The Rail Yard Hump

The Rail Yard Hump. City of Alexandria Est. 1749. , Certain rail classification yards depended on a simple landform called the "hump." Potomac Yard had two humps: one for the northbound trains and one for the southbound trains. Trains first entered a receiving yard where locomotives were detached from trains and cars were sent to a classification yard over the hump: a hill built between the two yards. After being pushed to the top of the hump by a yard locomotive, cars were uncoupled in specific groups and allowed to roll down one of several different tracks to become part of a new train. This group of tracks formed the classification yard. This system used gravity, and a good deal of pre-planning by track managers, to make classifying (or sorting) rail cars much easier., Technological Advances , Potomac Yard incorporated numerous technological advances over the years to improve efficiency. Classifying cars evolved from primarily manual labor to utilizing automated and digital systems. Computers, installed at the Yard in the 1960s and 1970s, replaced mechanical relay systems with state-of-the-art digital systems., The first hump yards at Potomac Yard were operated manually by car-cutters who uncoupled the cars when they reached the top of the hump. Switch tenders lined the switches and brakemen rode the cars down the hill and slowed their descent using hand-operated brakes. In the 1930s and 1940s, remotely-operated switches and car retarders were installed and controlled from two towers on each hump., In the late 1950s, the hump yards were once again updated when the VELAC system was installed at the southbound hump. VELAC, an automated classification yard system, replaced remote switches with electronic switches controlled from a four-story concrete tower. Touted as an "electronic brain," VELAC made car classification even more efficient and required fewer employees.