101 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Music on St. Catherine Street — Natchez Trails —

Alexander Lightfoot "Papa George" Papa George Lightfoot [1924-1971], he lived down the street from the alley I came up in, down on St. Catherine Street....He was a hustler, he had a snowball wagon, he sold peanuts. He would blow his harp . . . — — Map (db m108160) HM

102 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez —

First settled by French, 1716-29. Lasting growth came with Britain, 1763-1779, and Spain, 1779-98. Cotton and trade made it commercial and cultural capital of Old South. — — Map (db m4479) HM

103 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez —

Here passed, in 1543, De Soto’s men under Moscoso. In 1682 La Salle and De Tonti here visited the Natchez Indians. In 1716 Bienville here built Fort Rosalie and established a French settlement. In 1763 the fort was ceded to the English and renamed . . . — — Map (db m87167) HM

104 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez Bluffs and River Views — Natchez Trails —

The Harper family mansion had a spectacular view of the river from the bluff. The construction of the railroad and related development made its land valuable for commerce, and the house and its garden were destroyed to build a large warehouse (no . . . — — Map (db m104673) HM

105 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez Chapter —

Organized May 5, 1896 at Monmouth First DAR chapter in Mississippi — — Map (db m243756) HM

106 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez Children's Home —

On March 12, 1816, a group of prominent women in the Natchez area formed the "Female Charitable Society.” Their goal was to house, educate, and care for children who had been orphaned within the Mississippi Territory. The Society established and . . . — — Map (db m214750) HM

107 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez City Cemetery —

Established in 1822 on a ten acre tract, this cemetery grew into a park notable for its variety of 19th century iron and marble work. People of all walks of life are buried within the cemetery. — — Map (db m50659) HM

108 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez Civil Rights and Old D'Evereux Street — Natchez Trails —

The Deacons for Defense and Justice armed themselves in self-defense as a response to the attempted murder of local NAACP president George Metcalfe, whose car was bombed by the Ku Klux Klan in 1965. The first meeting of the Natchez Deacons was . . . — — Map (db m116326) HM

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109 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez Civil Rights Movement - 1965 - Pivotal Year — Natchez Trails —

The National Guard patrolled St. Catherine Street on September 3, 1965, not long after the August 27 bombing that nearly killed George Metcalfe, president of the local chapter of the Natchez Association for the Advancement of Colored People . . . — — Map (db m115639) HM

110 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — 33 — Natchez NAACP Headquarters — Mississippi Freedom Trail —

This house played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement, serving as headquarters for the local NAACP and the home of its president. George Metcalfe. During Freedom Summer of 1964, when civil rights workers converged on the state. members . . . — — Map (db m226608) HM

111 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez National Cemetery —

Civil War Natchez In 1860, Natchez was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Within the surrounding Adams County, population 19,000, nearly 70 percent were enslaved. A few individuals held the vast majority of those slaves. . . . — — Map (db m143536) HM

112 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez National Historical Park —

William Johnson House 210 State Street The William Johnson House site consists of the Johnson home and kitchen, and the adjoining McCallum House. William Johnson, born a slave in 1809, was freed at age eleven and later became a . . . — — Map (db m137168) HM

113 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez Under-the-Hill - Life on the Riverfront — Natchez Trails —

On May 8, 1840, one of the deadliest tornadoes in American history struck Natchez and killed about 300 people. Most of the dead were boatmen and passengers on steamboats docked at the waterfront. The city was already suffering from the economic . . . — — Map (db m143132) HM

114 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Natchez Under-the-Hill and the Steamboat Era — Natchez Trails —

For most of the 1800s, the prime mover of commerce and passengers on the Mississippi River was the steamboat, which was invented by Robert Fulton in 1807. The combination of the steamboat, the cotton gin, and improved strains of cotton . . . — — Map (db m143122) HM

115 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Native Structures —

In 1972, archaeologists found evidence of several Natchez Indian houses in this area. In some cases, house floors were superimposed on one another indicating repeated use of these locations. The excavations revealed two different types of houses . . . — — Map (db m114671) HM

116 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Old Natchez Hotel —

. . . — — Map (db m127100) HM

117 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Origin of the Natchez Trace —

After the American Revolution, frontiersmen from the Ohio Valley carried their products down stream to Spanish controlled New Orleans and Natchez. Returning home, boatmen followed a series of Indian trails from Natchez to Nashville—trails . . . — — Map (db m87224) HM

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118 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — 83 — Papa Lightfoot & The Natchez Blues —

Side 1The rich legacy of blues, jazz, and gospel in Natchez has often been obscured by the tragic shadow of the notorious Rhythm Club fire that claimed some 200 lives here in 1940. Alexander “Papa George” Lightfoot was one of the . . . — — Map (db m105233) HM

119 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Perrault House —

This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m243889) HM

120 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Pleasant Hill — 1835 —

This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m243686) HM

121 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Ravennaside —

An outstanding example of Colonial Revival architecture, Ravennaside, built 1902, was the home of Roane Fleming Byrnes (1890-1970) and headquarters for her efforts in the creation and development of the Natchez Trace Parkway, the 444-mile National . . . — — Map (db m103821) HM

122 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Rhythm Club Fire —

This tablet was erected in memory of those who lost their lives in the Rhythm Club Fire April 23, 1940 Inez Adams• St. Elmo Adams• Marjorie Alexander• Susie Alexander• Juanita Avery• Bessie Lee Mont. Banks• Joe Barnes• Walter J. . . . — — Map (db m226719) HM

123 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Rhythm Night Club —

On April 23, 1940, 209 African Americans died in a fire at the Rhythm Club, located at this site. An overflow crowd, which included civic and cultural leaders, had come to hear the Walter Barnes Orchestra of Chicago. Considered among America's most . . . — — Map (db m103794) HM

124 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Richard N. Wright —

Noted African-American author of Native Son and Black Boy was born in 1908 near Natchez, where he spent his early childhood. His lifelong quest for freedom led him to Paris, France, where he died in 1960. — — Map (db m10059) HM

125 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Richard Wright —

Childhood home of noted American author Richard Wright, while he lived with grandparents Richard and Margaret Wilson in the Woodlawn neighborhood. Author of "Native Son" and "Black Boy", Wright was born outside Natchez in rural Adams County in 1908. . . . — — Map (db m170486) HM

126 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Richard Wright — Mississippi Writers Trail —

Richard Nathaniel Wright was born in Roxie, near Natchez, in 1908. In his youth, he suffered poverty, racism, and being shuffled between an orphanage and the homes of relatives. In Jackson, he was valedictorian of his class at Smith Robertson . . . — — Map (db m193094) HM

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127 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Road to Fort Rosalie —

In the early 1700s, a road began here and connected the Grand Village with the French colonial settlement on the Mississippi River bluff near what is now downtown Natchez.In 1723, French mapmaker Ignace Broutin produced a remarkably detailed map of . . . — — Map (db m111076) HM

128 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Rosalie Cemetery —

This marker is placed as a memorial to those early settlers of Natchez whose buried remains were discovered here during the Natchez Bluffs Stabilization Project in 1999. This bluff was originally part of the property purchased on December 22, 1820, . . . — — Map (db m50696) HM

129 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Rose Hill Missionary Baptist Church —

Rose Hill is the oldest black baptist congregation in the state, with origins dating to 1837. This 1908 building replaces the first wooden church and contains a 1912 Moller pipe organ. Randle Pollard was the first official pastor, serving from . . . — — Map (db m105229) HM

130 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Routhland —

This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m243748) HM

131 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Sadie V. Thompson School — 1953-1972 — "ERA" Reunion Founded July 1994 —

In memory of the Afro-American Experience in Natchez Adams County Mississippi of segregated schools for black children. Our treatment was second class at best, but our principals and teachers were first class in their guidance and values. Full . . . — — Map (db m224619) HM

132 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Seargent S. Prentiss — (1808-1850) —

S. ½ mi. is grave of orator & statesman who came from Maine to Natchez in 1827 & won fame in law & politics, serving with distinction in legislature & in Congress. — — Map (db m103801) HM

133 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Silver Street and Natchez Under-the-Hill — Natchez Trails —

The Spanish built Silver Street about 1790 to connect the town to the riverfront below. In the 1800s, Natchez Under-the-Hill was a major port on the Mississippi River. Natchez exported and imported agricultural goods, with cotton being . . . — — Map (db m127108) HM

134 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Site of Bank of Mississippi —

Chartered in 1809 as the only bank in Mississippi Territory and given a monopoly as the official state bank in 1818. It occupied this site in 1826 but was supplanted by Planters' Bank in 1831. Closed solvent. — — Map (db m70854) HM

135 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Site of Cokesbury Chapel — Earliest Methodist Church in Natchez —

Erected 1807. Launer Blackman, Elder. Caleb W. Cloud Pastor. Trustees: Launer Blackman, Newit Vick, Reuben Gibson, W. Foster, Phillip Gorral, David Lattimore. This tablet placed 1935 by Jubilee Circle of W.M.S Jefferson St. Ch. — — Map (db m97262) HM

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136 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Site of D'Evereux Hall Orphan Asylum —

William St. John Elliot, a wealthy planter, died in 1855. He willed his mansion. D'Evereux Hall, to the Catholic church to become a boys' orphanage. His widow, Anna Elliot, who wanted the house to remain in her family, purchased the estate from . . . — — Map (db m226716) HM

137 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Smart-Griffin-Angelety House - 180 St. Catherine Street —

Ida McGuire Gillespie (left) and Odille Angelety grew up across the street from each other on St. Catherine Street and were lifelong friends. Odille never married and had a long distinguished career as a teacher at nearby Brumfield High School. An . . . — — Map (db m114291) HM

138 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Snakes — Natchez Nature Trails —

Venomous Snakes of Adams County Venomous Snakes of Adams County Watch where you walk! Adams County is home to five species of venomous snakes: the Copperhead, Eastern Cottonmouth, Eastern Coral Snake, and the Canebrake and Pygmy Rattlesnakes. . . . — — Map (db m114651)

139 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Spanish Colonial Natchez — 1779 ~ 1798 —

Following acquisition of the Natchez District in 1779, the Spanish founded the City of Natchez ca.1790 to serve as the capital. Under Governor Manuel Gayoso, the city was planned and surveyed by John Girault in a typical Spanish grid plan around a . . . — — Map (db m10058) HM

140 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — St. Catherine Creek —

In the early 1700's, French colonists established a plantation called the "St. Catherine Concession" on this creek about two miles upstream from the Grand Village. The name was applied to the creek during the French colonial period in the Natchez . . . — — Map (db m106308) HM

141 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — St. Catherine Creek Italian Colony —

On January 21, 1905, a number of families from struggling farming communities near Bologna, Italy, left Genoa bound for New York aboard the S.S. Montevideo. Many of these families ventured south, some settling in this area near St. . . . — — Map (db m105231) HM

142 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — St. Catherine Street - John Nosser and Nosser City — Natchez Trails —

John J. Nosser, Mayor of Natchez from 1962 to 1968, was born in Lebanon in 1899 and immigrated to the United States in 1919. Mississippi welcomed a number of Lebanese immigrants who became some of the most successful businessmen in their . . . — — Map (db m114458) HM

143 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — St. Catherine Street and Fourth Street — Natchez Trails —

Seamstress Laura Davis made the lavish dress and train worn by Cassell Carpenter when she was Pilgrimage Garden Club Queen in 1966. Carpenter posed in the parlor of her home Dunleith for local photographer Mabel Lane, the city's most popular . . . — — Map (db m115935) HM

144 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — St. Mary's Cathedral —

In 1837 Natchez was designated the See of the Roman Catholic Church in Mississippi. In 1842 Bishop J. M. Chanche began construction of this structure, the only church built as a cathedral in Mississippi. — — Map (db m103791) HM

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145 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Temple B'Nai Israel — Established 1843 —

Jewish Americans have been part of Mississippi’s economic, social and political life since the 1780’s. In 1843, the Jewish community of Natchez grew large enough to organize and sustain the state’s first permanent religious congregation, Temple . . . — — Map (db m79345) HM

146 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Texada — Tavern of Don Manuel Garcia — Circa 1792 —

First brick house in Mississippi Territory Oldest Capitol Building in State of Mississippi — — Map (db m127095) HM

147 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Barlands - A Study in Black and White — Natchez Trails —

The will of William Barland, a wealthy planter and downtown property owner, disclosed an interesting domestic relationship that has long intrigued historians. Proven in 1816, the will legally acknowledged Barland's relationship with "friend and . . . — — Map (db m115928) HM

148 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The British Assume Control and Shelter Tories — Les Britanniques prennent le contrôle et abritent des conservateurs — Fort Rosalie —

Following the French and Indian War, as a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1763, England acquired French Canada and Spanish Florida. The British divided Florida into two provinces, East and West Florida, which included the southern half of . . . — — Map (db m138691) HM

149 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Burn —

This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m244108) HM

150 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The European Struggle for Control — Les Européens luttent pour le contrôle — Fort Rosalie —

During the 1600s and 1700s, Spain, France and Great Britain established outposts for commerce, defense, and settlement in North America. French explorers sought to claim and control North America by using the Great Lakes and the . . . — — Map (db m137184) HM

151 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The First Presbyterian Church —

Congregation organized in 1817. The Sanctuary was built in 1828-29 and enlarged in 1851. The Romanesque Revival rear addition was built in 1900 in honor of Joseph Stratton, Pastor, 1843-1903. The church and its companion manse on South Rankin Street . . . — — Map (db m19027) HM

152 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Forest Plantation —

Home and grave of William Dunbar (1749-1810), Scot settler who surveyed the boundary line between the USA and Spain-1798 and led 1st exploration of LA Purchase 1804. World-famed scientist and inventor in Miss. Territory. — — Map (db m103857) HM

153 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The French Build a Fort and a Colony — Les français bâtissent un fort et une colonie — Fort Rosalie —

The French needed a strong defensive fortification in the lower Mississippi River valley to prevent European intrusions from the south, and the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River at the settlement of the Natchez proved ideal. Following the . . . — — Map (db m137711) HM

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154 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The French in North America — Les Français en Amérique du Nord — Fort Rosalie —

France was the first of the three great European powers to recognize and appreciate the strategic importance of Natchez. Operating out of bases in Quebec, French explorers crossed the Great Lakes and followed smaller streams into the . . . — — Map (db m137257) HM

155 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Introduction of Slavery in the Natchez District — L'introduction de l'esclavage le district de Natchez — Fort Rosalie —

After initially experimenting with the use of enslaved workers from local Indian tribes, the French introduced the use of kidnapped and enslaved Africans as a labor force into the Natchez District by 1719. The international slave trade . . . — — Map (db m199264) HM

156 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Manse —

This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m243717) HM

157 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Natchez People — Les Natchez — Fort Rosalie —

The Natchez tribe of American Indians lived in the Natchez bluffs area along the lower Mississippi River valley. Archaeological evidence shows them in the region as far back as 700 CE. A sedentary people, the Natchez lived in nine . . . — — Map (db m137690) HM

158 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Natchez Revolt — le revolte de Natchez — Fort Rosalie —

English Early on the morning of November 28th, 1729, a group of 30 Natchez Indians with their hereditary chief, the Great Sun, arrived at Fort Rosalie armed with muskets and announced their plan to brinq meat back to the French from their . . . — — Map (db m138006) HM

159 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Natchez Trace —

Marked by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Mississippi 1909. This historic thoroughfare from Natchez to Nashville, Tenn. was used as a mail route in 1796. Although it was a well known Indian trail in far earlier days. — — Map (db m4555) HM

160 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Parsonage — Built 1852 —

On land donated by Peter Little to the Methodist Church because of his young wife Eliza's deep religious devotion. — — Map (db m192713) HM

161 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Spanish Lay Out a Permanent Town — Les Espagnols établissent une ville permanente — Fort Rosalie —

Extending as far north as the mouth of the Yazoo River (near present-day Vicksburg) and as far south as the thirty-first parallel (the current border between Mississippi and Louisiana), the entire region came to be known as the Natchez . . . — — Map (db m138693) HM

162 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The Stallone Family — Natchez Trails —

Pictured (left to right) are the Stallone sons, Hugo, Serviglio, Premo, and Meno. All of the sons worked on St. Catherine Street. Hugo operated a grocery store, where his brother Serviglio also worked. Premo opened a plumbing and electrical . . . — — Map (db m115624) HM

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163 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — The William Johnson House —

The house to your left, completed in 1841, was built by William Johnson. Born a slave in 1809 in Natchez and freed in 1820, Johnson learned the profession of barbering from his brother-in-law. At an early age, he owned a barbershop and later . . . — — Map (db m92857) HM

164 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — This Cannon —

This Cannon Was Taken From The Defenses At SANTIAGO De CUBA 1898 — — Map (db m120208) HM WM

165 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Three Archaeological Excavations —

The Mississippi Department of Archives and History sponsored digs at the Grand Village in 1930, 1960 and 1972. The 1930 excavations employed WPA laborers to investigate mounds B and C. The archaeologists discovered that the Natchez built these . . . — — Map (db m114512) HM

166 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Trinity Episcopal Church —

Trinity Episcopal Church's congregation was founded in 1822. The church building, designed by architect John Munce and built by George Williams, was constructed in 1822-1823. The structure is largely original. except for a dome removed in 1839 . . . — — Map (db m193128) HM

167 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — United States Courthouse — Natchez, Mississippi —

This building, completed in July of 1853 and known as Institute Hall, was re-christened Memorial Hall in 1921 in honor of veterans of World War I. Re-dedicated in 2007, the structure was extensively renovated and now houses the United States . . . — — Map (db m106223) HM

168 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Views of St. Catherine Street - Western End — Natchez Trails —

Photographer Earl Norman stood on Jefferson Street and snapped this view of the intersection of St. Catherine, Martin Luther King and Jefferson streets.A single column of the portico of Zion Chapel A.M.E. Church appears on the far right. Holy . . . — — Map (db m108599) HM

169 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Voss Family and A-B Motor Company — The Natchez Trails —

Axel Voss spoke little English when he emigrated in 1925 from Copenhagen, Denmark. He worked as a mechanic for Chris Anderson and John T. Belt, who founded A-B Motor Company in a backyard garage at 114 St. Catherine. The first Voss business venture . . . — — Map (db m103882) HM

170 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Wharlest Jackson, Sr. — 1937-1967 —

Wharlest Jackson was a Natchez Civil Rights activist who lost his struggle for racial equality on February 27, 1967. The explosion of a bomb implanted under his truck took his life. Members of the Ku Klux Klan targeted Jackson, because he was . . . — — Map (db m105223) HM

171 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Wheaton-McGuire House - 125 St. Catherine Street — Natchez Trails —

Lettie Stanton, most likely born into slavery and possibly at Brandon Hall, had a stable relationship with cotton planter William Page, who never married anyone else and fathered her two daughters, heirs to the Page estate.Margaret Page, daughter of . . . — — Map (db m114292) HM

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172 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — White Cottage —

This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m243741) HM

173 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — William Ailes House —

This property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m243685) HM

174 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — William Johnson House — Natchez, Mississippi — Friends of Libraries U.S.A. Literary Landmark —

William Johnson 1809-1851 was a free African American Businessman and Diarist. His diary, covering the period from 1835-1851 and published in 1951, contains an extensive description of everyday pre-Civil War life; it is a valuable . . . — — Map (db m34877) HM

175 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Winchester House —

This property has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior — — Map (db m243758) HM

176 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Zion Chapel A.M.E. Church —

Acquired 1868 by Zion Chapel whose minister Hiram R. Revels became the first black U.S. Senator and first president of Alcorn State University. Originally built in 1858 as the Second Presbyterian Church. — — Map (db m103793) HM

177 ► Mississippi, Adams County, Natchez — Zion Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church — Natchez Trails —

Henry Gurney photographed Zion Chapel A.M.E. Church in 1866, the year the congregation bought the building built in 1858 as the Second Presbyterian Church. Zion Chapel had earlier purchased the Methodist Church that fronted Union Street between . . . — — Map (db m110513) HM

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