By the late 1700’s, manufactured products of the Industrial Revolution were replacing handcrafted items, but in Berea and other pockets of Central Appalachia, handicraft traditions continued. The celebration of traditional loomed weavings by Berea . . . — — Map (db m151757) HM
Founded 1853 by the Rev. John G. Fee of Bracken County on the invitation of local citizens and Cassius M. Clay, who projected an antislavery community here. Open in full equality to all races and nonsectarian, the church had a leading part in . . . — — Map (db m9726) HM
(1) Encampment at Bobtown
August 29, 1862
Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne's division, vanguard of Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith's infantry, left Barbourville on August 23, 1862, the same day that Confederate Col. John Scott defeated Col. Leonidas . . . — — Map (db m86059) HM
Berea College, founded 1855 by John G. Fee with the support of Cassius M. Clay in a one-room school built by the community. Its constitution, 1858, made it Christian, non-sectarian, anti-slavery. Compelled to close 1859 by pro-slavery factions, . . . — — Map (db m9873) HM
This regions earliest artist and craftspeople called this land home some 10,000 years ago – long before settler and explorers like Daniel Boone arrived. Drawn to fertile soil and running water, early Native Americans settled around the salt . . . — — Map (db m151758) HM
Richmond-Prelude
Confederates in Tennessee under Gen. E. Kirby Smith planned an invasion of the Blue Grass area. Finding Cumberland Gap protected, they entered through Rogers' Gap, heading to Lexington. US Gen. Wm. Nelson sent Gens. M.D. . . . — — Map (db m140407) HM
(front): Civil War troop movements through Berea were common prior to the Aug. 29-30, 1862, Battle of Richmond. Military traffic in and near Berea caused villagers to hear the Civil War "knocking at their east door." At Big Hill on the Old . . . — — Map (db m30428) HM
Aug. 23, 1862. Col. Scott's La. Cavalry, of Gen. Kirby Smith's invading army from Tenn., routed Col. Metcalfe and Union troops. Approaching Richond as USA army arrived, Scott went back to Camp Wildcat, then joined Smith in Richmond victory, Aug. 30, . . . — — Map (db m15686) HM
Until 1972 these graves were marked with only small rough field stones which are still in place along with the newer Veterans Administration markers. Research by Dr. John B. Floyd, Jr., revealed the names of the soldiers buried here. Since it is not . . . — — Map (db m30987) HM
(Front): A log tavern down this lane was by 1830s an overnight stop on the Old State Road from Cumberland Gap to Lexington. The older half of building dates back to ca. 1800. During Civil War, Jones Tavern was alternately held by Confederate . . . — — Map (db m30986) HM
Side A Shortly after Daniel Boone and his party chopped out a trail to the Kentucky River in 1775, members of the Starns family came to Boonsborough from Southwest Virginia, made land entries and helped build the fort. Frederick Starn, Sr. . . . — — Map (db m30628) HM
The Fort Is Abandoned
Settlers built Fort Boonesborough as a refuge in time of trouble. When the threat of Indian attack declined, people abandoned the fort. Richard Henderson's dream of Boonesborough as his colony's capital died when the . . . — — Map (db m242011) HM
Opening the Wilderness
Land speculator Richard Henderson's Transylvania
Company had obtained thousands of acres from the
Cherokee-all of the land bounded by the Kentucky,
Cumberland, and Ohio rivers. In 1775, few non-Indians
had ventured . . . — — Map (db m210659) HM
Built for Defense
Daniel Boone and his trail crew arrived at the beginning
of April 1775 and began building a fort. They had finished
several small, rough cabins when Richard Henderson and
forty men arrived a few weeks later. Henderson . . . — — Map (db m210660) HM
No Trace Remained
Built for defense, Fort Boonesborough fell into disuse after the
threat posed by the British and their Indian allies vanished. The
log walls and cabins decayed. The rock in the chimneys was
scavenged for use elsewhere. . . . — — Map (db m210658) HM
In pious and eternal commemoration
of
The First Christian Service
in Kentucky
attended by the pioneer founders
of Transylvania
and conducted by the
Reverend John Lythe
of the
Church of England
on this hallowed spot May 28, 1775.
Erected . . . — — Map (db m210661) HM
The War Begins
Less than three weeks after Daniel Boone arrived here in
April 1775, the battles of Lexington and Concord ignited the
American Revolution. For two years an uneasy peace held
on the frontier but in early 1777 the British and . . . — — Map (db m210655) HM
Three Girls Abducted
One hot July day in 1776, three teenage girls took the only canoe at Boonesborough out on the river with disastrous results. Fanny Callaway, Betsey Callaway, and Jemima Boone drifted too close to the eastern bank where . . . — — Map (db m210656) HM
Boonesborough, "Capital of the Colony of Transylvania," was setted April, 1775, by Daniel Boone as the first fortified settlement in Kentucky. Near the fort under the "Divine Elm Tree" in May, 1775, Colonel Richard Henderson held the first . . . — — Map (db m67789) HM
The Confederates wasted little time in exploiting the gap between Manson and Cruft. "The order then reached us to move across to that portion of the field in double-quick," wrote Col. Benjamin J. Hill. The Union artillery opened fire on . . . — — Map (db m86282) HM
Near this site, close to the walls of the fort, stood the "Divine Elm," a majestic tree, under whose boughs 100 persons could be seated. The old tree served as both council chamber and church in the development of this state. On May 23, 1775, it . . . — — Map (db m165362) HM
The fight at Kingston began around dawn on August 30, 1862, with skirmishers on both sides trading shots. Upon being notified of the exchange, Union Gen. Mahlon Manson led his men south along the State Road. He deployed his brigade of the Army of . . . — — Map (db m86275) HM
West of here is White Hall, home of Cassius M. Clay (1810-1903). For a half century, Clay was a "firebrand" in American life. Fearless abolitionist, publisher of anti-slavery paper, The True American, captain in the Mexican War, legislator and . . . — — Map (db m67793) HM WM
After the early morning engagement near Mt. Zion Church both sides regrouped. Manson deployed the Union forces here at Duncannon Road, placing his brigade on the east side of the Old State Road (US 421) and Gen. Cruft's brigade on the west side. . . . — — Map (db m86281) HM
The area surrounding this marker was known as "Sycamore Hollow." Daniel Boone and his small group came here ca. April 1, 1775, and began construction of rough log huts. When Col. Richard Henderson arrived on April 20, 1775, fear of flooding . . . — — Map (db m165365) HM
The Battle of Richmond began about 5 AM on August 30, 1862, as pickets from Gen. Mahlon Manson's Union brigade and Gen. Patrick Cleburne's Confederate division exchanged shots. With the initial rattle of musketry both side began shaping their . . . — — Map (db m167266) HM
West of here is White Hall, home of Cassius M. Clay (1810-1903). For a half century, Clay was a “firebrand” in American life. Fearless abolitionist, publisher of anti-slavery paper, The True American, captain in the Mexican War, legislator and . . . — — Map (db m210463) HM
As the battle unfolded on the morning of August 30, 1862, General Patrick Cleburne began to arrange his artillery. Cleburne placed the 1st Texas just north of the Irvine-Lancaster Pike (present-day Crooksville Road). His plan was to next move . . . — — Map (db m86268) HM
Just as the Confederate line began to push Gen. Mahlon Manson's army, Gen. Charles Cruft brought a portion of his brigade, two regiments of infantry and a partial artillery battery, onto the field. The 95th Ohio and 18th Kentucky were in the lead . . . — — Map (db m86269) HM
Cassius Marcellus Clay, Kentucky's leading antislavery activist, was born here on October 19, 1810. Although his immediate family owned many slaves, Cassius argued that slavery hurt Kentucky's economic development by limiting competition. He . . . — — Map (db m202783) HM
General Patrick Cleburne's two brigades encamped at
Bobtown the night of August 29. At approximately 4:30
on the morning of August 30 a Confederate cavalry
screen led by Captain William L. Garriott [sometimes
called Garnett] of the Kentucky . . . — — Map (db m210647) HM
Gen. Mahlon Manson's brigade had almost no combat
experience. The "grizzled veterans” of the brigade were the
18th Kentucky. Detachments of the regiment had fought at
the Battle of Cynthiana in July and participated in skirmishes
in Paris and . . . — — Map (db m210651) HM
The Cemetery
This cemetery holds the remains of some of the Barnett family, who settled this land sometime before 1804, and their servants. While most of these markers are inscribed, there are also at least three unidentified field-stone . . . — — Map (db m140408) HM
(Side 1): An Inexperienced Army
Gen. Mahlon Manson's brigade had almost no combat experience. The "grizzled veterans" of the brigade were the 18th Kentucky. Detachments of the regiment had fought at the Battle of Cynthiana in July and . . . — — Map (db m31384) HM
(Side 1): Nelson Takes Command The day after the battle at Big Hill, August 24, Gen. Horatio Wright, Commander of the Department of the Ohio, ordered Gen. William Nelson not to fight at Richmond unless he was sure of success. "Better . . . — — Map (db m31459) HM
"The rebels had succeeded in out flanking us, and we were now under a terrible cross-fire from three sides...while their batteries still played upon us with their deadly meteors." Lt. Col. James R. S. Cox, 16th Indiana In the early morning . . . — — Map (db m31621) HM
Dedicated to the many brothers of the Masonic fraternity, both Union and Confederate, who gallantly fought during the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky August 29 & 30, 1862
Richmond Lodge No. 25
Madison Lodge No. 183
Kingston Lodge No. 315 . . . — — Map (db m30985) HM
Buried in this cemetery is Cassius Marcellus Clay. As a result of his diplomacy in Russia, friendship between the two powers reached its highest peak. This helped prevent intervention of England and France during Civil War and provided an atmosphere . . . — — Map (db m190733) HM
Famous hunter, soldier and scout born near here. Carson (1809-1868) grew up in Mo.; began scouting career in Taos, N.M., at age 17. Won renown in piloting Fremont's Western expeditions; served in Mexican War. Appointed Indian agent, 1853, he was . . . — — Map (db m67794) HM WM
The tree line in front of you marks the location of Churchill's Draw, a steep-sided, narrow gully formed by Mound Creek. The ways commanders use landscape features to gain the tactical advantage influences the way a battle unfolds, and its outcome. . . . — — Map (db m210645) HM
(Front): Built in 1852, this building was adjacent to location of the Battle of Richmond, Aug. 29-30, 1862, and became field hospital for Gen. Wm. Nelson's 1st and 2nd brigades, USA. Mortality was high, and about forty Union soldiers were . . . — — Map (db m31471) HM
Col. Richard Callaway. Born in Caroline County, Virginia, in June 1722, Richard Callaway served in French and Indian wars and as a colonel in Revolutionary War. He was a member of Virginia House of Burgesses and one of the first settlers of . . . — — Map (db m72632) HM
The temperature hovered between 96 and 100 degrees on August 30, 1862.
Kentucky was in drought. The roads were dusty and the crops, brown.
Sweaty and covered in dust, the Confederate line trudged north.
In 1862 this area was known as . . . — — Map (db m210650) HM
(Side A) For James Madison, Virginia patriot whose political foresight led to the formation of many of our basic democratic principles. He was a member of Virginia's Constitutional Convention and her First Assembly, 1776. He was also . . . — — Map (db m30883) HM
Two miles east is location of the trail blazed in 1775 by Daniel Boone, who was then agent for the Transylvania Co. This famous road was used by thousands of settlers traveling to Kentucky. Boone's Trace entered Ky. at Cumberland Gap, crossed the . . . — — Map (db m31115) HM
From North Carolina to Kentucky 1775. Erected by the Kentucky Daughters of the American Revolution 1915. Also near the site of Fort Estill 1779-1782 built by Capt. James Estill — — Map (db m31116) HM
(Front) Eastern Kentucky State Normal School was created by act of the Ky. legislature on March 21, 1906. First classes were held at the new institution in 1907. The Richmond campus was first used in 1874 by Central University & from 1901 . . . — — Map (db m30881) HM
Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne's division, the vanguard of Gen.
Edmund Kirby Smith's infantry, left Barbourville on
August 23, 1862, the same
day that Confederate Col.
John Scott defeated Col. Leonidas Metcalfe on Big Hill.
Barbourville's strong . . . — — Map (db m210648) HM
"They sent some cavalry that night and we routed them."
Lieut. Marcus Fleishel, Douglas' Texas Battery
As late as August 29,1862 the Union command had no
idea of the size of the Confederate force south of
Richmond. Was it a full-scale . . . — — Map (db m210646) HM
First Ferry in Kentucky. License for first ferry established in state, Oct. 1779, was granted to Col. Richard Callaway by the Virginia legislature. The fare for a man or a horse was three shillings (50 cents). The ferry operated until 1931, . . . — — Map (db m165367) HM
(Front): Established about four miles Southeast of Richmond and east of this place in 1779-1780, by Col. Samuel and Captain James Estill. It was noted for land locators, surveyors, horse hunters, travelers, and scouts. It commanded the . . . — — Map (db m30993) HM
Marker Front:Frances E. Beauchamp
(1857-1923)This Madison Co. native spearheaded the antiliquor crusade in Ky. and was a leading figure in temperance movement nationwide. A protegee of famed Frances E. Willard, Beauchamp lectured on dry . . . — — Map (db m30584) HM
Lawyer and Businessman
Charles Cruft was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1826 and graduated from Wabash College in 1842. He taught school and worked at a bank before reading law and being admitted to the bar in 1848. An excellent . . . — — Map (db m210652) HM
Edmund Kirby Smith commanded the victorious Confederate army at the Battle of Richmond. He served in every theater of the Civil War. Kirby Smith was the last Confederate general to surrender.
Graduated from West Point
Edmund Kirby Smith . . . — — Map (db m86287) HM
Crawfordsville, Indiana Mahlon Dickerson Manson spent his first years near Piqua, Ohio, where he was born in 1820. When Mahlon was twelve his family moved to Indiana. After studying pharmacy Manson opened a drug store in Crawfordsville. He left . . . — — Map (db m86286) HM
General Thomas Churchill ***
Gen. Thomas James Churchill commanded the brigade of Texas dismounted cavalry that delivered the crushing blow to the Union right. Churchill had come a long way home to lead the assault. ***
Thomas James . . . — — Map (db m48177) HM
Son of an Influential Kentucky Family
The Nelson family counted among its friends some of the most important families in Kentucky. William Nelson, born in 1824, near Maysville, Kentucky, grew up in an atmosphere of influence and wealth. . . . — — Map (db m86288) HM
This was home of James McCreary, twice gov. of Ky., 1875-79 and 1911-15. He was only governor to serve at both capitols and live as chief executive in both governor's mansions. McCreary served with South in Civil War, then in the state legislature, . . . — — Map (db m67798) HM WM
On Taylor's fork of Silver Creek, .7 mi. east, is burial place of Hancock Taylor. This pioneer was at Falls of Ohio in 1769 enroute to New Orleans and surveying in Ky. by 1773. A deputy surveyor under Wm. Preston, he was near mouth of Ky. River when . . . — — Map (db m67802) HM
This memorial stands on the battlefield of Richmond in memory of the fallen Union and Confederate soldiers, Aug. 29, 30, 1862. After burial for nearly six years in the Richmond cemetery, the 241 Union dead were removed to Camp Nelson National . . . — — Map (db m167417) WM
James Bennett McCreary On August 31, 1975, James Bennett McCreary, a native of Madison County, was inaugurated governor of Kentucky. While advocating peace and reconciliation, his campaign had traded on his rank of lieutenant colonel in . . . — — Map (db m45014) HM
During the Civil War, Kentucky was a Unionist, slave-owning state. When President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, it did not legally affect slavery in Kentucky. The Proclamation only applied to areas that . . . — — Map (db m202780) HM
Christopher Houston “Kit” Carson
Famous old west FigureWas born in Madison County on December 24, 1809
Less than two years later, the Carson family moved to Missouri. After his father, Lindsey Carson, . . . — — Map (db m67796) HM WM
Woman's rights leader, born here, was pres. of Ky. Equal Rights Assn. 1888-1912. Daughter of Cassius M. Clay, Laura won coeducational, property and joint guardianship rights for Ky. women and held key positions in National American Woman Suffrage . . . — — Map (db m202753) HM
"A Ten Acre Lot Full" In the early evening hours of August 30, 1862, the weary Union soldiers fighting a running battle from Kingston to Richmond were forced to stop. Confederate cavalry had blocked the roads leading out of Richmond - the . . . — — Map (db m167329) HM
Madison Hemp And Flax Co.
Began operations here on Silver
Creek in 1806. The machinery for
spinning hemp and flax was run
by water power. In 1808. received
permission from the legislature to
incorporate and sell stock. Factory
produced . . . — — Map (db m205694) HM
Gen. Mahlon D. Manson marched south along the Old State Road (US 421) from Richmond seeking the Confederate army. As he topped the hill where Mt. Zion Church stands he began to deploy his army. Using the road as his guide, he deployed his . . . — — Map (db m31627) HM
The standard tactic employed in a Civil War battle was to turn your opponent's flank, that is, to bring your line of infantry into position perpendicular to the enemy's, giving the flanking soldiers an advantage in firepower. Gen. Mahlon Manson, . . . — — Map (db m140409) HM
(Side A) Pvt. William M. Harris and Pvt. Thomas W. Stivers were born in 1850 in Madison Co., Ky. Pvt. George D. Scott was born 1850 in Garrard Co., Ky. These three individuals joined Capt. Thomas B. Weir's Co. D, 7th U.S. Cavalry. They . . . — — Map (db m167331) HM
(Obverse Side)
Michigan Light Artillery Regiment
During the Civil War more than three thousand men served in Michigan's First Regiment of Artillery. The twelve batteries saw action in both major theaters. Unlike in infantry . . . — — Map (db m66937) HM
The Sanctuary Became A Surgery
On the day of the battle, August 30, 1862, the temperature hovered near 100 degrees. As the battle raged, ambulances drawn by sweating horses raced into the churchyard, bringing more and more casualties to . . . — — Map (db m167275) HM
Nathaniel Hart
Nathaniel Hart was born in Hanover County, Virginia, in 1734. A key figure in the purchase of land in Kentucky from Cherokee Indians, he came to Boonesborough in 1775. Killed in 1782 by Indians near this old house, and buried . . . — — Map (db m239141) HM
The most well-known participant in the Battle of Richmond was General Patrick Cleburne, a charismatic young officer who rose rapidly through the Confederate ranks. In the fall of 1861, less than six months after entering Confederate service, . . . — — Map (db m140465) HM
In Memory of the Pioneers who with energy born of conviction, wrested wealth from the earth and gave an empire to untold generations to come. This memorial is dedicated by one of Kentucky's sons
1775-1906
Pioneer Monument
Erected 1906, by . . . — — Map (db m86284) HM
The Pioneer National Monument Association was
an outgrowth of the Daniel Boone Bicentennial
Commission, which was created in 1934.
Under the leadership of Dr. Jonathan T. Dorris,
Eastern Kentucky State Collegé history professor
and . . . — — Map (db m165364) HM
The Union Line Breaks The Confederates destroyed the Union line at Duncannon Road. They hit Cruft's brigade with a rolling musket volley, reloaded, jumped the fence and scattered his line. Manson's brigade fared no better. The 71st Indiana . . . — — Map (db m130412) HM
The blow the Confederates struck Manson's
brigade at Mt. Zion Church was considerable.
The Confederates captured at least 500 men
and a considerable amount of equipment. The
heat of the day - it was in the upper 90s and
there was little water . . . — — Map (db m210649) HM
White Hall stood in ruins in 1965 when the Garden Club directed its efforts to saving and restoring the mansion as a Kentucky state park. In 1967 Gov. Edward Breathitt and White Hall heirs, Warfield and Esther Bennett approved the sale. The deed . . . — — Map (db m202730) HM
In Aug. 1862, Confederate Gen. E. Kirby Smith left Knoxville to invade Ky. in a planned effort with Gen. Braxton Bragg, who advanced from near Nashville. Smith bypassed Union troops at Cumberland Gap and followed the Old State Road toward . . . — — Map (db m173585) HM
Born in Richmond, Kentucky, April 5, 1816; died in Washington, D.C., October 12, 1890. He graduated with honors at Transylvania College of Medicine, June, 1838. Having located in Barbourville in 1837, he studied law while practicing medicine, being . . . — — Map (db m30895) HM
I. Commemoration
The Battle of Richmond ended on August 30, 1862. Over the years, monuments and historic markers were erected to commemorate the battle and the battlefield was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1993, . . . — — Map (db m86274) HM
In the early morning hours of August 30, 1862, a handful of Confederate cavalry approached the Union line near Mt. Zion Church, where they were met by a burst of fire from Federal artillery. The Union salvo was answered in kind. An artillery duel . . . — — Map (db m86260) HM
In memory of the Pioneers of Kentucky
Capt David Cass, Col. William Irvine, Abraham Newland, Jesse Oldham, Yelverton Peyton, Anne Guffey Peyton, Thomas Phelps, Josiah Phelps, George Phelps, Lucy Phelps, John Phelps, Joseph Proctor
Enoch . . . — — Map (db m165366) HM
Never a plantation Pleasant View Farm had its beginnings in 1801 when Joseph Barnett bought 578 acres on the Hayes Fork of Silver Creek. By 1824 he had constructed the brick house that stands today. About the same time, Barnett is believed . . . — — Map (db m31624) HM
Kitchens in the southern states were often separate buildings from the main house. Cooking odors on a hot and humid day would be most unpleasant, not to mention the added heat from large cooking fires. Removing the kitchen from the house further . . . — — Map (db m202751) HM
3-inch Ordnance Rifle
This gun is a replica, non-firing 3-inch ordnance rifle. John Griffen with the Phoenix Iron Company of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, developed this gun in the late 1850s. His prototype passed U.S. government tests in . . . — — Map (db m173989) HM
Texas remembers the valor and devotion of its soldiers who participated in the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky - August 29 & 30, 1862. -
Here, Confederate Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith led his newly organized Confederate Army of Kentucky in an . . . — — Map (db m48147) HM
The Battle of Richmond began in the early morning hours of August 30, 1862. Near this site Confederate cavalry pushed Union pickets north - toward the main Union line. Confederate Gen. Patrick Cleburne placed his artillery to the southeast, on a . . . — — Map (db m31625) HM
In the summer of 1862 the Confederacy took the offensive Robert E. Lee's army advanced into Maryland. Sterling Price and Earl Van Dorn's armies marched toward Corinth, Mississippi. Braxton Bragg and Kirby Smith moved out of Tennessee and into . . . — — Map (db m31622) HM
August 23, 1862 BIG HILL Confederate Col. John Scott's cavalry defeats cavalry commanded by Col. Leonidas Metcalfe near the Cox house on Big Hill. The Confederate victory opens the road to Richmond. August 29, 1862 . . . — — Map (db m86279) HM
On August 30, 1862, the end of the Union line was anchored on the small knoll overlooking the wooded ravine on its left. From there, the line stretched to the right across US 421. It ended just south of Mt. Zion Church, the brick building on the far . . . — — Map (db m31626) HM
Dedicated by their descendants to the sacred memory of the brave pioneers who entered the wilderness of what later became Kentucky and formed the settlement known as Boonesborough, first fortified settlement in Kentucky. We honor these, among the . . . — — Map (db m239186) HM
Union
Mahlon Dickerson Manson (1818-1895) An apothecary turned politician, Mahlon Dickerson Manson served as a captain in the Mexican War. He enlisted as a private when the Civil War began but was soon promoted to colonel. Manson fought . . . — — Map (db m221861) HM
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