1 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Acanthus mollis — Artist's Acanthus —

According to Dioscorides, the root was good for treating ruptures and convulsions. It was also used as a diuretic. — — Map (db m144670) HM

2 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Achillea millefolium — Yarrow —

Yarrow was one of the first herbs brought to America by the colonists. Its leaves were used to stop the flow of blood on cuts and bruises and to deaden the pain. — — Map (db m144642) HM

3 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Acorus calamus — Sweet Flag —

The Penobscot tribe of Maine believed this plant to have protective powers; they chewed a piece of the aromatic root to ward off disease when traveling or used steam from the root to prevent illness. — — Map (db m144624) HM

4 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Adiantum padatum — Maidenhair Fern —

Tribes of the Northwest made a paste with the ashes of this fern to darken and add luster to their hair. A decoration (or extraxt) was given for chest complaints. — — Map (db m235709) HM

5 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Anethum graveolens — Dill —

Although used to flavor food, dill was also eaten to help calm upset stomachs and indigestion, especially in children. Seeds were used in pickling and to flavor vinegar. — — Map (db m144643) HM

6 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Apocynum cannabinum — Indian Hemp —

Native Americans used the stalk for fiber in the same way Europeans used their hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Indian Hemp is superior, however, because it is stronger and lasts longer. This herb is poisonous. — — Map (db m144567) HM

7 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Arctium lappa — Great Burdock —

Crushed leaves were applied to cool bruises, burns and swellings. Seeds, or the juice from the leaves, taken with honey, were considered a diuretic. — — Map (db m235711) HM

8 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Artemisia abrotanum — Southernwood —

Artemisia abrotanum hung in courtrooms was thought to stop the spread of disease. It was also used in kitchens to keep bad odors away. Pennsylvania Germans used southernwood in their pantries to repel ants. — — Map (db m145047) HM

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9 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Artemisia absinthium — Wormwood —

This plant was spread across floors and put in between clothes in dressers to repel insects and moths. The plant was thought to prevent disease, as well as expel worms. — — Map (db m144556) HM

10 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Artemisia absinthium — wormwood —

Wormwood is a main ingredient in the controversial liqueur absinthe, which was banned for many years because of its supposed mind-altering effects. This reputation was attributed to thujone, a chemical found in wormwood, but original absinthe . . . — — Map (db m235689) HM

11 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Artemisia annua — Sweet Annie —

Current research has confirmed traditional Chinese use as a malaria preventative and cure. The active constituent, artemisinin, is more potent than the standard malaria drug treatment, chloroquine. Other studies indicate an antibiotic effect on . . . — — Map (db m235691) HM

12 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Arum maculatum — Lords-and-Ladies —

The juice, mixed with oil, stopped earaches and destroyed nasal polyps. It was also used to treat certain cancers and abortion. Drunk with wine, it was an aphrodisiac. The plant is injurious. — — Map (db m144661) HM

13 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Asarum canadense — Wild Ginger —

The Chippewa used this herb to season food and chewed the root to relieve indigestion. The Iroquois used the roots to preserve meats. — — Map (db m144574) HM

14 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Asclepias tuberosa — Butterfly Weed —

This plant was one of the most important medicines of the Menomini. The pulverized root was used for cuts and wounds, and was mixed with other roots for additional cures. This herb is potentially toxic if taken internally. — — Map (db m144617) HM

15 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Ballota nigra — Black Horehound —

Dioscorides reported that the leaves were applied with salt to dog bites, with honey to clean ulcers, and that the ashes of the leaves repressed venereal warts. — — Map (db m144666) HM

16 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Baptistia tinctoria — Wild Indigo —

The Cherokee used the leaves and woody stems to make a blue dye. The Mohegan bathed their cuts and wounds with an infusion of the plant. This entire herb is toxic. — — Map (db m144568) HM

17 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Calendula officinalis — Pot Marigold —

Brought to America by the first colonists, pot marigolds were used to flavor and color stews and cheeses. The Plymouth colony also used the flowers to dye cloth. — — Map (db m144640) HM

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18 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Calendula officinalis — Pot Marigold —

The yellow dye from the fresh or dried petals was commonly used to color butter, cheeses and puddings. The petals were also used in ancient Rome as a substitute for the more expensive saffron in coloring soups, syrups and conserves. — — Map (db m144648) HM

19 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Calycanthus floridus — Carolina Allspice —

The Cherokee used the root of this herb to make a strong diuretic for urinary and bladder complaints. The seeds of this plant are poisonous. — — Map (db m144619) HM

20 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Camptotheca acuminata — Camptotheca, Chinese Happy Tree —

Known as the "cancer tree", Camptotheca contains the alkaloid camptothecin that is used to treat ovarian, colorectal, and small-cell lung cancers. It has been used in China for hundreds of years to treat psoriasis and diseases of various internal . . . — — Map (db m144682) HM

21 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Caulophyllum thalictroides — Blue Cohosh —

This herb was used by north-central tribes to assure quick delivery and to ease menstrual cramps. It was also called squawroot and papoose root. — — Map (db m235704) HM

22 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Ceanothus americanus — New Jersey Tea —

The Menomini believed the tea made from the roots to be a cure-all for stomach troubles. — — Map (db m144607) HM

23 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Cephalanthus occidentalis — Buttonbush —

The Louisiana Choctaws chewed the bitter bark of this shrub to relieve toothaches. They also drank a strong decoction (extract) of it to treat diarrhea. The leaves have poisoned grazing animals. — — Map (db m144625) HM

24 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Chichorium intybus — chicory —

During the U.S. Civil War, Confederate soldiers used roasted, ground chicory root as a substitute for coffee, which was scarce during the conflict. Still popular in the southern states, chicory is either mixed with true coffee or prepared by itself. . . . — — Map (db m144436) HM

25 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Citrus × bergamia — bergamot —

Bergamot's rind releases a highly fragrant essential oil that was used in perfumery as early as the 18 century in Cologne, Germany, where it was a key component of the original Eau de Cologne. It also lends its distinctive scent to . . . — — Map (db m207111) HM

26 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Cladrastis kentukea — yellowwood —

The Cherokee used the wood of this tree for building and carving. Early settlers in the southern Appalachians used the root bark for dye and the yellow heartwood for gunstocks. Today, yellowwood is popular in urban settings for its resistance to . . . — — Map (db m144694) HM

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27 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Comptonia peregrina — Sweet Fern —

The leaves of this herb were thrown on fires by the Potawatomi of Michigan to create a smudge to deter mosquitos. The Ojibwe used the leaves for a tea to cure stomach cramps. — — Map (db m144611) HM

28 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Consolida ajacis — Rocket Larkspur —

The seeds were drunk in wine by scorpion-bite victims. It was said that the plant, when placed against a scorpion, would cause temporary paralysis in the animal. Plant is poisonous. — — Map (db m235717) HM

29 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Corylus americana — Hazelnut —

This shrub produces a sweet, edible nut. The Cherokee drank a tea made from the bark for hives. — — Map (db m144570) HM

30 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Crocus sativus — Saffront Crocus —

The stigmas are used in yellow food coloring and flavoring. Chemical analysis of ancient linens and mummies' winding sheets confirms its use as a dye. Today, it is used more as a spice and in cosmetics than as a textile dye. — — Map (db m144652) HM

31 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Cunila origanoides — American Dittany —

Native peoples of eastern North America drank a tea of this plant to produce sweating when treating fever and colds. — — Map (db m144616) HM

32 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Dahlia sp. — Dahlia —

The flower petals contain a very strong dye, which on wool yields colors ranging from yellow and bronze to red, depending on the mordant and length of time simmered. Wild mountain dahlias were a source of red dye used by the Aztecs. — — Map (db m207114) HM

33 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Daucus carota spp. carota — Queen Anne’s Lace —

Dioscorides noted that a drink of the seeds was a diuretic, a colic neutralizer, and brought on menses and abortion. The seeds or roots, prepared in wine, were effective in treating wounds from poisonous beasts. — — Map (db m144674) HM

34 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Dianthus caryophyllus — Clove Pink —

The flowers have a sweet, clove-like scent and were used by Greeks and Romans in the making of coronets and garlands. In medieval Arabia, they were used in perfumes. An absolute, a refined form of the essential oil, is used in top-quality perfumes . . . — — Map (db m144689) HM

35 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Dianthus plumarius — Cottage Pink —

This plant has the same sweet, spicy scent as Dianthus caryophyllus. It has been popular since Renaissance times in nosegays and as an edging plant to scent the garden. — — Map (db m144687) HM

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36 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — 82218-H — Dioscorea villosa — wild yam —

Wild yam contains diosgenin, a chemical compound that can be converted in a lab (but not in the human body) to progesterone. This discovery paved the way for the invention of the modern oral contraceptive pill. Today, wild yam is used to calm . . . — — Map (db m144627) HM

37 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Dipsacus fullonum — Teasel —

Early Mediterranean peoples used the root, boiled with wine and beaten until waxy as a salve for chapped skin. Little "worms found in the seed head were put in a purse and hung around the neck to cure fevers. — — Map (db m235720) HM

38 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Echinacea purpurea — Purple Coneflower —

The Plains Indians considered this herb to be one of the most important medicinal plants. Its root was the universal antidote for snakebites and all kinds of venomous bites and stings. — — Map (db m144605) HM

39 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Echium vulgare — Viper's Bugloss —

The leaves, root, and seeds were drunk in wine for the prevention or cure of snakebite. The entire plant is poisonous. — — Map (db m144673) HM

40 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Erianthus ravennae — Ravenna Grass —

Dioscorides reported that Erianthus had much pith and was fit for making books. — — Map (db m144664) HM

41 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Eryngium planum — Eryngo —

In Dioscordes' time the young leaves of this prickly plant were pickled in brine and eaten as a pot herb. A drink of 'Eryngum' root diluted in honey liquor was said to cure epilepsy. — — Map (db m144654) HM

42 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Euonymus atropurpureus — Burning Bush —

The Meskwaki used the fresh outer bark, pounded into a poultice (compress), to heal facial sores. They steeped the inner bark to make an eye lotion. — — Map (db m144577) HM

43 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Eupatorium purpureum — Joe-Pye Weed —

The Menomini used a decoction, or extract, of the root to treat the genitourinary tract. The Potowatomi made a poultice of fresh leaves to treat burns, and the Ojibwe bathed babies in a solution of the root to strengthen them. — — Map (db m144569) HM

44 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Eupatorium purpureum — Boneset —

The northern Iroquois used the leave to make a tea that was considered a tonic and cure for colds and fevers This herb may damage the liver. — — Map (db m144612) HM

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45 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Foeniculum vulgare — Fennel —

This plant was used in broth to help people lose weight. The leaves were also used to flavor fish dishes and to help babies who had indigestion. — — Map (db m235713) HM

46 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Galium mollugo — White Bedstraw —

The roots produce reds similar to madder (Rubia tinctorum), although they are thin and yield less pigment than the thicker madder roots. The seeds of this plant were imported from France by Thomas Jefferson. — — Map (db m144649) HM

47 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Genista tinctoria — Dyer's Greenwood —

The colonists used this plant to obtain a yellow-green dye from its flowers. The leaves, seeds and flowering plant were also used medically as a diuretic and purgative. — — Map (db m144557) HM

48 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Geranium maculatum — Wild Geranium —

The Meskwaki of Minnesota pounded the astringent root of this geranium in an animal bladder to make a poultice for hemorrhoids. — — Map (db m144596) HM

49 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Geum urbanum — Avens, Colewort —

This herb was taken medicinally by colonists to strengthen the stomach and to comfort the heart. Dried roots were used for diarrhea and as an appetite stimulant. — — Map (db m207119) HM

50 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Gillenia trifoliata — Indian Physic —

The root furnished an effective purge of the bowels and an emetic to induce vomiting. — — Map (db m144626) HM

51 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Gladiolus communis — Sword Lily —

The upper root drunk with wine provoked lust, Dioscorides said, and the lower root took away lust. Mashed with frankincense and wine, it was used to draw out splinters. — — Map (db m207112) HM

52 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Hedera helix — English Ivy —

An infusion of the flowers in wine was drunk for dysentery, and the leaves mixed with fat were used as a burn ointment. Dioscorides believed that drinking the juice caused sterility. The leaves and berries are poisonous. — — Map (db m144669) HM

53 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Helenium flexuosum — Sneezeweed —

According to Cherokee belief, the roots of sneezeweed and Veronica noveboracensis steeped in warm water acted as a contraceptive by preventing menstruation for two years. — — Map (db m144614) HM

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54 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Helleborus niger — Christmas Rose —

Helleborus was once used to stimulate the heart, expel worms, and promote menstrual flow. It contains cardioglycosides, which help the heart to beat regularly and strongly. Currently regarded as too strong to use safely. — — Map (db m144683) HM

55 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Hesperis matronalis — Sweet Rocket —

Young leaves of this plant were eaten in salads. Medicinally, it was considered useful against scurvy, a disease brought on by a lack of Vitamin C. — — Map (db m235712) HM

56 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Heuchera americana — Rock Geranium —

The root, a powerful astringent, was used by Choctaw, Chickasaw and Creek of the Southeast when conditions required an astringent or "puckering" medicine. — — Map (db m144613) HM

57 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — 84810-H — Hordeum vulgare — barley —

Barley is believed to be the first grain used for fermenting into beer. Due to its high levels of starch-converting enzymes and its tolerance of drought, cold, and poor soil conditions, barley is considered to be a distiller's "best friend". It is . . . — — Map (db m235684) HM

58 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Hydrastis canadensis — Goldenseal —

Native American medicinal uses of the root included treatment of the eyes and skin and for cancers and venereal diseases. The yellow root provided dye. This plant should be avoided during pregnancy. — — Map (db m144572) HM

59 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Hydrastis canadensis — Goldenseal —

Historic use for stomach ailments and inflamed eyes has been confirmed. Its antibiotic property makes it useful for vaginal infections. Its antibacterial property may help fight drug-resistant tuberculosis. — — Map (db m144681) HM

60 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Ilex vomitoria — Yaupon —

Yaupon was a common drink of the Southeastern tribes, taken mainly for its emeting (vomit-inducing) action, which was a means of purification. The fruit is poisonous. — — Map (db m144604) HM

61 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Indogofera tinctoria — Indigo —

Fragments of indigo-dyed linen from Thebes date back to 3500 B.C. Indigo is just one type of dye in which the color develops in the textile after removal from the dye bath. Upon exposure to the air, fibers change from yellow to blue. — — Map (db m144645) HM

62 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Iris × germanica 'Florentina' — Iris —

Dioscorides said that the root was fit for use against chill, chest congestion, and coughs. A poultice made with orris and roses in vinegar was said to be good for headaches. The rootstock is toxic. — — Map (db m144656) HM

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63 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Juniperus communis — Common Juniper —

Juniper berries flavor gin, liqueurs, cordials and soft drinks. The roasted berries were once used as a coffee substitute. In France the berries are fermented with barley to make a beer called genevrette. — — Map (db m235688) HM

64 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Lavandula angustifolia — Lavender —

The scent of lavender was much loved, and the flowers were dried and used in linens, in wash water, soaps, oils and powdered. The fragrance warded off evil smells of poor drainage and lack of sanitation. — — Map (db m144679) HM

65 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Lawsonia inermis — Henna —

The famous red dye was used as body paint and to stain hair. The leaves are deodorizers, carried under the arm by Nubians, and recommended in Alpina's medieval herbals to treat "evil-smelling feet." — — Map (db m207116) HM

66 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Leucanthemum vulgare — Oxeye Daisy —

A cherished flower of New England women homesick for England, it was recommended that the whole herb, including the flowers, could be taken to treat wounds, ruptures and gout. — — Map (db m207118) HM

67 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Lindera benzoin — Spicebush —

The spicy red fruit added flavor to groundhog or opossum as prepared by the Cherokee. The ground nuts also flavored bread. — — Map (db m144565) HM

68 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Lobelia inflata — Indian Tobacco —

The common name for this plant comes from its purported use as a Native American smoke. It was used by the Seneca as an emetic (vomit-inducer) and for coughs. The whole plant is poisonous. — — Map (db m144621) HM

69 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Lychnis coronaria — Rose Campion —

According to Dioscorides, the seeds drunk with wine helped those who had been bitten by a scorpion. — — Map (db m144672) HM

70 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Lysimachia punctata — Garden Loosestrife —

Colonists burned this plant to repel flies and gnats. The juice from the leaves was also applied to heal wounds. — — Map (db m235708) HM

71 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — 53002-H — Magnolia virginiana — sweetbay magnolia —

American Indians used the leaves of this small tree to make a medicinal tea for the treatment of chills, colds, and other ailments. Early American physicians used it as a quinine substitute as well as to treat gout, rheumatism, and respiratory . . . — — Map (db m144692) HM

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72 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Malus 'Roxbury' — Apple —

Apples were very important to the colonists. They provided a source of fruit for eating, apple butter and cider. Before cold storage, the Roxbury variety was a favorite late winter apple. — — Map (db m144440) HM

73 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Malva sylvestris — Mallow —

The ointment, applied with urine, cured running sores on the head, dandruff, and baldness. A broth of leaves and roots helped all poisoning, but Dioscorides advised that the drink must be continually vomited up. — — Map (db m207122) HM

74 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Matthiola incana — Stock —

These flowers have spicy scent similar to Dianthus, and the fragrance grows stronger at night. They are used in bouquets and potpourri, and the scent was used in early Arab and Greek perfumes. — — Map (db m144691) HM

75 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Mentha spicata — Spearmint —

Although most commonly used by the colonists to flavor food and drink, mint was also used to whiten teeth, prevent milk from curdling and to strew on floors to repel bad smells and insects. — — Map (db m144639) HM

76 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Mentha spp. — Mint —

Mint was once a popular strewing herb in Italian churches. Several mints yield useful essential oils, and the dried leaves are added to potpourri. Peppermint and spearmint are used in perfumery as well as to scent soaps and toothpastes. — — Map (db m235693) HM

77 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Mertensia virginica — Virginia Bluebells —

The Cherokee used this plant for whooping cough and consumption. — — Map (db m144608) HM

78 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Mitchella repens — Partridge-berry —

The St. Lawrence Montagnai considered the cooked berries a fever medicine. The dried leaves were added to Chippewa smoking mixtures. — — Map (db m144622) HM

79 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Myrica pensylvanica — Bayberry —

The leaves are used for making a gray-green or yellow dye, depending on the mordant used. This was one of the dye plants used by early American colonists. The wax is considered toxic. — — Map (db m207121) HM

80 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Nigella sativa — Black Cumin —

Dioscorides said that the seeds were crushed and inhaled to relieve coughs. They were also drunk with wine to ease breathing afflictions. Soaked in vinegar, the seeds provided a mouthwash and relieved toothache. — — Map (db m235716) HM

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81 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Oenothera biennis — Evening Primrose —

An excellent source of gamma linoleic acid, evening primrose helps regulate hormonal balance. Current research confirms its traditional use for alleviating menstrual ailments. It is also used to treat eczema and holds promise for alleviating other . . . — — Map (db m235695) HM

82 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Origanum vulgare — Oregano —

This versatile herb was used by colonists to alleviate toothaches, flavor food and strew on floors, as well as flavor ale. The flowering tops were used to produce a reddish brown dye. — — Map (db m144633) HM

83 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Origanum vulgare — Wild Marjoram —

The leaves are steam distilled to produce an oil that has a spicy, aromatic scent. The early Greeks, Egyptians, and Arabs all used it in their perfumes. Today, it appears in many perfumes and soaps, especially men's fragrances. The leaves and . . . — — Map (db m144686) HM

84 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum — Greek Oregano —

Dioscorides reported that above-ground parts, taken with wine, were good for those who had drunk the juice of the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) or the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). — — Map (db m144663) HM

85 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Osmorhiza calytonii — Sweet Cicely —

Sweet Cicely roots taste and smell like anise. Oil from the roots contains sugar, fats, resins and tannin. Chippewa Indians women drank the tea of the roots to aid in childbirth. — — Map (db m144601) HM

86 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Osmorhiza claytonii — Sweet Cicely —

Sweet Cicely roots taste and smell like anise. Oil from the roots contains sugar, fats, resins, and tannin. Chippewa Indian women drank the tea of the roots to aid in childbirth. — — Map (db m235703) HM

87 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Osmunda cinnamomea — Cinnamon Fern —

In the spring, the Menomini limited their diet to the young coiled fern tips (croziers) so that their bodies had the scent of the fern. This allowed them to get close to deer to hunt them. — — Map (db m144566) HM

88 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Papaver rhoeas — Corn Poppy —

Drinking the seed with honey and water was said to help indigestion. Poulticed leaves and flower heads helped to heal inflammations. A decoration applied with hot moist cloths induced sleep. — — Map (db m235719) HM

89 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Papaver somniferum — Bread Poppy —

Among the world's oldest medicines, its pain relieving and sedative properties have been recognized for thousands of years. Its constituents include the well known alkaloids morphine and codeine. It was used to treat dysentery during the U.S. Civil . . . — — Map (db m235698) HM

90 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Phlomis fruticosa — Jerusalem Sage —

The leaves soaked in water were laid upon swollen, inflamed eyes. Dioscorides also noted that just a knucklebone's length of the root, given with wine, could bind excessive intestinal discharges. — — Map (db m144668) HM

91 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Phytolacca americana — Poke —

The Pamunkey of Virginia treated rheumatism with boiled poke berries. Several tribes used berry pigments as a dye. All parts of the plant are poisonous. — — Map (db m144571) HM

92 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Phytolacca americana — Poke —

Native Americans made use of poke berries as a body paint. Later the Colonists found it an inexpensive source of red dye for woolens. Young leaves yield brilliant yellows on wool. Caution: poisonous — — Map (db m144660) HM

93 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Plumeria rubra — frangipani —

The flowers are highly fragrant and are used in the production of perfumes. The common name, "frangipani," is derived from an Italian noble family which invented a plumeria-scented perfume in the sixteenth family. The flowers themselves are strung . . . — — Map (db m235692) HM

94 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Podophyllum peltatum — Mayapple —

The fruit of this woodland flower was eaten by all the Eastern tribes. The rhizome was ingested by the Iroquois to commit suicide. The whole plant, except ripe fruit, is poisonous. — — Map (db m235707) HM

95 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Polemonium reptans — Jacob's Ladder —

The roots were used by the Meskwaki Indians of Wisconsin to induce vomiting. They called the plant 'fine hair woman medicine'. — — Map (db m144623) HM

96 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Polygonatum biflorum — Small Solomon's Seal —

This plant was called the "reviver" by the Menomini and Fox because inhaling the smoke of the heated root revived unconscious patients. — — Map (db m144578) HM

97 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Rosa virginiana — Pasture Rose —

North-central Native Americans made a medicine with the rose hip skin for stomach troubles. — — Map (db m144603) HM

98 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Rosmarinus officinalis — Rosemary —

Rosemary has an ancient history in the Mediterranean as an incense and perfume. It was the main ingredient in Hungary Water, one of the earliest European perfumes created for the Queen of Hungary in A.D. 1370. The scent became popular throughout . . . — — Map (db m144437) HM

99 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Rosmarinus officinalis — Rosemary —

Rosemary was a favorite herb for cooking and strewing. As a symbol of remembrance and fidelity, it was added to wedding cakes and puddings, as well as tossed into coffins at funerals. — — Map (db m144636) HM

100 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Arboretum — Rosmarinus officinalis — rosemary —

Rosemary contains several volatile oils, tannins, bittering compounds, and resins, which are thought to contribute to the increased potency and extended preservation of beers brewed with it. It has been used medicinally for centuries to improve . . . — — Map (db m144695) HM

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