communication purposes, especially the Confederates in case of a retreat. Scouts and pickets used the outskirts of Fountain Dale to see the movements of troops that were coming from the direction of Emmitsburg, Fairfield and also . . . — Map (db m8512) Pennsylvania (Adams County), Gettysburg — “… the battle itself proved a relief.” In 1863 this was the home of James and Catherine Foster and their daughter, Catherine. Prior to the battle the town was cut off from communications, and rumors of approaching “Rebels” and the whereabouts of the Union army prompted the younger Catherine to recall that “ … the suspense grew intolerable to which the battle itself proved a relief.” In light of subsequent events at the house, Catherine’s comment was an overstatement. Risking discovery and certain arrest, she . . . — Map (db m16353) Pennsylvania (Adams County), Gettysburg — Confederate Line of Battle — July 3, 1863 - Third Day "Smoke soon hid everything, the firing was as rapid as musketry, and shot and shell flew in flocks." Lt. Col. E. Porter Alexander, C.S.A. Commander of the Confederate bombardment Confederate artillery and infantry occupied the low, wooded ridge you are standing on - Seminary Ridge - July 2 and 3. Union forces defended Cemetery Ridge, the parallel ridge 3/4 mile in front of you. In between lay the Emmitsburg Road and fields crisscrossed with fences. About 1:00 p.m. on the third day, . . . — Map (db m11539) Pennsylvania (Adams County), Gettysburg — The Battle Opens — July 1st, 1863 - The First Day “Forward, men, forward for God’s sake, & drive those fellows out of those woods.” Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, U.S.A. Commander, First Army Corps. On the morning of July 1, 1863, the bloodiest single battle of the Civil War began here on the outskirts of Gettysburg. About 8 a.m., 7,000 Confederate infantry attacking from the west and north (in front of you) clashed with 3,200 dismounted Union cavalry positioned along this ridge. The cavalry slowed the Confederate tide . . . — Map (db m6325) Pennsylvania (Adams County), Hunterstown — Battle of Hunterstown In the first three days of July 1863, 165,000 soldiers converged on Gettysburg, leaving their mark forever on its land, buildings, and people. Like sparks from a bonfire, fights strayed far outside the town. One encounter took place in Hunterstown. On the afternoon of July 2, Brigadier General Wade Hampton's Cavalry Brigade was ordered to protect the Confederate Army's left flank. Hampton's Brigade followed the Hunterstown Road, which put it in a perfect position to guard against attacks from . . . — Map (db m27035) Pennsylvania (Chester County), Birmingham — A 51 — Battle of Brandywine The battle ended just southwest of here at nightfall. With Howe and his troops holding the field, Washington’s force withdrew to Chester. Although he was wounded, Lafayette helped to reorganize the retreating troops, and Pulaski’s cavalry protected them from attack. — Map (db m13364) Pennsylvania (Chester County), Kennett Square — Battle of Brandywine On Sept. 11, 1777, an American force of about 11,000 men, commanded by Washington, attempted to halt a British advance into Pennsylvania. The Americans were defeated near Chadd’s Ford on Brandywine Creek by approximately 18,000 British and Hessian troops under Howe. — Map (db m2085) Pennsylvania (Chester County), Kennett Square — A48 — Battle of Brandywine Howe planned two separate attacks aga