Exploring the Past of Pencader Hundred

Exploring the Past of Pencader Hundred. . , Welsh Tract Church , William Penn granted a 30,000 acre tract of land to three Welshmen, (David Evans, William Davis, and William Willis) in 1701. They and their followers had left southern Wales in search of religious freedom. In encouraging settlement of this portion of the "lower three counties", William Penn was defending his charter against possible incursion by settlers from the adjacent Calvert Charter which established Maryland., The Welsh were an Old School Primitive Baptist congregation. They built their first church, a log structure, in 1703 at the site of the current church in Delaware. It was replaced by the current brick building in 1746. The church continues to hold services from its beginnings to the present day. This settlement was an example of religious freedom combined with formal deeding of property ownership which established the format for the development of Delaware and Pennsylvania., Milling , The Native Americans were the first millers in Pencader area, dating back as far as 5,000 B.C. The first grain to be milled was maize (known today as corn). This milling process used a crude mordar and pestle. Improvements began in 1638 when the Swedes and Finns came to this country. They connected a set of millstones to a primitive water wheel for power. New varieties of grain were introduced as well as domesticated animals and improved farming methods., In 1701 the Welsh Tract land grant by William Penn established land titles and water rights which encouraged the development of mills along the Christiana River. Several mills were constructed. As the population continued to grow, increasing the need for cornmeal and flour, dams had to be built to accommodate larger wheels and millstones for these mills., The Battle of Cooch's Bridge in 1777 brought the destruction of all the mills and millstones along the Christiana River with the exception of Fisher's Mill (of which only the miller's house remains standing today). The British used this mill to supply the needs of their troops., The great period of milling in Pencader began in 1794 when William Cooch financed and built a new mill. Benjamin Latrobe was brought in by Cooch to assist in this project as a hydro-engineer and was responsible for raising the elevation of dams and constructing millraces. The third man involved in the construction of mills in Pencader Hundred was Oliver Evans of nearby Newport. He was commissioned to design and erect a second mill. As a customer of Evans, George Washington became influential in the new process of drying and preparing grain for milling that Evans was developing. Mr. Evans was able to get a patent for his flour equipment. The resulting flour was unique and became known as the "Kings Flour". This flour was exported to England, and the Christiana Watershed became the milling capital of the world for over 100 years., Many mills were built in the Pencader area. Only the Cooch-Dayett complex remains today. The original walls of the mill were built in the mid 1830s. In 1890 equipment was updated and the roller mills replaced the millstones. The yield of flour increased and byproducts of the bran and middling were used in manufacturing of feed. Milling ceased in 1996 when the property was purchased by the State of Delaware and is today administered by the Department of Historic and Cultural Affairs. The ultimate plan is that the Cooch-Dayett mill will be restored as a working mill., First industries in Pencander were waterpowered mills used to process grains into feed and flour.. , Development of Roads , Roads in Pencader did not develop until the early part of the eighteenth century. Early settlements and mills were located on or near streams and rivers which provided the only reliable means of transportation. The road construction supported by the colonial government was used to connect Christina Bridge to the head of the Elk River. Known as the "Old Post Road" it followed the route used today by Old Baltimore Pike. In 1766, another east-west roadway was constructed between Gilpin's Mill on the Big Elk River and Christina Bridge. It was called "Welsh Tract Road". Passing through Oglie's Town. Its route is followed today by Welsh Tract Road, Route 4 and the portion of Route 273 from Ogletown to Christiana. In 1768 a north-south road was built from Cooch's Bridge to the Buck Tavern (originally located in present day Summit). Passing through Aiken's Tavern (current day Glasgow) it followed a path represented today by Old Chooch's Bridge and Route 896. This road was utilized by British General Howe's army as they marched from the Head of Elk toward Newark encountering the American militia in the Battle of Cooch's Bridge in 1777., The first turnpike in Pencader was chartered in 1809 connecting New Castle to Frenchtown. Completed in 1813 and known as the "New Castle and Frenchtown Turnpike" it operated until 1827 following the route of present day Route 273 from New Castle to Hare's Corner and then along Route 40 and Frenchtown Road to Elkton. The other turnpike built through Pencader Hundred was completed in 1817 Called the "Elk and Christina Turnpike", it followed the path of the Old Post Road. With toll gates at Cooch's Bridge and near present day Salem Church Road, it operated until 1838 when it reverted to a public road. Both turnpikes served travelers and commercial shippers moving north and south between the colonies by connecting ports served by sailing ships and steam packets at New Castle and Elkton., Connecting ports with mills and providing cross peninsular transit for passengers and goods.. , Iron Production , Iron ore was first discovered on Iron and Chestnut Hills by early Swedish settlers in the early 17th Century. The first commercial use of the ore was made by Lord William Keith, Lt. Governor of Pennsylvania (and "the lower three counties" which became Delaware) who purchased a large tract of land along west bank of the Christina River north of present day Cooch's Bridge and built a forge and bloomery at Keithsboro. His business was not successful and the forge ceased operation in 1726., A group of Philadelphia businessmen formed the Abington Partnership in 1727 in order to build a forge. When they were not able to put the forge into operation, the organization dissolved in 1735. It is interesting that both forges were built on top of hematite hills which also contained a quantity of limestone, the flux needed in iron smelting. Yet neither forge was able to capitalize on these excellent resources and become successful. The Principio Company in adjacent Cecil County did succeed and made extensive use of the ore from Pencader for many years., Early iron has roots in Pencader Hundred.. , New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad , Begun in 1831, the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad began carrying passengers on Feb 28, 1832. Following a route paralleling and just south of the New Castle and Frenchtown Turnpike, it provided a higher level of service than the canal which froze in winter and the Turnpike which was difficult to maintain in wet weather. It was an immediate success and a second track was added in 1837 permitting uninterrupted two way train level. Business continued to prosper and over 100,000 passengers were carried in that year. A new railroad, the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, was built through Newark in 1838 and the competition proved too severe for the NC&F, which was taken over by its rival in 1843., The third passenger railroad opened in America.. , C and D Canal , The value of a canal connecting the upper Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River was recognized by many 18th century business and government leaders. This was specifically noted by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallantin in his 1808 report on roads and canals. Connecting Philadelphia with a sheltered inland passage to Baltimore and Washington shortened the travel distance between these two cities by 319 miles., The initial attempt to create a waterway across Pencader began in 1803. Designed by Benjamin Latrobe, it followed a route between Welsh Point on the Elk River to Mendenhall on the Christina River, just below Wilmington. Work was completed on five miles of a feeder canal before the canal company went bankrupt. With support from private investors and the state legislatures of Delaware and Pennsylvania, work began on April 15, 1824 at Newbold's Landing (Delaware City) on a new more southerly route which connected the Head of Elk directly to the Delaware River. After five and one half years of effort and the expenditure of $2,203,864.00, it opened to traffic on October 17, 1829., Today, the C&D Canal is one of the most heavily used canals in the world., Connecting the Susquehanna and the Delaware Watersheds, enhancing commerce and shortening travel time.. , Revolutionary War , Pencader Hundred was eye witness to a major invasion by the British army in September of 1777. General Howe sailed from New York with 18,000 British regulars and Hessian mercenaries in July down the coast and up the Chesapeake Bay, landing at the Head of Elk in late August. This was the beginning of a successful campaign to seize the Colonial Capitol of Philadelphia. Recognizing the threat, General Washington had sent a hand picked unit of 720 sharpshooters to delay the British. The first skirmish occurred just north of Aikentown (Glasgow today) along the road to the Cooch Mill and Newark on the morning of September 3rd. Vastly outnumbered, the Americans fell back, harassing the British at several points until a final stand was made at Cooch's Bridge in the afternoon. Local accounts relate this was the first battle in which the Americans displayed the "Betsy Ross" flag. The British encamped around Cooch's Bridge until September 5th, when they marched north occupying Newark and then proceeded into Pennsylvania where they met Washington's main force in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11th., Invasion - Pencander Hundred overrun by General Howe's 18,000 man army in 1777.. , Native American Jasper Mine , From circa 10,000 B.C. to 1700 A.D. Native Americans periodically harvested native crops, camped, and mined jasper from pits on Iron Hill. This mineral is readily worked into arrow heads and spear points. Blanks of Iron Hill jasper were traded with other tribes as far north as the Canadian border and as far west as Ohio., On portage route between the major watersheds of the Susquehanna and the Delaware.. , When did it happen? ,

Native American Indians
1638: Swedish settlers brought domestic agriculture. , 1701: William Penn's Land Grant Settlement of Welsh Miners , 1720: Iron Mining , 1777: Battle of Cooch's Bridge , 1785: Mining Industry. Oliver Evans - The 3rd US Patent issued. , 1792: William Cooch Mill , War of 18 12: Frenchtown, MD and Principio, MD Furnaces were burned. , 1829: Latrobe Feeder Canal. , 1830: Cooch-Dayett Mill. , 1832-1853: Frenchtown Railroad. , 1835: C and D Canal.