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Native Americans Topic
By Bill Kirchner, June 9, 2017
Quanah Parker Trail Marker
GEOGRAPHIC SORT
| On East Hayes Street (U.S. 82) at North Bedford Street, on the right when traveling west on East Hayes Street. |
| |
Comanches, Kiowas & Apaches used a
well-marked trail over “The Narrows”
that US 82/SH 114 follows today
Arrow Sculptor: Charles A. Smith
— — Map (db m105084) HM |
| On U.S. 82, on the right when traveling west. |
| | This crest separates the drainage basins of the Wichita River, whose waters flow into the Mississippi, and the Brazos River, which winds through Texas to the Gulf of Mexico.
Known as good hunting grounds because of buffalo grass, fresh springs . . . — — Map (db m52150) HM |
| On South Church Street near East Washington Street, on the right. |
| | Home of Sam Bell Maxey Native Kentuckian, West Point graduate, brevetted for gallantry in Mexican War, District Attorney from Lamar County, Major General C. S. A. in Tennessee and Mississippi campaigns, commander of Indian Territory . . . — — Map (db m128204) HM |
| On East Main Street at South Cedar Street, on the right when traveling east on East Main Street. |
| | Before white men entered this region in late 19th century, nomadic Apache, Comanche, and Kiowa Indians followed the buffalo from water hole to water hole. A favorite Indian camp was at a spring (5 miles w), near which the Springlake . . . — — Map (db m104454) HM |
| On FM 54, on the right when traveling west. |
| | One of several routes used by traders dealing with Indians, primarily Comanches (hence name). Weapons, whiskey and trade goods were swapped for stolen Texas cattle, horses and captives.
Pursuit apparently begun in the 1760s, when Mexican hunters . . . — — Map (db m151356) HM |
| On Main Street near 7th Street, on the right when traveling north. |
| | In 1877, Comanches hunting for bison skirmished with buffalo hunters and retreated to sand hills S of Olton
Arrow sculptor: Charles A.Smith — — Map (db m151436) HM |
| | A natural landmark, this chain of sand dunes extends for 130 miles and is three to five miles wide. Archeological findings show that the area was inhabited 6,000 years ago. Comanches camped in the sand hills because of wild game, vegetation, . . . — — Map (db m151959) HM |
| On US 84 when traveling east. |
| | Comanches used lush grassland in Sudan area as waypoint for trading horses & cattle with Comancheros
Arrow sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m151417) HM |
| On American Legion Memorial Highway (U.S. 281) 0.3 miles north of County Route 37, on the right when traveling north. Reported missing. |
| | Scattered throughout this area, campsites, flint quarries, and rock paintings testify that primitive tribes lives here for centuries. Tonkawas, Comanches, and Lipan Apaches were the main inhabitants in the early 1800s. Typical of the sites was a . . . — — Map (db m69234) HM |
| On South Dowling Street north of Edna Street, on the right when traveling north. |
| |
William Ponton, Ponton's Creek, May 1834
O'Dougherty Family: Father and three
children, and John Douglas Family
Father, Mother and two children, Clark's
Creek, March 4, 1836. John Hibbens and
George Creath, Rocky Creek, March 1836 . . . — — Map (db m132427) HM |
| On County Route 533 at County Route 342, on the left when traveling south on County Route 533. |
| | The community of Half Moon was first mentioned in a 1689 account from Gov. Alonso de Leon's expedition when the group encountered a Native American tribe that called Half Moon their home. The area was known as Half Moon due to the peculiar shape of . . . — — Map (db m68496) HM |
| On Interstate 45, on the right when traveling south. |
| | Pioneers who settled in this area about 1840 included members of the Middleton, Byrns, Staley, Erwin, Jones, Capp, Bloodworth, Philpott, Easton, Howell, and Hinton families. Nearby Kichai and Kickapoo Indian camps afforded these early settlers . . . — — Map (db m119705) HM |
| On Fort Park Memorial Cemetery Road 0.4 miles east of Farm to Market Road 1245, on the right when traveling east. |
| | Site of the grave of victims of the massacre at Fort Parker by Comanche and Kiowa Indians on May 19, 1836, in which Cynthia Ann Parker and others were captured.
The trunk of the oak tree under which they were buried still stands, and the grave . . . — — Map (db m159048) HM |
| On College Avenue at Railroad Street, on the left when traveling east on College Avenue. |
| | Located at one of highest points (altitude 661 ft.) between Dallas and Houston. First noted in history by Philip Nolan's trading expedition, 1797. Home in early days of Tehuacana Indians, a Wichita tribe, who engaged in farming and peaceful pursuits . . . — — Map (db m92257) HM |
| On US 60 0 miles west of Cedar Street, on the right when traveling west. |
| | Comanche, Kiowa & Cheyenne Indians frequented E.E. Polly's stations in era of 1874-75 Red River War
Arrow sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m154125) HM |
| On State Highway 305 north of Oak Street, on the right when traveling north. |
| |
Wolf Creek north of here
provided a watering and camp site
for Indian hunting parties
Arrow Sculptor: Charles A. Smith
— — Map (db m93590) HM |
| On State Highway 29 at State Highway 261 on State Highway 29. |
| | Located between Tow Valley and Old Bluffton, 15 mi. NE. Since 1935 under Lake Buchanan. During Civil War made salt for table, meat preserving, diet of cavalry horses, tanning hides. A day's boiling in 100 iron 250-gallon kettles produced 20 to 30 . . . — — Map (db m51150) HM |
| On Ranch to Market Road 1431 0.2 miles north of Coldwell Boulevard (County Road 127), on the left when traveling north. |
| | Stretches between Llano and Colorado Rivers westward almost to the Pecos. An 1842 grant of 3,800,000 acres from the Texas Republic, purchased in 1844 by the German Emigration Society. Commissioner General John O. Meusebach founded Fredericksburg in . . . — — Map (db m31660) HM |
| On Highway 71, on the right when traveling west. |
| | By commission of the Governor of Spanish Texas, Bernardo de Miranda in 1756 examined Cerro del Almagre, a red ochre hill supposedly rich in silver. His party of 23 from San Antonio struck Honey Creek near here, then went to the junction of the Llano . . . — — Map (db m20638) HM |
| On Farm to Market Road 965 at Texas Highway 16, on the right when traveling west on Route 965. |
| | From its summit, in the fall of 1841 Captain John C. Hays while surrounded by Comanche Indians who cut him off from his ranging company, repulsed the whole band and inflicted upon them such heavy loss that they fled. — — Map (db m71920) HM |
| On State Highway 71, on the left when traveling east. |
| | Two and one half miles east on the Packsaddle Mountain in a battle fought August 4, 1873 Captain J. R. Moss, Stephen B. Moss William B. Moss, Eli Lloyd Arch Martin, Pink Ayers E. D. Harrington and Robert Brown routed a band of Indians . . . — — Map (db m20643) HM |
| On Cesar E. Chavez Drive 0.2 miles north of Parkway Drive, on the right when traveling north. |
| | Known to Spanish explorers of the 17th and 18th centuries - Described by Albert Pike who visited the region in 1832 - The last battle in Lubbock County between White buffalo hunters and the red men who had called the plains their own occurred on . . . — — Map (db m106352) HM |
| On U.S. 59 at Farm to Market Road 2208, on the right when traveling north on U.S. 59. |
| | Home to the Caddo Indians for centuries, this area of Texas attracted Anglo-American colonists to settle here in the early 1800s. Founded in 1839, Jefferson developed along a double-grid pattern. Daniel Nelson Alley platted the townsite in a true . . . — — Map (db m110954) HM |
| On Farm to Market Road 2208 at U.S. 59, on the left when traveling east on Highway 2208. |
| | Traces began as foot paths used by the Indians to mark their trails through wilderness areas. They later were used by surveyors in mapping early land grants.
In 1824 Nicholas Trammel (1780-1852), a government scout, began opening up the trace that . . . — — Map (db m110958) HM |
| On Fort McKavett Street (U.S. 87), on the right when traveling west. |
| | At this site on February 5, 1847, seven or eight Penateka Comanches headed by Chief Ketumusua (also Ketumsee, Katemcy, Katemoczy) had their first encounter with an expedition of German immigrants led by John O. Meusebach. The group of about forty . . . — — Map (db m150347) HM |
| On San Antonio Street (U.S. 87) at Westmoreland Street, on the left when traveling north on San Antonio Street. |
| | (front side)
Fort Mason, located 5 blocks south, was headquarters for the first regiment Texas Mounted Rifles 1861-62. These Confederate troops occupied the line of old U. S. forts to give protection against Indians.
215 . . . — — Map (db m118232) HM |
| Near Horse Mountain Road 0.2 miles east of Ranch to Market Road 2242, on the right when traveling east. |
| | German immigrants Moritz and Auguste Lehmann settled along Squaw Creek (4 mi. w) in the 1850s. After Moritz’s death, Auguste married Phillip Buchmeier. On May 16, 1870, two of the Lehmann children, Herman (age 10) and Willie (age 8) were captured by . . . — — Map (db m90986) HM |
| On Ranch to Market Road 2389 0.9 miles south of Ranch to Market Road 1723, on the left when traveling south. |
| | Named for family of George W. Todd, first Mason County clerk, which was attacked by Indians at this site while en route to Mason in late Dec. 1864.
A 12-year-old black servant girl was killed, 13-year-old Alice Todd taken captive, and Todd’s . . . — — Map (db m91934) HM |
| On 7th Street (State Highway 35) east of Avenue F (State Highway 60), on the right when traveling east. |
| |
Early home of the Karankawa Indians. Landing place of LaSalle in 1685. Settled 1822-1836 by colonists of Stephen F. Austin. The municipality of Matagorda organized under the Mexican Government on March 6, 1834. Became on March 17, 1836, Matagorda . . . — — Map (db m120752) HM |
| On Bliss Street at Shafter St, on the left when traveling east on Bliss Street. |
| | Established March 27, 1849, by Capt. Sidney Burbank with companies A, B, and F, First U.S. Infantry. Name honors Col. James Duncan, a hero of the Mexican War.
Fort served as frontier outpost near trail of California emigrants; base of . . . — — Map (db m56187) HM |
| On Farm to Market Road 1311 0.4 miles south of County Road 104, on the right when traveling south. |
| | On November 21, 1831, James Bowie, Rezin P. Bowie, David Buchanan, Cephas D. Hamm, Matthew Doyle, Jesse Wallace, Thomas McCaslin, Robert Armstrong, James Coryell with two servants, Charles and Gonzales, held at bay for a day and night, 164 Caddos . . . — — Map (db m116226) HM |
| On U.S. 190 0.2 miles east of County Road 414, on the left when traveling east. |
| | One night in 1866, five men from Richland Springs (about 25 mi. ne) recovered stolen horses from Indians camped near here. A metal arrow hit a Mr. Lafferty, slid halfway around his skull, was cut out with a pocket knife, and Lafferty survived. The . . . — — Map (db m116445) HM |
| On U.S. 87 0.1 miles east of Farm to Market Road 503, on the right when traveling west. |
| | (Battleground 1 mi. N. of Marker) Near here in 1874 or 1875, 18 Indians attacked W. B. Brown and two comrades, spooking one horse and capturing bedrolls and grub, but sparing the men, who thankfully escaped. In the 1870s, when they were being . . . — — Map (db m29824) HM |
| On County Road 412 1 mile east of County Road 416, on the right when traveling east. |
| | U.S. soldiers, under command of Robert E. Lee, used this site while traveling the nearby Military Road and patroling this area for Indians.
Westbound immigrants also camped here prior to the Civil War.
Here 27 Indians surprised and . . . — — Map (db m116512) HM |
| On State Highway 6 at Elm Lake Road, on the right when traveling east on State Highway 6. |
| | Site of greatest Indian council in Republic of Texas. There President Sam Houston made famous 1844 peace talks to assembled chiefs. Was "listening post" for frontier. Built and run by George Barnard for Torrey's Trading Company, post in 1844-49 was . . . — — Map (db m84677) HM |
| Near University Parks Drive east of Washington Avenue, on the left when traveling east. |
| |
Erected by
Henry Downs Chapter
Daughters of
The American Revolution
1849 - May 5 - 1917
Reclaiming the Waco Spring
Famed in Local Tradition
As the Camp Grounds
Of the Waco Indians
And the first crossing
Of the Brazos . . . — — Map (db m94686) HM |
| On U.S. 190 0.8 miles west of Frisco Avenue (Route 83). |
| | Name used by Spaniards of Presidio de San Saba (in existence from 1757 to 1770) for this stream now called Celery Creek.
Stone to build Presidio was quarried from bluffs along the creek, and deep banks let hostile Indians approach undiscovered, . . . — — Map (db m29590) HM |
| On Frisco Avenue (U.S. 83) near U.S. 190, on the right when traveling south. |
| | Spot where in 1753 Juan Galvan, Spanish explorer, put up a huge cross, to show his choice of site for Mission San Saba. Indians gathered at the cross, remaining to participate in the first known Christian worship service in this area.
The . . . — — Map (db m29591) HM |
| | Hourglass-shaped pass through the hills where McDougal Creek joins San Saba River. For years a favored Indian campground, it entered written history, 1732, as site of Spanish-Apache battle.
Saw passage of adventurers, mustang hunters, Indian . . . — — Map (db m72083) HM |
| Near Frisco Avenue (U.S. 83) north of U.S. 190, on the left when traveling north. |
| | Presidio de San Luis de las Amarillas was founded in April 1757 to protect the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá, established at the same time for the conversion of the Eastern Apaches. The Presidio (fort) and Mission were also intended to promote . . . — — Map (db m115710) HM |
| On Farm to Market Road 2092 3.1 miles east of U.S. 83, on the left when traveling east. |
| | Founded among the Lipan Apache Indians by Franciscan Missionaries in 1757 through the financial aid of the Count of Regla. - Sacked and left in ruins by the Comanches in 1758. - - Here perished Padres Alonso Giraldo de Terreros and José . . . — — Map (db m72301) HM |
| On Canal Street east of Ellis Street (U.S. 83), on the left when traveling east. |
| |
The Lafora Map
August 12, 1767
Early in 1766 the Marques de Rubi was commissioned by the Viceroy of Spain to make inspection of all the frontier settlements from Lower California to the Louisiana border. Accompanied by an engineer, . . . — — Map (db m115727) HM |
| On Frisco Avenue (U.S. 83) north of U.S. 190, on the right when traveling north. |
| |
Welcome to Menard, Texas
This scenic Central Texas town of 1,600 souls was established in 1858 along the banks of the San Saba River and has thrived modestly through the decades as a center of farming and ranching industry. It is . . . — — Map (db m115712) HM |
| On U.S. 190 0.2 miles from County Road 104, on the right when traveling east. |
| |
Pioneer village of Milam County
Established as an
Indian trading post by
Major Benjamin F. Bryant,
frontiersman who had commanded
a company in the Battle of
San Jacinto.
Appointed Indian agent in 1842 by
Sam Houston
President . . . — — Map (db m90647) HM |
| Near Farm to Market Road 908 at County Road 428, on the right when traveling west. |
| | The crossing over the San Xavier (San Gabriel) River in Milam county has been used as a passageway for centuries. Evidence shows that the area has been inhabited by humans for at least 10,000 years. During the eighteenth century, the land was . . . — — Map (db m84807) HM |
| On Farm to Market Road 908 0.5 miles east of County Road 432, on the right when traveling west. |
| | Established by Franciscan missionaries in 1749 with the hope of civilizing and christianizing the Coco, Mayeye, Orcoquiza, Karankawa, and other tribes of Indians. The martyrdom of Padre José Ganzabal and the circumstances connected therewith caused . . . — — Map (db m84661) HM |
| On County Road 432 0.2 miles south of Farm to Market Road 908, on the left when traveling south. |
| | Established by Franciscan missionaries in 1749 with the hope of civilizing and christianizing the Coco, Mayeye, Orcoquiza, Karankawa, and other tribes of Indians. The martyrdom of Padre José Ganzabal and the circumstances connected therewith caused . . . — — Map (db m84618) HM |
| On County Road 429 0.3 miles south of Farm to Market Road 908, on the left when traveling south. |
| | Established by Franciscan missionaries in 1749 with the hope of civilizing and christianizing the Coco, Mayeye, Orcoquiza, Karankawa, and other tribes of Indians. The martyrdom of Padre José Ganzabal and the circumstances connected therewith caused . . . — — Map (db m84617) HM |
| Near U.S. 183, on the right when traveling north. |
| | Rising to an altitude of 1,712 feet, San Saba Peak is an oblong promontory with rimrock edges on the north and west sides. The Spanish Governor of Texas, Don Juan Antonio Bustillo y Cevallos, named the ancient landmark in 1732. Tales of lost silver . . . — — Map (db m20365) HM |
| Near Locust Street at East 3rd Street, on the left when traveling north. |
| | These tracks, originally formed in soft dirt, are taken from an ancient buffalo trail which once guided herds to water at Champion Creek (6 miles south).
Thousands of buffalo running single file pounded trails like this deep into the ground. . . . — — Map (db m73334) HM |
| Near Houston Street at East 7th Street, on the right when traveling north. |
| | In this vicinity
on a bank of the Colorado
October 21, 1840
a Comanche Indian village
was completely destroyed and much
stolen property recovered
including 500 horses
128 Indians were killed
34 were captured
The expedition . . . — — Map (db m73318) HM |
| On Houston Street at East 7th Street, on the right when traveling north on Houston Street. |
| | Given to city 1929 in memory of pioneer William Penn Ruddick, farmer and dairyman, and Mrs. Ruddick.
History was made here even before Ruddick arrived, however. In 1840 Colonel John Henry Moore and 90 Indian fighters wiped out a Comanche . . . — — Map (db m73319) HM |
| On State Highway 208 at County Route 111, on the right when traveling south on State Highway 208. |
| | This area, now covered by Lake Champion, was once the site of springs that originated from underground water which also supplied Champion Creek. They were called “wells” because the Seven Spring Basins closely resembled man-made wells. . . . — — Map (db m73335) HM |
| On U.S. 82 east of Hillcrest Drive, on the right when traveling east. |
| |
Front
Red River Station
C.S.A.
Established 9 miles northwest 1861 as Civil War outpost near major buffalo and Indian crossing local soldiers, determined to guard edge of settlement against Indian . . . — — Map (db m96689) HM |
| On 4th Street (Farm to Market Road 103 Spur) at Myrtle Street, on the right when traveling east on 4th Street. |
| | Col. Diego Ortiz Parilla, a commandant of Presidio San Saba (near the later site of Menard) had grave Indian problems in 1759. Priests and others were killed in Comanche attacks on Mission San Saba. Comanches and their friends were allied to . . . — — Map (db m119479) HM |
| On 4th Street (Farm to Market Road 103 Spur) at Myrtle Street, on the right when traveling east on 4th Street. |
| | The town of Spanish Fort occupies the site of an ancient Taovayas Indian village.
Scene of first severe defeat in Texas of Spanish troops by Indians in 1759.
Named Fort Teodoro in 1778 by De Mezieres in honor of Teodoro De Croix, . . . — — Map (db m119481) HM |
| | The United States government had the Canadian River explored in 1845, just before Texas joined the Union. Topographical engineer James W. Abert (1820-1897), a West Point graduate, had charge of a 33-man party, and spent two or more days in the . . . — — Map (db m151080) HM |
| On East 19th Street, on the right. |
| | Comanche, Kiowa & Indians before them camped 6 miles SE of Dumas by springs that fed Big Blue Creek
Arrow sculptor: Charles A.Smith — — Map (db m155126) HM |
| On State Highway 49/11 near Park Road 17. |
| | Hunting and trade route for area between Arkansas and Red Rivers; used by Caddo Indians, who occupied the northeast corner of Texas and adjacent states. Like many Indian trails, it was later usurped by whites; after 1840, it became part of stage and . . . — — Map (db m127837) HM |
| Near Lamar Street south of Cemetery Road, on the left when traveling south. |
| | Born in Virginia in 1802, Nathan Johnson spent his boyhood years near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. In 1824 he was licensed to preach and served as a Methodist missionary to the Cherokee Indians and others in the Tennessee Conference. Johnson brought his . . . — — Map (db m119476) HM |
| On Dundee, on the left when traveling west. |
| | Quanah Parker spoke downtown, 1909 Matador Ranch hosted chief & wives Other Comanches camped north of jail
Arrow sculptor: Charles A. Smith
— — Map (db m155153) HM |
| On Main Street at Stewart Street, on the right when traveling north on Main Street. |
| |
Quanah Parker spoke downtown, 1909
Matador Ranch hosted chief & wives
Other Comanches camped N. of jail
Arrow sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m155154) HM |
| On Farm to Market Road 3203 0.5 miles west of State Highway 70, on the left when traveling west. |
| | Comanche guides led JJ Sturm here, a favored campsite, seeking Quanah but finding Chief Black Beard, 1875.
Arrow sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m155157) HM |
| On Main Street at Lanana Street, on the right when traveling east on Main Street. |
| | The date was February 23, 1836, and the situation for Texas was desperate. Santa Anna with about 6,000 troops was on the march towards the Alamo with the intent of smashing the small, poorly-organized, and ill-equipped army of Texans along with . . . — — Map (db m29822) HM |
| On North Mound Street, on the right when traveling north. |
| | Mound Street got its name in the 18th century from mounds which lined it from Main to King Street. These were built by prehistoric Indians. Only this one remains. Pottery from a demolished mound that measured 150 by 75 feet is preserved in Old Stone . . . — — Map (db m21252) HM |
| On Alumni Drive at Griffith Boulevard, on the right when traveling north on Alumni Drive. |
| | At contact, Europeans found that Native American communities and regions were connected by trails. The major trail in Texas was known to its' colonizers as the Camino de los Tejas. This road, also known as Camino de Arriba and El Camino Real and . . . — — Map (db m156886) HM |
| On North Street at Powers Street, on the left when traveling north on North Street. |
| | An 18th-century trail connecting the Indian villages of the Nacogdoche and Nasoni Indians. Traveled by Spanish missionaries, soldiers and settlers, French traders and American filibusters before Anglo-American colonists came to make Texas their home. — — Map (db m29143) HM |
| On North Street at Muller Street, on the left when traveling north on North Street. |
| | A Spanish outpost founded in 1716 by the pioneer Franciscan Antonio Margil de Jesús as a means of civilizing the Nacogdoche Indians. Abandoned temporarily due to the French incursions from Louisiana in 1719. Restored by the Marquis of Aguayo in . . . — — Map (db m29275) HM |
| On East Main Street at North Fredonia Street, on the right when traveling west on East Main Street. |
| | At this site on the historic King's Highway, used since 1691, passengers boarded stagecoaches during the Civil War, 1861-65. Besides this stand, the town had 2 others, to serve 3 stage lines operating here.
Wm. Clark had the line to Mt. Pleasant, . . . — — Map (db m21431) HM |
| On West 2nd Avenue, on the right when traveling east. |
| | Thomas Ingles Smith was born in 1800 in Virginia and was a soldier in the War of 1812 in a company commanded by his father, General Bird B. Smith.
Smith arrived in Texas late in 1836, and soon enlisted in the Republic of Texas army under Gen . . . — — Map (db m60599) HM |
| | In 1907, Dr. T. L. Eyerly, Floyd V. Studer and other archaeologists discovered here, "The Buried City." These Pueblo ruins were built by the Panhandle Pueblo Indians who were agriculturists, stone house builders, pottery and basket makers. Dr. . . . — — Map (db m155288) HM |
| On Texas 233 Spur, on the right when traveling east. |
| | 1786-1874 Comanches met Comancheros at Atascosa Creek to feast, gamble, race horses & exchange trade goods.
Arrow sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m151085) HM |
| On Main Street, on the left when traveling south. |
| | Comanches camped at playa lakes here traveling trail N to Tascosa & E/W to Tecovas Springs & Tucumcari
Arrow Sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m155109) HM |
| On West Front Street west of Second Street, on the right when traveling east. |
| | The Atakapan Indians, a tribe associated with southeastern U. S. bands, lived in this area for centuries. Studies have suggested their presence covered a large region of southeast Texas. Their name comes from the Choctaw Indians, and means . . . — — Map (db m116693) HM |
| On Farm to Market Road 1821 at Sundown Drive, on the left when traveling north on Highway 1821. |
| | Buried in the nearby Staggs Prairie Cemetery, Sam Savage (1861-1951) was a rancher, farmer, and champion fiddler. At the age of five, he survived a Comanche Indian raid on his father's farm in Parker County and lived in captivity with the Comanches . . . — — Map (db m119179) HM |
| Near Shelby Street at East Panola Street (Business U.S. 79). |
| |
Formed from
Harrison and Shelby Counties
Created March 30, 1846
Organized July 13, 1846
Named for an Indian word
meaning "cotton"
County Seat, Pulaski, 1846
Carthage, since 1848 — — Map (db m104956) HM |
| On Spring Drive near East 1st Street. |
| | Used as a watering place and camping ground by Indians since pre-Columbian times, the springs were possibly visited about 1536 by Spaniard Cabeza de Vaca on his wanderings through Texas. The expedition of Juan de Mendoza, with his party of Spaniards . . . — — Map (db m73285) HM |
| On South Main Street at West James Street, on the right when traveling south on South Main Street. |
| | Established on the Comanche Trail, March 23, 1859, as a protection to the San Antonio-San Diego mail route. Named in honor of Commodore Robert Field Stockton, 1795-1866, who captured California for the United States. A stage stand on the San Diego . . . — — Map (db m84320) HM |
| On Interstate 10 2 miles east of Farm to Market Road 2023, on the right when traveling east. |
| | Replica of San Antonio and San Diego overland stage coach stop. This building was constructed of the stone from the original site which is ½ mile south-east of this location near Tunis Springs. The remains of a large Comanche Indian camp still . . . — — Map (db m73308) HM |
| On Horse Head Road 3.1 miles north of Farm to Market Road 11, on the right when traveling north. |
| | Here crossed the undated Comanche Trail from Llano Estacado to Mexico. In 1850 John R. Bartlett while surveying the Mexican boundary found the crossing marked by skulls of horses; hence the name “Horse Head”. The Southern Overland Mail . . . — — Map (db m53225) HM |
| On State Park Road 56 at Colabe Road, on the right when traveling south on State Park Road 56. |
| | Alabama and Coushatta Indians of Polk County were trained as cavalrymen in 1861 by Indian Agent Robert R. Neyland as the war between the states advanced. In April 1862, nineteen Alabama and Coushatta, including Chief John Scott, enlisted in the . . . — — Map (db m128580) HM |
| On West Church Street (U.S. 190) at North Drew Street, on the right when traveling east on West Church Street. |
| | From 1830 to 1840 five Indian trails (some several centuries old) crossed Polk County. the Coushatta and Alabama tribes started two trails and also traveled Long King's, Kickapoo, and Battise traces. These routes helped settlers map roads; modern . . . — — Map (db m100499) HM |
| Near Farm to Market Road 1988 1.2 miles south of Farm to Market Road 3126, on the right when traveling south. |
| | Travel was of great importance in Polk County's early days. Civilized Indians—particularly Creeks, Alabamas, Coushattas and Kickapoos—were numerous and had many trails for intercommunication. Long King's Trace (named for a chief) led . . . — — Map (db m100493) HM |
| On U.S. 190 at State Park Road 56, on the left when traveling west on U.S. 190. |
| | The Alabama and Coushatta Indians settled near here in the early 1780’s. Through the efforts of General Sam Houston, Texas gave them 1210 acres in 1854. The Federal Government purchased 3071 acres in 1928. — — Map (db m100327) HM |
| On U.S. 190 at State Park Road 56, on the right when traveling east on U.S. 190. |
| | Who came into Texas early in the
19th century and have always
been friendly with the whites. — — Map (db m128581) HM |
| On North Soncy Road, on the left when traveling north. |
| | Quanah Parker
Comanche Chief
(b. 1845 ca. d. 1911)
Quanah was born to Cynthia Ann Parker, a white woman
captured in 1836 by Indians on the Texas frontier, and her
husband, Peta Nocona, a war chief of the Nokoni
Comanche band. . . . — — Map (db m153314) HM |
| On North Soncy Road, on the left when traveling north. |
| | Indians hunting bison for centuries established Tascosa Trail nearby, used by traders & buffalo hunters Arrow Sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m151414) HM |
| On Cas Johnson Road at McBride Canyon Road, in the median on Cas Johnson Road. |
| | A travel route and dwelling site for over 12,000 years, the Canadian River supported stone and adobe Indian villages from the 12th to the 14th centuries. This waterway was also one of the first interior rivers of the U.S. known to early . . . — — Map (db m150823) HM |
| On U.S. 87 1 mile south of Canadian River Road, on the right when traveling south. |
| |
This region and much of western America was mapped under adversity, as territory held by hostile Indians. With the dual aims of compiling scientific data and opening the way for settlers, U.S. Army topographers covered ground earlier traversed . . . — — Map (db m88794) HM |
| On U.S. 287 0.6 miles north of Canadian River Road, on the right when traveling north. |
| | A travel route and dwelling site for over 12,000 years, the Canadian River supported stone and adobe Indian villages from the 12th to the 14th Centuries.
This waterway was also one of the first interior rivers of the U.S. known to early . . . — — Map (db m149491) HM |
| On U.S. 60 Frontage Road 0.5 miles north of Hunsley Road, on the right when traveling north. |
| | The decade after 1865 was a time of transition for the U.S. Many citizens moved west, coming into conflict with Native American tribes living on the Great Plains. Settlers demanded the U.S. Army provide their protection. The Army responded by . . . — — Map (db m91490) HM |
| On Palo Duro Drive, on the right when traveling east. |
| | The Comanches called Palo Duro Canyon "Prairie Dog" - Sanctuary and home to Indians for many millennia.
Arrow Sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m153917) HM |
| On State Hwy Park Road 5 8 miles south of Texas Highway 217, on the right when traveling south. |
| | One of the most significant battles of 1874-75 Indian campaign; columns of troops converging from five directions harassed Indians on the Panhandle Plains for over six months.
The 4th Cavalry under Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie, moving north from Fort . . . — — Map (db m91528) HM |
| | Established May 20, 1857, as a means of preventing Indian raids on the San Antonio—El Paso route and the Rio Grande Valley • Abandoned March 15th, 1861, when Federal troops were withdrawn from Texas. — — Map (db m24382) HM |
| On 4th Street at Market Street (U.S. 83), on the right when traveling west on 4th Street. |
| |
Located on the Edwards Plateau, Real County is in an area of rolling terrain broken by the canyons of the Frio River. Because of raids by Comanche, Apache, and Lipan Apache Indians, white settlement was hindered until after 1881. Mission San . . . — — Map (db m111320) HM |
| On East 1st Street at South Cedar Street (U.S. 285), on the left when traveling west on East 1st Street. |
| | Antonio de Espejo in 1583, after exploring among pueblos in New Mexico, reached the Pecos River southeast of Santa Fe. He named it Rio de Las Vacas (River of Cows), for the abundance of buffalo. On his return route to Mexico he went down the river . . . — — Map (db m73303) HM |
| On Texas Park Road 30 near Texas Highway 17, on the right when traveling south. |
| | Called "Mescalero Spring" in 1849, when watering corn and peaches of the Mescalero Apaches. To Ft. Davis soldiers, 1856, was "Head Spring". Present name given by first permanent settlers, Mexican farmers.
Miller, Lyles and Murphy in 1871 began . . . — — Map (db m59706) HM |
| On Commerce Street when traveling east. |
| | Organized in 1835 into the Mexican municipality of Refugio. Created a county of the same name March 17, 1836, organized 1837. Named for the Mission "Our Lady of Refuge" established in 1791 to civilize and Christianize the Indians. Refugio, the . . . — — Map (db m33795) HM |
| On US 60 0 miles north of South Kiowa Street, on the left when traveling west. |
| | In the 1800s, Comanche, Kiowa and other tribes camped along nearby Red Deer Creek, north of this site Arrow Sculptor: Charles A. Smith — — Map (db m154130) HM |
| On U.S. 83 0.5 miles from Farm to Market Road 2406, on the right when traveling north. |
| | The first mission known to have been established in Texas east of the Pecos River, San Clemente was a hastily built, two-room structure located on a hill about 17 mi. S. of present Ballinger. (Some historians place the site farther south, near . . . — — Map (db m96034) HM |
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