1 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Atlas District — Henrietta Vinton Davis Residence — 1219 Linden Place, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Henrietta Vinton Davis (1860-1941), a certified teacher by age 15, was the first black woman employed by the DC Recorder of Deeds. After serving there with Frederick Douglass, she went on to become an acclaimed actor and elocutionist (a . . . — — Map (db m187432) HM

2 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Brookland — Lois Mailou Jones Residence — 1220 Quincy Street, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Lois Mailou Jones (1905-1998), internationally acclaimed artist and teacher, lived here from the 1950s into the 1970s. Born and educated in Boston, Jones joined the Howard University Art Department in 1930 and stayed for nearly 50 years. She began . . . — — Map (db m111784) HM

3 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Brookland — Robert Clifton Weaver Residence Site — 3519 14th Street, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Economist Robert Clifton Weaver (1907-1997) was born in Washington and grew up here in Brookland. After graduating from Dunbar High School, he earned three degrees in economics from Harvard and moved into a long career in government service. Weaver . . . — — Map (db m111796) HM

4 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Brookland — Sterling A. Brown Residence — 1222 Kearny Street, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Sterling Brown (1901-1989) was a central figure of the New Negro Renaissance of the 1920s and '30s and the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and '70s. Brown's work includes Southern Road (1932), The Negro in American Fiction (1937), . . . — — Map (db m111799) HM

5 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Carver Langston — Langston Golf Course and Driving Range — 2600 Benning Road, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Until 1939, the only place for African Americans to play golf in Washington was West Potomac Park. That year, in response to petitions by African American golfers asking Interior Secretary Harold Ickes to desegregate the city's public golf courses, . . . — — Map (db m112998) HM

6 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Carver Langston — Langston Terrace Dwellings / Hilyard Robinson — 21st Street and Benning Road, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Langston Terrace Dwellings, opened in 1938, was the first federally funded public housing project in Washington and among the first in the nation. It honors John Mercer Langston (1829-1897), abolitionist, founder of Howard University Law School, and . . . — — Map (db m112792) HM

7 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Deanwood — Jacob Dodd-built Houses — 4621 Hunt Place, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Jacob Dodd (d. 1930) left the Government Printing Office in 1920 to join his brother Randolph (d. 1944) in the house-building business. Though they collaborated on at least 50 projects in Deanwood, they also worked individually, completing more . . . — — Map (db m187368) HM

8 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Deanwood — Lewis Giles, Sr.'s Home and Office — 4428 Hunt Place, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Lewis Giles, Sr. (1894-1974) was an influential Washington architect who designed this Colonial Revival/craftsman style house in 1929. He lived here the rest of his life, and worked in his home office. Giles graduated from Armstrong . . . — — Map (db m187369) HM

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9 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Eastland Gardens — Eastland Gardens — Between Kenilworth and Anacostia Avenues, and Lee and Ord Streets, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Water and land embrace one another here in Eastland Gardens, adjacent Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens. The Neighborhood dates to 1928 when a group of developers call Eastland Gardens Inc. bought some 150 acres of the former Benning Racetrack property and . . . — — Map (db m119740) HM

10 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Hillbrook — Howard D. Woodson Residence — 4918 Fitch Place, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Howard Dilworth Woodson (1877-1962), a Pittsburgh native, arrived in Washington in 1907 to work as a structural engineer in the Office of the Supervising Architect, U.S. Department of the Treasury. One of the first African American professionals . . . — — Map (db m187367) HM

11 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Hillbrook — National Training School for Women and Girls / Nannie Helen Burroughs — 601 50th Street, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The National Training School for Women and Girls was founded here in 1909 by Nannie Helen Burroughs (1879 - 1961). With its focus on the “three B's” — “Bible, bath and broom” — the school taught skills such as business, sewing, and printing. It . . . — — Map (db m103272) HM

12 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Lamond Riggs — WOOK-TV Building — 5321 First Place, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

WOOK-TV, on the air from 1963 to 1972, was the first "all-Negro" television station in the nation. White founder Richard Eaton also started its predecessor, WOOK-Radio, in 1947 in the nation's first "Negro-oriented" . . . — — Map (db m113223) HM

13 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Langdon — Ionia R. Whipper Home — 2000 Channing Street, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Obstetrician Ionia Rollin Whipper (1872-1953) was a leader in health care services for the city's young women. Born in South Carolina to an illustrious family, Dr. Whipper was educated in the DC public schools before graduating from Howard . . . — — Map (db m187434) HM

14 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Mayfair — Mayfair Mansions / Albert I. Cassell — 3819 Jay Street, NE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Mayfair Mansions, completed in 1946 on the site of the old Benning Race Track, was one of the city's earliest garden apartment developments. The 500-unit, first-class complex was designed by Howard University Professor of Architecture Albert I. . . . — — Map (db m136186) HM

15 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, 16th Street Heights — Jones-Haywood School of Ballet — 1200 Delafield Place, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Jones Haywood School of Ballet was founded here by Doris W. Jones and Claire H. Haywood in 1941. Their Capitol Ballet Company, established in 1961, remained the nation's only predominantly African American, professional ballet troupe through the . . . — — Map (db m65511) HM

16 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Adams Morgan — Calvin T.S. Brent Residence — 1700 V Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Calvin T.S. Brent (1854-1899), believed to be Washington's first African American architect, lived here briefly in the early 1890s. (His other residences have been demolished.) Brent began practicing in 1875 and after a two-year apprenticeship and . . . — — Map (db m129528) HM

17 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Bloomingdale — Barnett Aden Gallery — 127 Randolph Place, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Barnett Aden Gallery, which operated on the first floor of this house between 1943 and 1968, was the first privately owned black art gallery in the United States. It was founded by James Vernon Herring (1897-1969), chair of Howard University's . . . — — Map (db m110518) HM

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18 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Brightwood — Military Road School — 1375 Missouri Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Military Road School opened in 1864 here along what then was Military Road, an artery linking Civil War forts. The School was one of the first to open after Congress authorized public education for Washington's African Americans in 1862. . . . — — Map (db m115232) HM

19 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Colonial Village — Frank D. Reeves — 7760 16th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Frank D. Reeves (1916–1973), a lawyer and civil rights activist, was part of the team that shaped the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case outlawing school segregation. He advised Senator John F. Kennedy on minority affairs . . . — — Map (db m24679) HM

20 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Columbia Heights — Charles R. Drew and Lenore Robbins Drew — 3324 Sherman Avenue, NW, Apartment 1 — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Dr. Charles R. Drew (1904-1950), renowned for his blood plasma research, was associated with Howard University College of Medicine during most of his career. In 1941 Drew joined a national effort to set up a blood banking process but left because . . . — — Map (db m65523) HM

21 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Columbia Heights — Drum and Spear Bookstore Site — 1371 Fairmont Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Drum and Spear Bookstore, founded in 1968 by Charlie Cobb, a former secretary for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, specialized in books written by black authors, and books on Asian, African, and African American subjects. Growing . . . — — Map (db m85756) HM

22 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Downtown — Metropolitan AME Church — 1518 M Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

This church started on Capitol Hill in 1821 as Israel Bethel, was founded by African Americans denouncing White racism at Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Church. Later, Pastor Henry McNeal Turner helped persuade President Lincoln to accept Black . . . — — Map (db m30056) HM

23 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Downtown — Wormley's Hotel Site — 1500 H Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

James Wormley (1819-1884), free-born like his parents, was one of a number of African Americans entrepreneurs with downtown hospitality and service businesses. His five-story Wormley's Hotel opened here in 1871, catering primarily to wealthy and . . . — — Map (db m87577) HM

24 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — Alma Thomas Residence — 1530 15th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Alma Thomas (1891-1978), the nationally acclaimed abstract artist, lived in this house from 1907 until her death. In 1924 she became the first graduate of Howard University's Art Department — and possibly the first black woman in the country to earn . . . — — Map (db m110908) HM

25 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — Blanche K. Bruce and Josephine Beall Willson Bruce Residence — 2010 R Street, Northwest — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Senator Blanche Kelso Bruce (1841-1898) and his wife Josephine Beall Willson Bruce (1853-1923), leaders of Washington's “aristocrats of color,” lived here from 1890 to 1898. Born in Virginia, Blanche escaped slavery during the Civil War, attended . . . — — Map (db m119125) HM

26 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — Charles Hamilton Houston Residence — 1744 S Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Charles Hamilton Houston (1895-1950) was a legal theorist and mentor to an entire generation of African American lawyers. As Howard University School of Law's vice dean, the Harvard-educated Houston helped transform the school into an accredited . . . — — Map (db m97798) HM

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27 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — Charles Sumner School Museum and Archives — 17th and M Streets, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

This school, completed in 1872, was one of three public elementary schools built for DC's black children just after the Civil War. Its name honors U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, who fought to abolish slavery here, pay black soldiers . . . — — Map (db m8184) HM

28 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — Historic Kappa House — 1708 S Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity was founded at Indiana University in 1911. The ten founders determined from the start that membership would be based solely on achievement. In 1949 the fraternity's Washington Alumni Chapter worked with undergraduate . . . — — Map (db m93390) HM

29 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — St. Luke's Episcopal Church / Alexander Crummel — 1514 15th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

This was the first independent black Episcopal parish church in the city. It was established in 1879 by a breakaway group from a Foggy Bottom mission church, St. Mary's Chapel for Colored People, led by former St. Mary's pastor, Alexander Crummell . . . — — Map (db m110910) HM

30 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — Todd Duncan Residence — 1600 T Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Internationally renowned baritone Todd Duncan (1903-1998) lived here from about 1935 until about 1960. Duncan originated the role of Porgy in George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess on Broadway. He later refused to perform the role at DC's . . . — — Map (db m97801) HM

31 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Foggy Bottom — St. Mary’s Episcopal Church — 728 23rd Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

St. Mary’s was the first Episcopal church in Washington where African Americans could worship free of discrimination. It was established in 1867 by 28 men and women, many of them formerly enslaved. Two White congregations, St. John’s Church and . . . — — Map (db m46905) HM

32 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Georgetown — Emma V. Brown Residence — 3044 P Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Emma V. Brown (1840-1902) was an accomplished poet and the first African American teacher to be employed by the DC Public Schools. Educated at Myrtilla Miner's school on N Street, NW, and at Oberlin College, native Washingtonian Brown opened a . . . — — Map (db m97745) HM

33 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Georgetown — First Baptist Church, Georgetown — 2624 Dumbarton Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The first Baptist church established in Georgetown was funded in 1862 by the Reverend Sandy Alexander (1818-1902), a former slave who led the church until 1889. Among the founding members was Collins Williams, a preacher from Fredericksburg, . . . — — Map (db m33773) HM

34 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Georgetown — Mount Zion United Methodist Church and Heritage Center, and the Female Union Band Cemetery — 1334 29th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Mount Zion United Methodist Church is Washington’s oldest Black congregation. It was established in 1816 by Shadrack Nugent and 125 other congregants who split from nearby Montgomery Street Methodist Church (now Dumbarton United Methodist) over its . . . — — Map (db m32930) HM

35 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Georgetown — Rose Park Recreation Center — 26th and O Streets, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Rose Park Playground was established in 1918 by the Ancient Order of the Sons and Daughters of Moses to serve African American children. The city acquired it in 1922. Georgetown neighbors ignored the segregation rules at this "colored" facility, . . . — — Map (db m120439) HM

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36 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Judiciary Square — DC Recorder of Deeds Building / WPA Era Murals — 515 D Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

DC’s Art Deco/Art Moderne Recorder of Deeds Building (1941) houses city land records. Many notable African Americans have served as recorders of deeds since President Garfield appointed Frederick Douglass to the post in 1881. These include Branche . . . — — Map (db m29657) HM

37 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, LeDroit Park — Alice Moore Dunbar [Nelson] and Paul Laurence Dunbar Residence — 1934 Fourth Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Alice Moore Dunbar [Nelson] (1875-1935), a budding poet and essayist, and Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906), already a nationally and internationally acclaimed poet, married in 1898 and moved to this house. Mary Church Terrell, an activist and . . . — — Map (db m144576) HM

38 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, LeDroit Park — Anna Julia Hayward Cooper Residence — 201 T Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Educator, feminist, and civil rights activist Anna Julia Hayward Cooper (1858-1964) lived here from 1916 until her death. Born in North Carolina, Cooper graduated from Oberlin College and moved to Washington in 1887 to teach Latin at the Preperatory . . . — — Map (db m124921) HM

39 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, LeDroit Park — Christian Fleetwood and Sara Fleetwood Residence Site — 319 U Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Christian Fleetwood (1840-1914) was one of 21 African Americans to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for bravery during the 1864 Battle of Chaffin's Farm near Richmond. After the Civil War he worked for the federal government and organized . . . — — Map (db m77543) HM

40 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, LeDroit Park — Elks Columbia Lodge No. 85 — 1844 Third Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Columbia Lodge No. 85 of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of the Elks of the World was incorporated in Washington in 1906, eight years after the parent organization was incorporated in Cincinnati, Ohio. Lodge No. 85's first meeting took . . . — — Map (db m170808) HM

41 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, LeDroit Park — Freedmen's Hospital — 520 W Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Freedmen's Hospital was established by the federal government in 1862 to address the needs of thousands of African Americans who poured into the city seeking freedom during the Civil War. The hospital's first administrator was Major Alexander T. . . . — — Map (db m84805) HM

42 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, LeDroit Park — Griffith Stadium Site — 2041 Georgia Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Before Howard University Hospital was built in 1975, Griffith Stadium stood here. Constructed in 1914, the stadium was one of the few public spaces that were open to everyone during the segregation era. It was home to the Homestead Grays of the . . . — — Map (db m107755) HM

43 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, LeDroit Park — Willis Richardson Residence — 512 U Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Willis Richardson (1889-l977) Was a prolific and acclaimed playwright known for realistic portrayals of ordinary African Americans. Family circumstances forced the promising writer to choose work over college, and Richardson spent his career at . . . — — Map (db m86907) HM

44 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Logan Circle — Alain Locke Residence — 1326 R Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Alain Locke (1886-1954), a leading 20th-century intellectual and the nation's first black Rhodes Scholar, was a central figure in the New Negro (sometimes called the Harlem) Renaissance. Locke edited The New Negro (1925), an anthology of . . . — — Map (db m110915) HM

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45 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Logan Circle — Belford V. Lawson and Marjorie M. Lawson Residence — 8 Logan Circle, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Belford V. Lawson (1909–1985) and Marjorie M. Lawson (1912–2002) were prominent attorneys. Mr. Lawson helped win landmark civil rights cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, including New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery (1938) and . . . — — Map (db m79362) HM

46 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Logan Circle — Charles M. “Sweet Daddy” Grace Residence — 11 Logan Circle Northwest — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Charles M. “Sweet Daddy” Grace (1881-1960) brought his United House of Prayer for All People of the Church on the Rock of the Apostolic Faith to Washington in 1927, eight years after founding the charismatic Christian denomination in Massachusetts. . . . — — Map (db m79318) HM

47 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Logan Circle — Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church — 15th and R streets, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church has been a vital religious, educational, and social center since 1841. It was founded by John F. Cook, Sr. (ca. 1810-1855), who rose from slavery to run Union Seminary and become Washington's first black . . . — — Map (db m112661) HM

48 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Logan Circle — James Lesesne Wells Residence — 1333 R Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

James Lesesne Wells (1902-1993) was an influential artist known for his innovative Linocuts, Wood Engravins, and Color Aquatints. He was active in the Harlem Renaissance before moving to Washington in 1929, and to this house soon after. Wells was a . . . — — Map (db m187425) HM

49 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Logan Circle — Vermont Avenue Baptist Church — 1630 Vermont Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Vermont Avenue Baptist Church was formed in 1866 by seven formerly enslaved men and women meeting in the home of John and Amy Slaughter. They joined the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church for assistance in organizing their own church. Then, led by . . . — — Map (db m145601) HM

50 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Mount Vernon Square — Central Public Library — Mount Vernon Square — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

This majestic building was opened in 1903 as the Central Public Library, popularly known as the Carnegie Library because Andrew Carnegie donated funds to build it. From the start Central was open to all. Mary Church Terrell and historian John . . . — — Map (db m18794) HM

51 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Mount Vernon Square — Second Baptist Church — 816 Third Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Second Baptist Church was organized in 1848 by seven members of the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church. Under the leadership of the Reverend Sandy Alexander — eventually one of the country's best-known black Baptist ministers — the church purchased . . . — — Map (db m152617) HM

52 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, North Cleveland Park — Wormely Family Estate Site — 3530 Van Ness Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Celebrated hotelier James Wormley (1819-1884) and his family owned at least two country houses (since razed) on ten acres here during the 1870s and 1880s. This plaque marks approximately the southeast corner of the property. As a young man . . . — — Map (db m126974) HM

53 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Penn Quarter — National Council of Negro Women — 633 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The National Council of Negro Women was founded in 1935 by Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) to "harness the power and extend the leadership of African American women." Early on, the Council campaigned to outlaw the discriminatory poll tax, develop a . . . — — Map (db m30059) HM

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54 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Petworth — Billy Simpson's House of Seafood and Steaks — 3515 Georgia Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Billy Simpson's provided DC's African American community with an upscale venue for dining and socializing in the period when segregation was ending and African Americans claimed a larger role in city affairs. The restaurant (open 1956-1978) . . . — — Map (db m66181) HM

55 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Petworth — First Church of Seventh-day Adventists — 810 Shepherd Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Adventism arrived in Washington in 1886 in the form of a mission – which three years later became the Seventh-day Adventists Church of Washington, D.C. From the start, racial equality was a central doctrine of the racially mixed congregation. . . . — — Map (db m187421) HM

56 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Andrew F. Hilyer Residence Site — 2352 Sixth Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Andrew F. Hilyer (1858-1925) fought racism and promoted the "moral, material, and financial interests" of African Americans through the Union League of the District of Columbia, which he co-founded in 1892. Hilyer's Union League Directory . . . — — Map (db m111803) HM

57 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Founders Library and Moorland-Spingarn Research Center — 500 Howard Place, NW, Howard University Campus — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Founders Library houses wide-ranging collections, the university's museum, and the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, one of the world's largest repositories dedicated to the culture and history of people of African descent. Dedicated in 1939, the . . . — — Map (db m116653) HM

58 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Howard Hall — 607 Howard Place, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Howard Hall was completed in 1869 as the home of white Civil War General Oliver Otis Howard (1830-1909), for whom Howard University was named. As commissioner of the Bureau of Refuges, Freedman and Abandoned Lands (Freedman's Bureau), General Howard . . . — — Map (db m65707) HM

59 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Howard University — Sixth Street and Howard Place, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Howard University, one of the oldest Black colleges in the United States, was established by Congress in 1866 to educate formerly enslaved individuals. Its name honors Freedman's Bureau Commissioner General Oliver Otis Howard, a member of the white . . . — — Map (db m66401) HM

60 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Howard University Gallery of Art — Lulu Vere Childers Hall, Howard University Campus — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Howard University Gallery of Art was established in 1928 on the lower level of Rankin Chapel. Professor James V. Herring (1897-1969), founder of the University's Art Department, and professor and artist James A Porter (1905-1970) were its . . . — — Map (db m85112) HM

61 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Kelly Miller Residence Site — 2225 Fourth Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Kelly Miller (1863-1939), a prominent Howard University scholar and leader, taught mathematics and sociology. He went on to serve as dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Miller laid the groundwork for the formation of African American sociology . . . — — Map (db m111801) HM

62 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Merriweather Home for Children — 733 Euclid Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC — Reported missing

The National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children was established by an 1863 Act of Congress. Elizabeth Keckley (ca. 1818-1907), former slave and seam­stress for Mary Todd Lincoln, was a founding member and spent her . . . — — Map (db m112005) HM

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63 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Miner Teachers College — 2565 Georgia Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Miner Teachers College, which operated here from 1914 until 1955, was the principal school training black teachers in the city for more than 70 years. Named for Myrtilla Miner (1815-1864), a white educator who founded Miner Normal School in 1851, . . . — — Map (db m114359) HM

64 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Pleasant Plains — Will Marion Cook Family Residence Site — 2232 Sixth Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Will Marion Cook (1869-1944) was an internationally renowned violinist and composer. After studying music at Oberlin College (Ohio) and the National Conservatory of Music (New York), Cook turned to creating musical comedies. Among them was . . . — — Map (db m111802) HM

65 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Shaw — Daniel A.P. Murray Residence — 934 S Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Daniel Alexander Payne Murray (1852-1952) was the second African American to hold a professional position at the Library of Congress, achieving the level of assistant librarian by 1881. One of Murray's responsibilities was to gather a copy of every . . . — — Map (db m129070) HM

66 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Shaw — Dunbar Theater / Southern Aid Society — 1901-1903 Seventh Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Southern Aid Society, one of the nation's oldest black insurance companies, opened this building as its headquarters in 1921. At the street level it housed the Dunbar Theatre, a popular movie house owned by the Murray family. Offices occupied . . . — — Map (db m84762) HM

67 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Shaw — Engine Company No. 4 — 931 R Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

This 1885 building originally housed the DC Fire Department's Engine Company No. 7. It eventually became home to Washington's first all-black fire company. The department had included a few African American firefighters since 1868, but none ever . . . — — Map (db m129347) HM

68 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Shaw — Phyllis Wheatley YWCA — 901 Rhode Island Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

This was the city’s first Young Women’s Christian Association and the nation’s only independent Black YWCA. It was organized in Southwest Washington as the Colored YWCA in 1905 by members of the Book Lovers Club, a Black women’s literary group led . . . — — Map (db m130891) HM

69 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Truxton Circle — Baker's Dozen, Inc. Building — 1509 and 1511 Fourth Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC — Reported missing

Starting in 1950, the Baker's Dozen, Inc. Youth Center operated here in two formerly derelict buildings redesigned by architect Howard H. Mackey. The youth center was the project of the Baker's Dozen social club, founded in 1944 by 13 members of . . . — — Map (db m111760) HM

70 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Ben's Chili Bowl / Minnehaha Theater — 1213 U Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Ben's Chili Bowl, founded in 1958 by Ben and Virginia Ali, is one of the oldest continuous businesses on U Street. It is also one of the few to survive both the assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., and the years of the disruptive . . . — — Map (db m20341) HM

71 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Edward “Duke” Ellington Residence — 1805 13th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899—1974), the internationally renowned composer and musician born in Washington, DC, spend part of his youth here at 1805 13th Street, NW (1910—1914). During those formative years he studied classical piano as well . . . — — Map (db m79980) HM

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72 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Frelinghuysen University / Jesse Lawson and Rosetta C. Lawson — 1800 Vermont Avenue, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Frelinghuysen University was founded in 1917 to provide education, religious training, and social services for black working-class adults. Founders include Jesse Lawson, a Howard University-educated lawyer; his wife Rosetta C. Lawson, an advocate . . . — — Map (db m48407) HM

73 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Georgia Douglas Johnson Residence — 1461 S Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

During the 1920s and 1930s, this house hosted a Saturday evening literary salon, welcoming such luminaries as Alice Dunbar Nelson, Angelina Grimké, Langston Hughes, Alain Locke, Kelly Miller, and Jean Toomer. Poet and hostess Georgia Douglas Johnson . . . — — Map (db m114763) HM

74 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Industrial Bank of Washington — 2000 11th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Industrial Bank stands as a testament to the Black business movement that began in the 1880s in downtown Washington and spread to the U Street area by the 1900s. Industrial Bank was the only Black-owned financial institution in the city when . . . — — Map (db m41804) HM

75 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — John Wesley Cromwell Residence — 1439 Swann Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Lawyer, scholar, and publisher John Wesley Cromwell (1846-1927) lived here from 1894 until his death. Born enslaved in Portsmouth, Virginia, Cromwell moved to Washington in 1871 to study law at Howard University. He published the weekly People's . . . — — Map (db m96273) HM

76 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Lincoln Theatre and Lincoln Colonnade — 1215 U Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Lincoln Theatre, built by white theater magnate Harry Crandall, opened in 1922 under African American management as U Street's most elegant first-run movie house. With 1,600 seats, it also was one of the biggest. In addition to films, the . . . — — Map (db m33736) HM

77 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Louise Burrell Miller Residence — 1204 T Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Louise Burrell Miller led a group that successfully sued the DC Board of Education in 1952 to have deaf African American children educated within the District. Until Miller v. the Board of Education, the children, including Miller's young son . . . — — Map (db m96272) HM

78 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Mary Ann Shadd Cary Residence — 1421 W Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

When the lists of African American “firsts” are read, Mary Ann Shadd Cary’s name is everywhere. Born in Delaware to a free Black abolitionist family, Cary (1823-1893) moved to Canada in 1850 and ran a racially integrated school. Her anti-slavery . . . — — Map (db m61813) HM

79 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia — 1000 U Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The first African Masonic order south of the Mason-Dixon line was founded in the District of Columbia in 1825. Social Lodge No. 7, as it was known, combined with two other lodges in 1848 to form the Union Grand Lodge. Later, the name was changed to . . . — — Map (db m33737) HM

80 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — New Negro Alliance's Sanitary Grocery Protest Site — 1936 11th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

In 1933 the New Negro Alliance instituted then-radial "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" campaigns: boycotts and pickets of white-owned businesses in black neighborhoods, including the Sanitary Grocery (forerunner of Safeway) at this . . . — — Map (db m187423) HM

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81 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Scurlock Studio Site — 900 U Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Addison Scurlock (1883-1964) was the photographer of black Washington, specializing in dignified portraiture. In 1911 he opened a studio at 900 U Street (just west of the building of that address erected in 1999). The Scurlock Studio photographed . . . — — Map (db m109162) HM

82 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church — 1425 V Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church began in 1858 when African American congregants of the Saint Matthew's Church departed to organize their own day school. The group raised funds -- even held an event on the White House lawn -- and eventually . . . — — Map (db m154001) HM

83 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Washington Afro-American Newspaper Office Building — 1800 11th Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The independent weekly Afro-American, one of the most enduring Black newspapers in the country was founded in Baltimore in 1892 by John H. Murphy, Sr. The Washington Afro-American began publication in 1932, and operated from this . . . — — Map (db m55538) HM

84 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, U Street Corridor — Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression / Harriet Gibbs-Marshall / Mary P. Burrill — 902 T Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression, which operated in this building from 1903 until 1960, was one of DC's earliest African American arts institutions. Harriet Gibbs-Marshall (1868-1941), the first African American to . . . — — Map (db m109161) HM

85 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Barney Circle — Seafarers Yacht Club — 1950 M Street, SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The Seafarers Yacht Club is the oldest African American boat club on the East Coast. It was founded in 1945 by Lewis T. Green, Sr., a vocational arts teacher in the DC Public Schools who built boats as a hobby. Needing a dock, he contacted the U.S. . . . — — Map (db m89445) HM

86 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Barry Farm — Campbell African Methodist Episcopal Church — 2562 Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue, SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Campbell AME, established in 1867 as Mount Zion AME, was an outgrowth of its overcrowded parent church, Allen Chapel AME, founded in 1850. When it moved to a location near the present one in 1890, Mount Zion was renamed for AME Bishop Jabez B. . . . — — Map (db m33749) HM

87 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Buena Vista — Barry Farm - Hillsdale — Bounded by St. Elizabeths Hospital, Alabama Avenue and Morris Road, SE, and the Anacostia River — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC — Reported missing

In 1867 the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen’s Bureau) purchased 375 acres from white farmers David and Julia Barry to resettle formerly enslaved African Americans. By 1870 more than 500 families had purchased lots . . . — — Map (db m113607) HM

88 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Buena Vista — Nichols Avenue Elementary School / Old Birney School Site — 2427 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

James G. Birney Elementary School (founded 1889) was the city's first public school for African Americans in this area, then known as Hillsdale. Previously, residents organized their own schools. The Old Birney School expanded in 1901 with the . . . — — Map (db m100679) HM

89 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Capitol Hill — Ebenezer United Methodist Church — 400 D Street, SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Ebenezer United Methodist Church is Capitol Hill’s oldest independent Black congregation. Ebenezer UMC was founded in 1827 by African Americans who left a biracial church on Capitol Hill because the White congregants practiced segregation. The new . . . — — Map (db m30053) HM

90 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Congress Heights — Congress Heights School — 3100 Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue, SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The eight-room brick Congress Heights Elementary School opened in 1897 to serve the new, whites-only Congress Heights development. The iconic tower and clock were added in 1913. After public schools were desegregated in 1954, Congress Heights became . . . — — Map (db m112782) HM

91 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Fort Dupont — John Philip Sousa Junior High School — 3650 Ely Place, SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

A key event in the landmark 1954 school desegregation case Brown v. Board of Education occurred here at Sousa Junior High (now Middle) School. In 1950 Sousa was one of several new DC schools for white children. When Spottswood T. Bolling, . . . — — Map (db m187431) HM

92 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Fort Dupont — Woodlawn Cemetery — 4611 Benning Road, SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

Woodlawn Cemetery, established in 1895, serves the final resting place for Sen. Blanche K. Bruce, Mary P. Burrill, Will Marion Cook, John W. Cromwell, John R. Francis, Rep. John Mercer Langston, Jesse Lawson, Mary Meriwether, and Daniel Murray, . . . — — Map (db m42050) HM

93 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southeast Washington, Navy Yard — Saint Paul African Union Methodist Protestant (AUMP) Church — 401 I Street SE — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —

The St. Paul African Union Methodist Protestant (AUMP) Church is the first and only church in Washington, DC that evolved from what is considered the oldest incorporated, independent African American denomination in the country. The . . . — — Map (db m113632) HM