For 11,000 years, Native Americans were part of the river and forest communities, and seasonally hunted and gathered food along the North Oconee River.
About one thousand years ago, after the introduction of maize (corn), native people . . . — — Map (db m206379) HM
Welcome to the Latin American Ethnobotanical Garden!
Constructed in 1998, this garden is managed by the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Institute (LACSI). Ethnobotany is the study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people . . . — — Map (db m221587) HM
Here passed the Old Indian Trail used by the Creeks of the Savannah River basin, the Cherokees of upper Georgia and Tennessee and by trading parties of other tribes. — — Map (db m198448) HM
These two engraved 'petroglyphic' boulders were carved by prehistoric Native Americans of Georgia. Their exact ages are unknown but the symbols are somewhat similar to Georgia pottery designs from ca. 800 years ago. The meaning of the symbols is . . . — — Map (db m198832) HM
In May 1539 Hernando de Soto landed in Florida with over 600 people, 220 horses and mules, and a herd reserved for famine. Fired by his success in
Pizarro's conquest of Peru, De Soto had been granted the rights, by the King of Spain, to explore, . . . — — Map (db m27275) HM
Three hundred yards east of this point stood Ft. Wilkinson, established in 1797 on Georgia's Indian boundary. Garrisoned by soldiers whose families lived outside the stockade, it was an early trading house where Creek Indians were provided . . . — — Map (db m13140) HM
Where treaty of limits took place between the United States and Creek Nation of Indians June 16, 1802, ratified Jan. 11, 1803
This treaty was signed by James Wilkinson, Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, Commissioners on the part of the United . . . — — Map (db m239149) HM
Five miles south of this point is the Rock Landing at the head of navigation on the Oconee River and at the junction of the old Indian trading paths leading westward. In 1789 Pres. Washington sent Gen. Benjamin Lincoln here to treat with Chief . . . — — Map (db m36326) HM
The Line Baptist Church was constituted Sept. 13, 1802, by Rev. Moses Sanders, Thomas Maxwell and Daniel White.
This church was just over the line between Georgia and Cherokee lands. Meetings couldn’t be held at night, because all white people . . . — — Map (db m40651) HM
This line, sometimes called “The Four Mile Purchase Line” was the boundary between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation from 1804 to 1818. It was established when Georgia bought a four mile strip from the Indians so as to take in Wofford’s . . . — — Map (db m40642) HM
The boundary between the State of Georgia and the Cherokee Nation established by the Treaty of Augusta, May 31, 1783, ran along here. The line ran “from the top of Currahee mountain to the head, or source, of the most southern branch of the . . . — — Map (db m40659) HM
Built circa 1850. Owned by M. John C. Statham. He provided homes for widows of Civil War Veterans; donated land for right-of-way of railroad; streets for town, and a lot for a Methodist Church -- now the city cemetery. Statham, incorporated Dec. 20, . . . — — Map (db m17348) HM
This remarkably preserved log blockhouse was built in 1793, according to historians. There are several references to Fort Yargo as existing prior to 1800. Its location is given as three miles southwest of “Jug Tavern,” original name for Winder. . . . — — Map (db m22396) HM
Imagine this log building being occupied by 30 to 50 people while under attack by Indians. That was its purpose when it was built in 1792. Settlers in the area took refuge in the fort during times of threat or attack. When it was not being used for . . . — — Map (db m187377) HM
Small forts sprang up across Georgia's Indian lands during and after the Revolutionary War. The Creek, Cherokee, and other native peoples were drawn into the conflict by the British and fought skirmishes against the settlers who were establishing . . . — — Map (db m187300) HM
For years inestimable the CREEK INDIAN VILLAGE of SNODON stood here. In 1793 ALONZO DRAPER, HOMER JACKSON and HERMAN SCUPEEN and their families became the first white people to establish homes in SNODON. This same year SNODON became JUG TAVERN. In . . . — — Map (db m17349) HM
Adairsville had its beginning in Oothcaloga Valley, two miles north of the present site. It was named for Cherokee Indian Chief John Adair, the son of a Scottish trader and a Cherokee Princess.
Adairsville moved in 1848 to Adair Station . . . — — Map (db m227027) HM
For over 100 years Etowah Indian Mounds were the Tumlin Mounds. In 1832 Col. Lewis Tumlin came to Cass County (Bartow) and drew the land lot that contained the mounds. Col. Tumlin served as county sheriff from 1834 to 1840. As young soldiers, Gen. . . . — — Map (db m13471) HM
In this valley was once situated the proud town of Cassville, begun in July 1833, as the seat of justice for Cass County and soon the center of trade and travel in the region recently comprising the Cherokee Nation. Both the county and town where . . . — — Map (db m12371) HM
Author of "A Circuit Rider's Wife" and many other books and articles, lived from 1913 until her death in 1935.
The most productive years of her career were spent in a picturesque log cabin, which, according to legend, was once the home of a . . . — — Map (db m13230) HM
Pine Log Town, located on Pine Log Creek in the flat fields slightly over a half mile east of Oak Hill Church north of GA 140, (in Pine Log, Georgia), extended almost a mile along the creek. The lots were 293, 294, 295,296, 317, 318, 284,and 283, in . . . — — Map (db m13190) HM
In the summer of 1836, a company of militia under Capt. Levi J. Knight of near Ray City was sent to protect the settlers from marauding Indians on their way to join the Seminoles in Florida. When a party of Indians plundered the plantation of . . . — — Map (db m40123) HM
17,000 Years of Continuous Human Habitation
Descendants of Ocmulgee's early inhabitants, the Muscogee (Creek) people,
continue to hold these lands sacred in keeping with their traditions.
Archeological investigations conducted on this . . . — — Map (db m244420) HM
Archaic Period 8000 B.C.E. - 1000 B.C.E.
The word Archaic means "very old". During the archaic period, the people
were hunters and gatherers who lived in small mobile bands. They lived in base
camps along creeks and rivers for short . . . — — Map (db m244485) HM
Colonial Trading Path or “Lower Path” joined the heart of the Creek Nation on the Chattahoochee River to the English Trading Post in Ocmulgee Old Fields, now Ocmulgee National Monument. Here the chief towns of the ancient Creek Confederacy stretched . . . — — Map (db m206104) HM
Cornfield Mound and Prehistoric Trenches
During the excavation of the Cornfield Mound, archeologists discovered charred corncobs and a layer of rolling topsoil under the mound. The parallel rows indicated a cultivated field used by the . . . — — Map (db m244432) HM
In May 1539 Hernando de Soto landed in Florida with over 600 people, 220 horses and mules, and a herd reserved for famine. Fired by his success in
Pizarro's conquest of Peru, De Soto had been granted the rights, by the King of Spain, to explore, . . . — — Map (db m27272) HM
Fort Hawkins was established at this site in 1806 on the eastern bank of the Ocmulgee River at the border of the Muskogee Creek Nation. The location was chosen by the fort’s namesake, Benjamin Hawkins, who served as the U.S. Agent for Indian Affairs . . . — — Map (db m59564) HM
In Ocmulgee Fields camped Gen. James Edward Oglethorpe and his men on their way to Coweta Town for the purpose of making the treaty with the Creek Confederacy in 1739 — — Map (db m59596) HM
Mississippian Period 900-1600
People from the Mississippi Valley area came here around 900 and drove the Woodland
Indians away from this region. The Mississippians had a highly complex society based on
horticulture. This stratified society . . . — — Map (db m244481) HM
Muscogee (Creek) 1600-1826
English traders moved into this area in the late 1600s, and established a trading post near a
Creek village on the Ocmulgee River. The English called the Ocmulgee River, "Ochese
Creek." The natives living near . . . — — Map (db m244437) HM
Ocmulgee National Monument
Ocmulgee has 17,000 years of continuous human history, from Ice Age hunters to the Muscogee (Creek) people. The Mississippian Culture was the most complex and left the greatest influence here by building mounds and . . . — — Map (db m244418) HM
Ocmulgee's Earth Lodge - America's Oldest Ceremonial Lodge
This extraordinary piece of Mississippian architecture, the ceremonial Earth Lodge, remained buried at Ocmulgee Old Fields for 800 years until it was discovered during major . . . — — Map (db m244429) HM
Paleo Indian Period 15000 B.C.E. - 8000 B.C.E.
The word Paleo means "ancient or pre-historic." Archaeologists generally agree that Paleo Indians came to North America around 17000 years ago by crossing a land bridge connecting Siberia with . . . — — Map (db m244435) HM
Southeast Mound
The Southeast mound area has been occupied from the Archaic period (9,600 B.C.E. - 1,000 B.C.E.) through the Mississippian period (900 C.E. - 1540 C.E.). Archeologists found evidence of prehistoric burials, plain pottery, . . . — — Map (db m244483) HM
The "Iron Horse" devastates the mounds The 1843 and 1873 Railroad Cuts
In 1843, the Central Railroad and Canal Company constructed an initial mainline between Macon and Savannah, a distance of 160 miles. The railroad's path came right . . . — — Map (db m244431) HM
The Great Temple Mound and Town Site
Capital of a Thriving Civilization
What conclusions can we draw about the Mississippians? They were master farmers as evidenced by the extensive old fields that remain. The number of mounds suggests . . . — — Map (db m244479) HM
Trading with the British 1690-1715
The Creek Trading Paths, the Trading Post Site, and Civil War (1864)
Hundreds of axes, beads, clay pipes, knives, swords,
bullets, flints, pistols, muskets, and burial pits were
found in this area, . . . — — Map (db m244440) HM
Yaupon Holly
(Ilex Vomitoria)
American Indians made a tea referred to by the
Colonials as the "Black Drink" from the leaves and
stems of these bushes which contain large quantities
of caffeine. The leaves were sun dried or . . . — — Map (db m236975) HM
This highway coincides closely with a segment of a noted east-west Indian route called the Lower Uchee Path. Beginning at Old Town on the Ogeechee, the trail led this way by Carr’s Shoals, on the Oconee, above Dublin, thence via Cochran, . . . — — Map (db m40267) HM
This ridge, interrupted only by major streams, extends south from the Altamaha River in Georgia to the Santa Fe River in Florida, a distance of 130 miles. It is an ancient barrier beach formerly many miles off-shore in the sea which covered this . . . — — Map (db m12423) HM
The highway northward is the Old River Road, one of the earliest routes west of the Ogeechee and a leading way from Savannah to Georgia's western frontier. It followed an old Indian trial [sic] along the Ogeechee to a point west of Bartow, . . . — — Map (db m12474) HM
Across the Ogeechee River from this point was the northernmost town of the Province of Guale, the village of Satuache. Spanish records place Satuache about 10 miles northeast of Guale’s provincial capital at Mission Santa Catalina (St. Catherines . . . — — Map (db m60008) HM
In 1870 a group of Croatan Indians migrated from their homes in Robeson County North Carolina, following the turpentine industry to southeast Georgia. Eventually many of the Croatans became tenant farmers for the Adabelle Trading Company, growing . . . — — Map (db m14156) HM
The highway crossing here is the Old River Road, one of the earliest white man’s routes west of the Ogeechee. The State authorized the opening of this portion of the old thoroughfare in 1777. It followed the course of an Indian trail that led to the . . . — — Map (db m54031) HM
(side 1)
Burkhalter Road is named for the Burkhalter family (formerly spelled Burgholser), a Salzburger family that immigrated to the American colonies. In 1768, Rudolph Burkhalter was granted 400 acres of land on the south bank of the . . . — — Map (db m229280) HM
Flowing Artesian Well
Artesian aquifers are fed by groundwater seeping downward into the basin through cracks, often entering from miles away. The groundwater, entering from a higher elevation, exerts pressure on the aquifer and pushes the . . . — — Map (db m227252) HM
Here on February 12, 1825
William McIntosh
a friendly chief of the Creek Indians signed the treaty by which all lands west of Flint River were ceded to the State of Georgia. For this, he was murdered by a band of Creeks who were opposed to . . . — — Map (db m227261) HM
This County, created by Act of the Legislature December 24, 1825, is named for Capt. Sam Butts killed in the Indian War of 1814 at the Battle of Chalibbee. At Indian Springs, now a State Park, were signed the Treaties with the Creeks giving Georgia . . . — — Map (db m21385) HM
Across the highway stands the inn built about 1823 by William McIntosh, half-breed chief of the Lower Creek Indians. Here on February 12, 1825, McIntosh and other chiefs signed the Second Treaty of Indian Springs, giving up their last Georgia land. . . . — — Map (db m395) HM
Hernando de Soto, born ca. 1500, nobleman, conquistador, Governor of Cuba, with rights to conquer Florida, traveled in 1540 through what later became Georgia on an expedition to find gold. His exact route is unknown and certain landmarks mentioned . . . — — Map (db m27362) HM
This road, formerly an Indian trail which paralleled the coast, was used by the Spanish and the British.
In 1778 it was traveled by the Revolutionary soldiers who marched against Fort Tonyn at Point Peter.
Albert Gallatin while U.S. Secretary . . . — — Map (db m81752) HM
On June 29, 1796, this Treaty was signed Ľ mile south of here near Indian Agent James Seagrove’s home, a trading post and garrison of Federal troops on the St. Marys River. The meeting included representatives of the United States and the State of . . . — — Map (db m60207) HM
Nearby Cumberland Island is the largest and one of the most natural of Georgia's barrier islands, part of the chain of islands that stretches from Cape Code to beyond Key West. And, as a unite of the National Park System, Cumberland is yours to . . . — — Map (db m239234) HM
From roughly 1568 through 1684, twelve Spanish missions were established from St. Augustine to what is now coastal South Carolina. On Cumberland Island, the Franciscan mission San Pedro de Mocama ministered to the Native Americans. The . . . — — Map (db m144956) HM
Gullah (the name given to the islanders of South Carolina) and Geechee (the name given to islanders of Georgia) culture is linked to West African ethnic groups enslaved on island plantations to grow rice, indigo and cotton as early as 1750. In . . . — — Map (db m145195) HM
Prior to European settlement, Southeast Georgia was populated by Timucua Indians known as Mocama. Severely diminished due to infectious diseases and conflict, the Mocama were evacuated to Cuba by the Spanish in 1763, prior to extinction. Living . . . — — Map (db m145016) HM
Bowdon is near the geographical center of the last land in Georgia owned by the Creek Nation and ceded to the U.S. This tract, approximately 550 sq. mi. in area, is 80 mi long and 10 mi. wide at its widest point.
When Carroll County was . . . — — Map (db m31329) HM
Here at the home of Creek Chief Wm McIntosh, a treaty establishing a new boundary between the CHEROKEE and CREEK Indian Nations was drafted and signed. The north boundary was later used in the first survey of Carroll County in 1826-27. — — Map (db m12547) HM
William McIntosh, Scotch-Coweta Chief of the Coweta Towns, distinguished soldier in the battle of Autossee and Horseshoe Bend, and in the Seminole Wars with the rank of Brigadier-General, was killed by Upper Creeks and is buried here, the site of . . . — — Map (db m12548) HM
It was relocated from near Centre, Alabama by W.O. Kilgore Construction with funds provided by the Department of Natural Resources and private sector funds raised by the Abraham Baldwin Chapter, NSDAR as requested by Carroll County, Georgia. . . . — — Map (db m110846) HM
For the last eight miles this highway has followed closely the course of the Old Federal Road northeast Georgia’s earliest vehicular thoroughfare and first postal route. It led this way from the southeast Cherokee boundry, in the direction of . . . — — Map (db m12173) HM
The Nathan Anderson home was a two story frame dwelling which was constructed along the Federal Road approximately 300 yards east of this monument. The original section of the cemetery property was given by Nathan Anderson for a community burial . . . — — Map (db m213026) HM
Created December 5, 1853, the county has an Indian name. Ringgold bears the name of Major Samuel Ringgold, who died of wounds received at the Mexican War battle of Palo Alto in 1846. Taylor’s Ridge, visible for miles, is named for the Indian chief . . . — — Map (db m19268) HM
This highway is part of the Old Federal Road, an early thoroughfare that linked Georgia and west Tennessee across the Indian Country. It began on the southeast boundary of the Cherokees, in the direction of Athens, Georgia and led toward Nashville . . . — — Map (db m207195) HM
Thomas Thompson Napier built this house in 1836 of heavy local timber prepared by slaves and finishing lumber brought by ox-wagon from Augusta. During the Battle of Chickamauga 20 wounded soldiers were cared for in the house by Mrs. Martha Harris . . . — — Map (db m13864) HM
In 1838 federal soldiers forced the Cherokee to march from Georgia to the Indian Territory. That area would later be known as Oklahoma.
Thousands died on the march, which began in the midst of a drought and continued into a harsh winter. This . . . — — Map (db m207191) HM
Okefenokee, “Land of the Trembling Earth”, was a favorite hunting and fishing ground for many tribes of Indians. General Charles Floyd with 250 dragoons drove out the last of these, the Seminoles, in 1838 ending Indian rebellion in . . . — — Map (db m27477) HM
Ellicott’s Mound, 5 miles north, at the head of the St. Marys River, was erected February 27, 1800, to mark the boundry between the United States and Spanish Florida, as set fourth in the Treaty of 1795 with Spain. Major Andrew Ellicott noted . . . — — Map (db m9186) HM
During the first years after the founding of the Colony of Georgia in 1733 these lands (now owned by the Savannah Sugar Refining Company) were known as the "Grange" or "Cowpen" plantation. Along the Savannah River, about one mile East of this . . . — — Map (db m159595) HM
Tomo-Chi-Chi, Mico of the Yamacraws, a tribe of the Creek Indian Nation, is buried in this Square. He has been called a co-founder, with Oglethorpe, of Georgia. He was a good friend to the English, a friendship indispensable to the establishment of . . . — — Map (db m5406) HM
Mary Musgrove was the daughter of an English trader and a Creek Indian mother. In 1717 she and her husband, John, established Cowpens trading post near the Savannah River which became a center of 18th century English-Indian trade for deer hides. . . . — — Map (db m132897) HM
Long before Europeans arrived in the New World,
the Savannah area was occupied by Native Americans.
The earliest Paleoindian groups migrated into coastal
Georgia as early as 10,000 B.C. The hunter-gathers
took advantage of rich estuarine . . . — — Map (db m19379) HM
A critical priority for the first Georgia colonists was to identify and develop economic enterprises that could support the colony. Trade with native Americans was established and exports included hides that could be shipped to England and sold in . . . — — Map (db m19500) HM
Over this ground, hallowed by the valor and the sacrifice of the soldiery of America and of France, was fought October 9, 1779, one of the bloodiest battles of the Revolution when Savannah, which the British had possessed for several months, was . . . — — Map (db m243780) HM
Kashita, “the Peace Town of the Lower Creeks,” one of two great Muskogee towns in the Creek Confederation of Indians, stood on the site of the Generals’ Headquarters at Fort Benning. Kashita, mentioned in the narrative of DeSoto’s . . . — — Map (db m38838) HM
Side 1: Fort Benning
Kasihta or Cusseta Town, an important Creek Nation market, played a part in American Revolutionary affairs. In 1780 British Colonel John Tate recruited a large force of local Indians for duty with the British in . . . — — Map (db m57897) HM
The Old Federal Road, which intersected the Chattahoochee River at this natural fording site, was originally a Lower Creek Indian Nation trading path. With the advent of colonization, it became one of western Georgia's earliest and most important . . . — — Map (db m40597) HM
Along the Federal Road built in 1811 east and west through this place there passed in 1825 Lafayette Soldier of France and volunteer in the cause of American Liberty “At the first news my heart was enrolled” Here stood the Indian . . . — — Map (db m111889) HM WM
Hugh Montgomery, born in S.C. Jan. 8, 1769, is buried here. He was employed in 1786 to survey the line between Franklin Co. and the Cherokee Nation. He represented Jackson Co. in the Ga. Legislature in 1807-11 and in the State Senate 1812-18 and . . . — — Map (db m51687) HM
Chattooga County was created by Act of Dec. 28, 1838 from Floyd and Walker Counties. It was named for the river which flows through the county, called Chattooga by the Cherokee Indians. Sequoyah (George Guess or Gist), inventor of the Cherokee . . . — — Map (db m16374) HM
A portrait of Dirt Town in the 1830s depicted the lifestyle of the majority of Cherokee communities. People led the life of subsistence farmers with simple log cabins, small cornfields and fruit orchards, and ranged livestock. Their lives . . . — — Map (db m221122) HM
Two and one-half miles to the east, near the confluence of Long-Swamp Creek and the Etowah River, is the traditional site of Taliwa, scene of the fiercest and most decisive battle in the long war of the 1740's and 50's between the Cherokee and Creek . . . — — Map (db m15481) HM
Created December 3, 1832, from Cherokee Indian Lands, and named in memory of the Cherokees. Early settlers tried to start silk production, but were not successful, and today there remains no trace of this except Canton, hopefully named for the . . . — — Map (db m21824) HM
Cherokee County, located along Georgia’s gold belt, figured prominently in the gold rush of the 1830’s and 40’s. Several mines operated along a five mile area near the Etowah River in the northeastern part of the county, including the . . . — — Map (db m225896) HM
One-half mile north is the site of Fort Buffington, built in the 1830’s by local militia. It was one of about 25 stockades in the Cherokee Indian Nation used by Federal and State troops during the Cherokee Removal in 1838. In May and June, 1838, . . . — — Map (db m51190) HM
1814 Boundary
The boundary line defined in the Treaty of Fort Jackson (August 1814) between the confederated Creek tribes and the United States extended eastward from the mouth of Cemochechobee Creek south of here to a point near Jesup, . . . — — Map (db m47225) HM
Oketeyeconne
Oketeyeconne, or Okitiyakani, was a Hitchiti-speaking Lower Creek town located near here on the east bank of the Chattahoochee River south of Sandy Creek during the late frontier period. Described in 1799 by Benjamin Hawkins, . . . — — Map (db m47227) HM
This road is one of the oldest in North Georgia. In the Indian days it connected Hightower Trail to the Etowah Mounds and Cherokee country with trails to Coweta Falls (Columbus), the Chief McIntosh home on the Chattahoochee River and the Creek . . . — — Map (db m36758) HM
Named in honor of Brig. General William McIntosh, U.S. Army. Chief of the Coweta Tribe of the Creek Nation, he negotiated a treaty ceding this territory to the United States, which included the land on which the Depot now stands. The son of a . . . — — Map (db m59345) HM
Okefenokee, “Land of the Trembling Earth”, was named by its early inhabitants, the Seminole Indians. Acquired by the Federal Government in 1937 for a national wildlife refuge, its more than 600 square miles make it the largest preserved . . . — — Map (db m14657) HM
The surrounding land was once part of Sweet Water Town. Named for a Native American who lived in the area, this Cherokee Village was a trading center that was significant enough to have been referenced on maps as late as 1864. A series of land . . . — — Map (db m33422) HM
The Indians knew this trail as the route from the heart of the Cherokee Nation to Standing Peachtree, Creek village that grew into a trading post and fort just south of the Chattahoochee. Pioneers who used Montgomery’s Ferry at Standing Peachtree . . . — — Map (db m11482) HM
The Friends of the Mable House, a part of the South Cobb Arts Alliance, along with Cobb County P.A.R.K.S., welcomes you to explore the historic Mable House, its outbuildings and grounds. Use the map to locate the informative signs around the . . . — — Map (db m197609) HM
In the 1800s, a house fire would have been catastrophic, so food was prepared in this kitchen house and carried to the main house. Food was cooked in cast iron pots and pans in the fireplace and later, on a cast iron wood-burning stove. The two . . . — — Map (db m197622) HM
The Native Americans bent saplings to grow into living “signposts” for traveling Indians. These living markers pointed the way to a water source, a suitable river crossing or a main trail. — — Map (db m50200) HM
In 1803, Georgia established a lottery as the fairest means of distributing land to common farmers. After gold was discovered in 1828 near Dahlonega, the state ignored federal treaties and asserted its claims on the Cherokee territory (including . . . — — Map (db m224740) HM
In 1808–1809, the Cherokee nation divided when some of its members decided to move west of the Mississippi River to pursue a hunter lifestyle where game was plentiful rather than live the more settled lifestyle prevalent in the east. A portion . . . — — Map (db m68042) HM
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