Near Beltsville in Prince George's County, Maryland — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic)
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Iron Production: Maryland's Industrial Past / The Iron Making Process
Photographed By Richard E. Miller, May 8, 2009
1. Iron Production: Maryland's Industrial Past - The Iron Making Process Marker
Inscription.
Iron Production: Maryland's Industrial Past, also, The Iron Making Process. . , Iron Production: Maryland’s Industrial Past , Maryland’s early economy and identity were based on slave-based agriculture. However, slaves were also employed in manufacturing iron, one of the first non-agricultural industries. Seeing how other colonies were successful in producing iron, the Maryland Legislature passed an “Act for the Encouragement of an Iron Manufacture within this Province” in 1719 to promote iron production both for local industry and for export to Great Britain., One of the first producers of iron in colonial Maryland was Richard Snowden, who had emigrated from Wales in about 1658. In 1669 he and Thomas Linticum purchased “Iron Mine, a 500 acre plot of land located at the head of the South River,” in Anne Arundel County for 11,000 pounds of tobacco. After his death, his son Richard along with some partners formed the Patuxent Ironworks Company at New Birmingham Manor which began operation in the mid-1730s and was owned by Richard Snowden and his partners. Later, his son Richard (known as the “Ironmaster”) took over and built additional furnaces. Altogether, the Snowden family operated ironworks on their lands in Prince George’s and Anne Arundel Counties for two hundred years., Enslaved workers were involved in almost all phases of iron production in Maryland. They worked as foreman, founders, laborers and blacksmiths. The Snowdens were Quakers, a faith known for its opposition to slavery. However, tax assessments show that between 1760 and 1780, the Snowden ironworks averaged 45 slave hands per year. The Quakers' transition from slavery to anti-slavery took more than 100 years. For the Snowdens, and other Quakers, the business advantages of owning slaves may have outweighed moral considerations., [Illustrations]: , Excerpt from manumission documents dated 1781 in which Samuel Snowden lists 35 adults and 36 children to be feed. Courtesy Maryland State Archives., An 1802 Maryland Gazette advertisement for a runaway named Isaac, placed by Richard Snowden. The slave may have worked at the Patuxent Ironworks. Courtesy Maryland State Archives. , This fireback was cast at Patuxent Iron Works in 1737. Despite the rust, Richard Snowden’s mark is visible. Courtesy of Fort George G. Meade Museum., Excerpt from “Act for the Encouragement of an Iron Manufacture within this Province.”, The Ironmaking Process., A colonial era ironworks required a source of iron ore, forestlands to make charcoal to fuel the furnace, proximity to a river for transporting iron to market, and a large labor force. Charcoal was made from firewood charred in earthen ovens. Colliers (charcoal makers) stacked cordwood around a central chimney creating a mound 30-40 feet in diameter. The fire was extinguished slowly and allowed to cool., Iron ore was extracted from shallow surface mines and taken to a blast furnace by horse drawn carts. The furnace was a 30-40 feet high brick or stone stack with a long ramp for workers to carry ore and fuel (charcoal) to its top. Charcoal, roasted ore and limestone was placed in the top of the furnace and smelted. Slag, a by-product, was drawn off and the remaining metal was then cast into “pigs”, crude iron bars roughly two feet by four inches. The bar molds resembled a sow nursing her piglets, hence the term “pig iron.” Pig iron was used to manufacture items such as firebacks and cannon shot. Pig iron was further processed into wrought iron for a forge. Wrought iron was marketed to craftsmen such as blacksmiths and wheelwrights to make a variety of goods and tools., [Illustrations]: , Charcoal II,, illustrated by Denis Diderot, depicts a workman (figure 40) as he lights the furnace through the top and the combustion gets under way. (Fig. 5) As it proceeds more air is needed and vents are opened (Fig. 6). The fire must be tended constantly to regulate the rate (7, 8) until the process is complete, 1751., The Blast Furnace V, illustrated by Denis Diderot shows workers on the left preparing a bed of sand into a mold for molten iron. When the mold is formed, the hearth will be tapped and molten iron will flow into it. The workers on the right cart away a “pig” that has cooled and hardened, 1761. , The Manufacture of Iron - Tapping the Furnace, by Tavernier and Frezeny, Harper’s Weekly, November 1, 1873. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division. , , The Great Industry of Birmingham, Alabama. A Pig Iron Furnace, drawn by Charles Graham. Harper’s Weekly, March 26, 1887. , The Manufacture of Iron - Carting Away the Scoriae, by Tavernier and Frezeny, Harper’s Weekly, November 1, 1873. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division. , , The ore bank at Elizabeth Furnace. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division. , , A 1922 photo of the charcoal kiln at Muirkirk Ironworks. After the Civil War, brick kilns like this were used to make a charcoal from wood. Previously, charcoal was made in earthen mounds. Courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. , , Furnace used at Muirkirk Ironworks. Courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. , , Making the mounds for pig iron, blast furnace, blast furnace, Pittsburgh, Pa. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division. , , Carrying away and loading the pigs, blast furnace, Pittsburgh, Pa. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division.
Iron Production: Maryland’s Industrial Past
Maryland’s early economy and identity were based on slave-based agriculture. However, slaves were also employed in manufacturing iron, one of the first non-agricultural industries. Seeing how other colonies were successful in producing iron, the Maryland Legislature passed an “Act for the Encouragement of an Iron Manufacture within this Province” in 1719 to promote iron production both for local industry and for export to Great Britain.
One of the first producers of iron in colonial Maryland was Richard Snowden, who had emigrated from Wales in about 1658. In 1669 he and Thomas Linticum purchased “Iron Mine, a 500 acre plot of land located at the head of the South River,” in Anne Arundel County for 11,000 pounds of tobacco. After his death, his son Richard along with some partners formed the Patuxent Ironworks Company at New Birmingham Manor which began operation in the mid-1730s and was owned by Richard Snowden and his partners. Later, his son Richard (known as the “Ironmaster”) took over and built additional furnaces. Altogether, the Snowden family operated ironworks on their lands in Prince George’s and Anne Arundel Counties for two hundred years.
Enslaved workers were involved in almost all phases of iron production in Maryland. They worked as foreman, founders,
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laborers and blacksmiths. The Snowdens were Quakers, a faith known for its opposition to slavery. However, tax assessments show that between 1760 and 1780, the Snowden ironworks averaged 45 slave hands per year. The Quakers' transition from slavery to anti-slavery took more than 100 years. For the Snowdens, and other Quakers, the business advantages of owning slaves may have outweighed moral considerations.
[Illustrations]:
Excerpt from manumission documents dated 1781 in which Samuel Snowden lists 35 adults and 36 children to be feed. Courtesy Maryland State Archives.
An 1802 Maryland Gazette advertisement for a runaway named Isaac, placed by Richard Snowden. The slave may have worked at the Patuxent Ironworks. Courtesy Maryland State Archives.
This fireback was cast at Patuxent Iron Works in 1737. Despite the rust, Richard Snowden’s mark is visible. Courtesy of Fort George G. Meade Museum.
Excerpt from “Act for the Encouragement of an Iron Manufacture within this Province.”
The Ironmaking Process.
A colonial era ironworks required a source of iron ore, forestlands to make charcoal to fuel the furnace, proximity to a river for transporting iron to market, and a large labor force. Charcoal was made from firewood charred in earthen ovens. Colliers (charcoal makers)
Photographed By Richard E. Miller, May 8, 2009
2. Iron Production: Maryland's Industrial Past - The Iron Making Process Marker (left side)
stacked cordwood around a central chimney creating a mound 30-40 feet in diameter. The fire was extinguished slowly and allowed to cool.
Iron ore was extracted from shallow surface mines and taken to a blast furnace by horse drawn carts. The furnace was a 30-40 feet high brick or stone stack with a long ramp for workers to carry ore and fuel (charcoal) to its top. Charcoal, roasted ore and limestone was placed in the top of the furnace and smelted. Slag, a by-product, was drawn off and the remaining metal was then cast into “pigs”, crude iron bars roughly two feet by four inches. The bar molds resembled a sow nursing her piglets, hence the term “pig iron.” Pig iron was used to manufacture items such as firebacks and cannon shot. Pig iron was further processed into wrought iron for a forge. Wrought iron was marketed to craftsmen such as blacksmiths and wheelwrights to make a variety of goods and tools.
[Illustrations]: Charcoal II,, illustrated by Denis Diderot, depicts a workman (figure 40) as he lights the furnace through the top and the combustion gets under way. (Fig. 5) As it proceeds more air is needed and vents are opened (Fig. 6). The fire must be tended constantly to regulate the rate (7, 8) until the process is complete, 1751.
The Blast Furnace V, illustrated by Denis Diderot shows workers on the left preparing a bed
Photographed By Richard E. Miller, May 8, 2009
3. Iron Production: Maryland's Industrial Past - The Iron Making Process Marker (right side)
of sand into a mold for molten iron. When the mold is formed, the hearth will be tapped and molten iron will flow into it. The workers on the right cart away a “pig” that has cooled and hardened, 1761.
The Manufacture of Iron - Tapping the Furnace, by Tavernier and Frezeny, Harper’s Weekly, November 1, 1873. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division.
The Great Industry of Birmingham, Alabama. A Pig Iron Furnace, drawn by Charles Graham. Harper’s Weekly, March 26, 1887.
The Manufacture of Iron - Carting Away the Scoriae, by Tavernier and Frezeny, Harper’s Weekly, November 1, 1873. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division.
The ore bank at Elizabeth Furnace. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division.
A 1922 photo of the charcoal kiln at Muirkirk Ironworks. After the Civil War, brick kilns like this were used to make a charcoal from wood. Previously, charcoal was made in earthen mounds. Courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
Furnace used at Muirkirk Ironworks. Courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
Making the mounds for pig iron, blast furnace, blast furnace, Pittsburgh, Pa. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic
Photographed By Richard E. Miller, May 8, 2009
4. Historical Markers at entrance to Abraham Hall
7612 Old Muirkirk Road
Division.
Carrying away and loading the pigs, blast furnace, Pittsburgh, Pa. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division.
Erected 2008 by Department of Parks and Recreation, Prince George's County.
Location. This marker has been replaced by another marker nearby. It was located near 39° 3.55′ N, 76° 52.4′ W. Marker was near Beltsville, Maryland, in Prince George's County. Marker could be reached from Old Muirkirk Road. Touch for map. Marker was at or near this postal address: 7612 Old Muirkirk Road, Beltsville MD 20705, United States of America. Touch for directions.
More about this marker. Marker can be reached from Old Muirkirk Road, off the parking lot for the recently restored Abraham Hall community center, a block north of Muirkirk Road, across the street from Muirkirk West Neighborhood Park, and about half a mile east of Old Baltimore Pike. Note that Muirkirk Road is not directly accessible from U.S. 1 (the area's primary north-south thoroughfare). Travelers on U.S. 1 should turn east at Powder Mill Road (MD 201) in Beltsville, crossing the B&O RR tracks, to reach Old Baltimore Pike and then proceed north to Muirkirk Road.
Related marker. Click here for another marker that is related to this marker. This marker has been replaced by the linked marker.
Also see . . . Muirkirk, MD. (Submitted on May 17, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland.)
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
6. Twenty Dollars Reward
An 1802 Maryland Gazette advertisement for a runaway named Isaac, placed by Richard Snowden. The slave may have worked at the Patuxent Ironworks.
Twenty Dollars Reward
Ran away from the subscriber, living in Prince-George's county, near Patuxent Iron Works, on the first instant, a negro man named Isaac, about thirty years of age, five feet eight or nine inches high; he is black, has very red eyes, a down look, a scar on the top of his head, about the size of a dollar, where no hair grows, stoops in his shoulders; he went off in his common working cloathing, but it is probable he may change his dress and endeavour to pass as a free man; he was purchased in Charles county, where it is probable he will be harboured. Whoever will take up the above negro, and deliver him to the subscriber, or secure him in any gaol, shall be entitled to the above reward, paid by
Richard Snowden.
May 10, 1802.
Close-up of illustration on marker Maryland State Archives
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
7. R ♥ S 1737 Potuxent Iron Works
This fireback was cast at Patuxent Iron Works in 1737. Despite the rust, Richard Snowden’s mark is visible.
Close-up of photo on marker Fort George G. Meade Museum
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
8. Excerpt from “Act for the Encouragement of an Iron Manufacture within this Province.”
close-up of text on marker
An Act for the Encouragement of an Iron Manufacture,
within this Province.
Whereas it is represented to this present General Assembly,
That there are very great Conveniencies of carrying on Iron-
Works within this Province, which have not hitherto been
embraced for want of proper Encouragements to some first
Undertakers, altho the Consequences thereof might not only
be considerably advantageous to the Persons immediately
concerned therewith, but also to the Public Trade of Great-
Britain, and this Province ; and for that it may so happen that
the Lands or Places most proper for the fixing Forge-Mills,
and other Conveniencies for the carrying on such considerable
Works, may happen to be within the Bounds of any Lands
already reserved to his Lordship's Use, or such Lands as are
in the Hands or Possession of Persons under Age, or unable to
be at the Charge of carrying on such considerable Works, or
else such as are wilfully obstinate, to the Hinderance of such
Persons as would purchase such Lands or Places as should be
fit for the carrying on so great Works, and setting them up,
to the Increase of our Trade and Navigation, the Peopling of
this Province, and to the Advantage of his Lordship, by the
Encouraging the Taking-up such remote and barren Lands
as are now entirely useless and uncultivated ;
II. Be it Enacted, by the Right Honourable the Lord
Proprietary, by and with the Advice and Consent of his said
Lordship's Governor, and the Upper and Lower Houses of
this present General Assembly, and the Authority of the
same, That if any Person or Persons from and after the
Publication hereof, shall desire to set up such Forging-Mill,
and other Conveniencies for the carrying on such Iron- Works,
upon any Land not before cultivated, next adjoining to any
Run of Water within this Province, not being the Estate oi
Inheritance of such Undertakers, nor leased to them, to the
Intent thereon to set such Forging-Mill, and other Conven-
iencies for the carrying on such Iron- Works, they may pur-
chase a Writ out of Chancery, directed to the Sheriff of the
County where such Land lieth, requiring him by the Oath oi
Twelve Men of his County, to inquire what Damage it would
be to his Lordship, or others, to have such Builders or Under-
takers invested with an absolute Estate of Inheritance in One
Hundred Acres of such Land, proper for the setting up such
Forging-Mill, and other Conveniencies for the carrying or
such Iron- Works as aforesaid: The Form of which Writ
followeth, viz.
" Charles, absolute Lord and Proprietary of the Provinces
" of Maryland and Avalon, Lord Baron of Baltimore &c
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
9. Ore Bank, Elizabeth Furnace, 1872
Men working at the ore bank a Elizabeth Furnace Virgina, 1872
Close-up of photo on marker Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division.
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
10. Charcoal Kiln
A 1922 photo of the charcoal kiln at Muirkirk Ironworks. After the Civil War, brick kilns like this were used to make a charcoal from wood. Previously, charcoal was made in earthen mounds.
Close-up of photo on marker Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
11. Iron Furnace used at Muirkirk
Furnace used at Muirkirk Ironworks to manufacture pig iron. The stack measured 38 by 8.5 feed with production capacity of 7,000 tons. The furnace was built in 1847, rebuilt in 1888 after a fire, and eventually closed in 1920, ca. 1921.
Close-up of photo on marker Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
12. Making Molds for Pig Iron, Pittsburgh, PA
Close-up of photo on marker Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Photographed By Allen C. Browne, August 4, 2013
13. Carrying away and Loading the Pigs, PIttsburgh, PA.
Close-up of photo on marker Library of Congress Prints and Photographic Division.
Credits. This page was last revised on December 11, 2021. It was originally submitted on May 17, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland. This page has been viewed 3,996 times since then and 126 times this year. Last updated on June 23, 2017, by Allen C. Browne of Silver Spring, Maryland. Photos:1, 2, 3, 4. submitted on May 17, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. submitted on August 9, 2013, by Allen C. Browne of Silver Spring, Maryland. • Bill Pfingsten was the editor who published this page.