The Battle of Fallen Timbers and the Treaty of Greeneville

The Battle of Fallen Timbers and the Treaty of Greeneville. . , The final battle of the Northwest Indian War, Fallen Timbers, took place on August 20, 1794 in present-day Maumee, near Toledo, less than two months after the Battle of Fort Recovery. The American Indians' loss in the Battle of Fallen Timbers led to the negotiation of the Treaty of Greeneville. The lengthy and complex negotiations began in January 1795 and involved multiple tribes, who knew from the beginning any agreement would not be in their favor. The treaty was signed on August 3, 1795, officially ending the Northwest Indian War and establishing the Greeneville Treaty Line. Fort Recovery was the northwestern-most U.S. military outpost; here the Greeneville Treaty Line turned southwest towards the Ohio River. The treaty line was meant to serve as a boundary between American Indian and Euro-American settlement, but was essentially ignored by settlers and the U.S. government., Ohio became a state in 1803, only eight years after the Treaty of Greeneville. The tribes in Ohio had been up against early contact with non-Natives and land encroachments for many years already.and statehood further weakened the treaty agreements. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, resulting in the forced removal, often by march and with armed escorts, of tribes in the southern United States. This forced relocation soon extended into Ohio and Indiana. Numerous tribes who were part of the Northwest Indian War and the Greeneville Treaty experienced disease and deaths of their citizens as they were forcibly marched to locations west of the Mississippi. This is why today Ohio is home to no federally recognized tribes. Tribes who once called Ohio home now have their governmental headquarters in Oklahoma, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, and other states., Bottom left panel of text: , The nine tribes of the American Indian alliance at the Battle of the Wabash (Cherokee, Delaware, Miami, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Seneca, Cayuga, Shawnee, Wyandot) through time have branched into 35 federally recognized tribes. The tribes today have governmental headquarters in Oklahoma, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, and other states. Descendants of the American Indian warriors and tribal leaders live across the United States., Bottom right panel of text: , Introduction: "A treaty of peace between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanese, Ottawas, Chipewas, Putawatimes, Miamis, Eel-Rivers, Weea's, Kickapoos, Piankashaws, and Kaskaskias.", Article 1: "Henceforth all hostilities shall cease; peace is hereby established, and shall be perpetual; and a friendly intercourse shall take place between the said United States and Indian tribes." , --Treaty of Greeneville (1795). Credit: Ohio History Central.