Historical Markers and War Memorials in The National Mall, District of Columbia

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Historical Markers and War Memorials in The National Mall, District of Columbia

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101 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Bald Cypress • Ártu (ar-too) — Reported permanently removed

In the middle of the wetlands, you can see the entire life cycle of the unusual bald cypress tree. A fallen cypress was placed in the wetlands to evoke an authentic wetlands environment--and a young cypress has begun to grow out of the stump of the . . . — — Map (db m110077) HM

102 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Before the National Air and Space Museum opened —

Before the National Air and Space opened in 1976, aviation collections were displayed in and around the Arts & Industries Building. Rocket Row became a landmark along the building's west side. — — Map (db m110788) HM

103 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Binary Stars —

Is our Sun a normal star? Stars are great luminous spheres of hydrogen and helium gas held together by their own gravity. Most stars in our galaxy exist in pairs or even in multiple-star systems. So, our singular Sun is relatively unusual. A . . . — — Map (db m111410) HM

104 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Bradford Pear Tree — (Pyrus calleryana Bradford) —

. . . — — Map (db m70457) HM

105 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Broadleaf Cattail • Káhkáhaskwar (kaw-kaw-has-quar) — Reported permanently removed

Nearly every Native community in North America has used the cattail as food, medicine, or raw material for baskets and mats. The cattail contains ten times the amount of starch as potatoes—an important source of energy. The Micmac and Ho-Chunk . . . — — Map (db m113966) HM

106 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Broomsedge — Reported permanently removed

A species of bluestem grasses, the broomsedge plant is distinguished by its slender stalk, straw-colored leaves, and orange fall foliage. The roots of this grass were used by the Rappahannock tribe to soothe poison ivy rash and skin . . . — — Map (db m184308) HM

107 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Built above an underground museum complex —

Built above an underground museum complex, the Haupt Garden is actually a rooftop garden. As such, the limited soil depth and the protection provided by the surrounding museums create a climate milder than is typical of the region. — — Map (db m184554) HM

108 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Can you find symbols… — Reported permanently removed

Can you find symbols for the sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the moon on the Welcome Plaza? They are embedded into the stone beneath your feet, in their positions at sunset on the museum's birth date: November 28, 1989. The . . . — — Map (db m114147) HM

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109 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Can you hear the echo of the water bouncing off the rock? — Reported permanently removed

Shhhh, quiet please! Listen. Can you hear the echo of the water bouncing off the rock? Stand in front of this boulder, and listen to the echo of the water. This stone surface amplifies sound, just like ancient Mayan ball courts. In . . . — — Map (db m113973) HM

110 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: East — Reported permanently removed

Did you know that this type of stone was used to make arrowheads? This 544 million-year-old rock is quartzite, a very hard stone used to make arrowheads by the local Nanticoke peoples. It came from Sugarloaf Mountain in Maryland's . . . — — Map (db m114145) HM

111 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: East —

This stone is one of four Cardinal Direction Markers that honor the four directions—north, east, south and west. Representatives of Native communities in Canada, Maryland, Chile, and Hawai'i selected a meaningful stone from their region. . . . — — Map (db m211236) HM

112 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: North — Reported permanently removed

This granite stone is one of the oldest on earth – four billion years old! Before its two-week journey to Washington, D.C., the Dogrib (Tlicho) community of Acasta Lake, in Canada’s Northwest Territories, blessed the stone. The Dogrib recount that . . . — — Map (db m49627) HM

113 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: North —

This stone is one of four Cardinal Direction Markers that honor the four directions—north, east, south, and west. Representatives of Native communities in Canada, Maryland, Chile, and Hawai'i selected a meaningful stone from their region. . . . — — Map (db m211259) HM

114 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: South — Reported permanently removed

This boulder traveled more than 18,000 miles from the southernmost point of South America! Between 65 and 145 million years old, this granite stone was given to the museum by the Yagán people of Chile. The Yagán want this stone to represent their . . . — — Map (db m113961) HM

115 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: South —

116 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: West — Reported permanently removed

This 300-year-old lava stone has a name: Kane Po. After a 20-year stay at the museum, it will return to its home in the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park near Hilo. Native Hawaiians consider it to be a living relative. It is one of four Cardinal . . . — — Map (db m113975) HM

117 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Marker: West —

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118 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cardinal Direction Markers — Reported permanently removed

Native peoples honor the Four Directions through ceremony, song, art, and architecture. On the edges of the museum site, four large stones known as Cardinal Direction Markers honor Native cultures of the north, south, east, and west. Can you . . . — — Map (db m113969) HM

119 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Carousel on the Mall, Washington, D.C. —

On August 28, 1963, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, not far from here. On that same day, this carousel was part of a small but significant victory for Civil . . . — — Map (db m68236) HM

120 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Constantine L. Seferlis — (1928 - 2005) — Stone Carver —

Restored the walls of the Smithsonian Castle and carved these carriage gates according to James Renwick's 1849 design. — — Map (db m110727) HM

121 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Cook Telescope —

Become an astronomer with your visit to the Phoebe Waterman Haas Public Observatory and its Cook Memorial Telescope. Harvard University purchased the telescope from Boller & Chivens in 1966 for its Oak Ridge Observatory. The telescope was used to . . . — — Map (db m111404) HM

122 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — District of Columbia War Memorial — National Mall and Memorial Parks — National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior —

”This temple will recall for all time their services and sacrifices.” President Herbert Hoover, November 11, 1931

The Great War of 1914 to 1918 transformed the world. The war introduced lethal new . . . — — Map (db m75903) HM

123 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — District of Columbia War Memorial —

A memorial to the armed forces from the District of Columbia who served their country in the World War This memorial was erected through the voluntary subscriptions of the people of Washington • It was dedicated on Armistice Day Nineteen . . . — — Map (db m211379) WM

124 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — District of Columbia World War Memorial — National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior — National Mall & Memorial Parks — Reported permanently removed

[Panel 1: northeast corner wayside.] “This monument stands for men who fought not alone for their country, but to establish the principles of justice and peace. We pay tribute here to their valor. We honor them for their . . . — — Map (db m76573) HM

125 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Double Candle, 2018 — Sterling Ruby, American, b. Bitburg, Germany, 1972 — Bronze; Approved acquisition of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden —

Sterling Ruby's prolific and inventive practice spans painting, photography, textiles, video, ceramics, sculpture, and even fashion design. He is especially well known for his provocative approach to materials; before making this work, he created . . . — — Map (db m184996) HM

126 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Tree —

"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge...." Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929-1968 This tree named in honor of Dr. King January 14, . . . — — Map (db m70616) HM

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127 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Earth —

These tiny spheres are the planet Earth and its Moon at one 10-billionth actual size. If Earth were this big, how far away would the Sun and other planets be? Look at the map on the lower panel to find our position in the solar system. . . . — — Map (db m113977) HM

128 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Eastern Meadow — Pradera del este —

This museum's eastern meadow environment consists of abundant grasses, wildflowers, and shrubs. Several of the plants are perennials and live many years, growing or lying dormant with the seasons. Native traditional healers use meadows . . . — — Map (db m161599) HM

129 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Eastern Redcedar • Muráhk (mah-dok) — Reported permanently removed

Eastern redcedar is connected to the spiritual traditions of many Native communities, including the Kiowa and Lenape (Delaware). The tree's unique red, aromatic heartwood is valued for ceremonial and medicinal uses. Native peoples burn the . . . — — Map (db m184310) HM

130 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Enid A. Haupt Garden —

A popular urban oasis since its completion in 1987, the 4.2-acre Enid A. Haupt Garden comprises three distinct gardens. The design of each reflects the cultural and aesthetic influences celebrated in the Smithsonian Castle and the surrounding . . . — — Map (db m110710) HM

131 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Enid A. Haupt Garden —

132 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Enid A. Haupt Garden —

133 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Enid A. Haupt Garden —

134 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Enid A. Haupt Garden —

135 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Enid A. Haupt Garden —

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136 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Federal Grain Inspection Service — United States Department of Agriculture —

During December 1977, a series of devastating grain elevator explosions resulted in the death of thirteen USDA employees working for the Federal Grain Inspection Service. On this 25th anniversary of their sacrifice, we dedicate this Bradford Pear . . . — — Map (db m47101) HM

137 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — First International Manned Space Mission —

On July 17, 1975, an American Apollo spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz space craft docked in space for the first international manned space mission. Three months after the crewmembers of the Apollo-Soyuz test project—astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, . . . — — Map (db m109221) HM

138 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — For Gordon Bunshaft, 2006, fabricated 2007-2008 — Dan Graham, American, b. Urbana, Illinois, 1942 — Two-way mirror, stainless steel, wood and stone —

Since the 1970s, Dan Graham has explored notions of space and perception, creating installations and sculptures that critique modernist suburban architecture and encourage audience participation. For Gordon Bunshaft, a site-specific . . . — — Map (db m184559) HM

139 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — 26/7920 — George Rivera — Pojoaque Pueblo — Reported permanently removed

Buffalo Dancer II Case bronze, ed. 2/4 26/7920 Gift of the Pueblo of Pojoaque, George Rivera and Glenn Green Galleries For the Pueblo Indians of the Southwest, the Buffalo Dance is an enduring celebration, a prayer for the well-being . . . — — Map (db m113968) HM

140 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — 26/7920 — George Rivera — Pojoaque Pueblo, b. 1964 —

Buffalo Dancer II, 2008 Cast bronze, ed. 2/4 26/7920 Gift of the Pueblo of Pojoaque, George Rivera, and Glenn Green Galleries, 2010 For the Pueblo Indians of the Southwest, the Buffalo Dance is an enduring . . . — — Map (db m161596) HM

141 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Growing in the Garden — Christmas Trees — Reported permanently removed

The ready-cut Christmas tree industry started in the mid-nineteenth century with trees cut from the forest. The planting of trees in plantations began in the early twentieth century and increased greatly after the Second World War. There are . . . — — Map (db m184538) HM

142 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Growing in the Garden — Rice — Reported permanently removed

Rice is the oldest known cultivated food in the world tracing back to 5000 B.C. Rice is a dietary staple of more than half the world's population and is grown on every continent except Antarctica. In the United States rice is commercially . . . — — Map (db m184539) HM

143 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Half a World Away — National Mall and Memorial Parks, Korean War Veterans Memorial — National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior —

On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. The United States, under United Nations Command, rushed to defend the South Korean peninsula. In November 1950, China sent ground troops in support of North Korea. American soldiers, sailors, . . . — — Map (db m205393) HM

144 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Jean Hillery and Thomas Quadros — United States Department of Agriculture — American linden of Basswood (Tilia Americana) —

Dedicated in memory of Jean Hillery and Thomas Quadros, Food Safety and Inspection Service Compliance Officers, who lost their lives in the line of duty June 21, 2000 — — Map (db m47354) HM

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145 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — John Paul Jones Memorial — National Mall & Memorial Parks, Washington, D.C. — National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior —

"Every officer in our navy should know by heart the deeds of John Paul Jones," President Theodore Roosevelt. The American Revolution A bold captain—fearless even when facing the superior British . . . — — Map (db m17764) HM

146 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — John Paul Jones Memorial —

[North Face inscriptions - above and beneath Captain Jones' statue:] John Paul Jones 1747-1792 First to compel foreign man-of-war to strike colors to the Stars and Stripes. [South Face inscriptions - above and beneath a bas relief . . . — — Map (db m19534) HM

147 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Joseph Henry —

This statue of the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution was made in 1881 by the American sculptor William Wetmore Storey, then working in Rome. Unveiled April 19, 1883. — — Map (db m213) HM

148 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Jupiter —

Jupiter is a gas giant planet consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium. Astronomers have discovered more than 60 moons orbiting Jupiter. In 1610 Italian astronomer Galileo discovered the four largest moons, although he saw them only as "stars." . . . — — Map (db m111397) HM

149 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Korean War Veterans Memorial —

[Inscription: Panel 1]: Our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met. 1950 * Korea * 1953 [Panel 2]: Freedom Is Not Free . . . — — Map (db m8829) WM

150 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Lunar Calendars — Reported permanently removed

The circles and moon phases marked on the pavement refer to a phenomenon known as lunar standstills. Lunar standstills occur every 18.6 years when the moon reaches a northern extreme at summer solstice and a southern extreme at winter solstice. . . . — — Map (db m110068) HM

151 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Mars —

This tiny sphere is the planet Mars at one 10-billionth actual size. Its small moons can't be seen at this scale. If Mars were this big, how far away would the Sun and other planets be? Look at the map on the lower panel to find your . . . — — Map (db m110566)

152 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Meadow — Reported permanently removed

This museum's meadow environment consists of abundant grasses, wildflowers, and shrubs. The plants are perennials, growing or lying dormant with the seasons. Plant Medicine Meadows are important sources of medicinal plants used by . . . — — Map (db m113955) HM

153 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Mercury —

This tiny sphere is the planet Mercury at one 10-billionth actual size. If Mercury were this big, how far away would the sun and other planets be? Look at the map on the lower panel to find your position in the solar system. Bottom . . . — — Map (db m110564) HM

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154 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Monarchs on the Move —

With their distinctive orange and black wings, monarchs are one of the most recognizable butterfly species in the world. They are also one of the most well-traveled, flying more than 3,000 miles each year to their winter homes in Mexico and . . . — — Map (db m184555) HM

155 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Moon —

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. How did the Moon form? Scientists think it formed when a planetary object the size of Mars collided with Earth about 4.5 billion years ago. The Moon is covered with impact craters that formed when . . . — — Map (db m111398) HM

156 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — National Native American Veterans Memorial — Monumento Nacional de Veteranos Indígenas Estadounidenses —

This memorial recognizes American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian men and women who have served in every branch of the United States Armed Forces, from the Revolutionary War to the present day, and the support and sacrifices . . . — — Map (db m161605) WM

157 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Nora Naranjo-Morse — Santa Clara Pueblo, b. 1953 — Reported permanently removed

Always Becoming Mud mixture (soil, sand, straw, and water), clay, stone, black locust wood, bamboo, yam vines, and pigment 26/5840 Naranjo-Morse and her family return annually to explore how this family of contemporary clay sculptures, . . . — — Map (db m113956) HM

158 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Nora Naranjo-Morse — Santa Clara Pueblo, b. 1953 — Reported permanently removed

Always Becoming Mud mixture (soil, sand, straw, and water), clay, stone, black locust wood, bamboo, yam vines, and pigment. 26/5840 Naranjo-Morse and her family return annually to explore how this family of contemporary clay . . . — — Map (db m113958) HM

159 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — 26/5840 — Nora Naranjo-Morse — Santa Clara Pueblo, b. 1953 —

Always Becoming, 2007 Mud mixture (soil, sand, straw, and water), clay, stone, black locust wood, pigments 26/5840 Commissioned from the artist, 2007 Naranjo-Morse and her family return annually to . . . — — Map (db m161600) HM

160 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — 26/5840 — Nora Naranjo-Morse — Santa Clara Pueblo, b. 1953 —

161 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Not Forgotten — National Mall and Memorial Parks, Korean War Veterans Memorial — National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior —

From 1950 to 1953, American troops were joined by soldiers of other nations to defend South Korea from invasion by North Korea. Today, the Korean War Veterans Memorial remembers their service and sacrifice. As you walk down this path, . . . — — Map (db m205395) HM

162 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Original Smithsonian Institution Building —

Erected 1847-57. Designed by James Renwick, Jr. in twelfth century Romanesque style for the first offices, research laboratories, exhibits, collections, and lectures of the Smithsonian Institution. Dedicated to the increase and diffusion of . . . — — Map (db m46413) HM

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163 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Phoebe Waterman Haas — Public Observatory —

This observatory is named to celebrate the spirit of Emma Phoebe Waterman Haas. In 1913 she became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley. She was the first woman to perform original research with . . . — — Map (db m114106) HM

164 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Pluto —

These tiny spheres are the dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon at one 10-billionth actual size. If Pluto were this big, how far away would the Sun and planets be? Look at the map on the lower panel to find your position in the solar . . . — — Map (db m112462) HM

165 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Pumpkin, 2016 — Yayoi Kusama, Japanese, b. Matsumoto, 1929 — Fiber-reinforced plastic; Collection of the artist — Reported permanently removed

For Yayoi Kusama pumpkins represent a source of radiant energy. They are, perhaps, the artist's most beloved motif, appearing in painting, drawings, sculptures, and some of her most important installations. Both endearing and grotesque, the giant . . . — — Map (db m114001) HM

166 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — 2020.002 — Pumpkin, 2016 — Yayoi Kusama, B. Matsumoto, Japan, 1929 — FRP (fiber-reinforced plastic) and urethane paint; Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund, 2020 —

For Yayoi Kusama, pumpkins represent a source of radiant energy. They are perhaps the artist's best-loved motif, appearing in paintings, drawings, sculptures, and some of her most important installations. Both endearing and grotesque, the giant . . . — — Map (db m239860) HM

167 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Ralph Rinzler —

"There is no better time, no better place to celebrate the cultures of the American people and those from around the world than at the Folklife Festival on the National Mall." Ralph Rinzler (1934-1994) Founding Director of the . . . — — Map (db m188504) HM

168 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Rehabilitating a National Treasure — George Washington Memorial Parkway — National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior —

Arlington Memorial Bridge has served as a monument to the sacrifices and valor of our nation's military personnel since its dedication in 1932. Now that it is nearly 90 years old, the National Park Service and Federal Highway Administration are . . . — — Map (db m140993) HM

169 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — 26/8842 — Rick Bartow — Wiyot, 1946-2016 —

We Were Always Here, 2012 Old-growth Western red cedar, Port Orford cedar, old-growth Douglas fir, oak, maple, stain, sealer 26/8842 Commissioned from the artist, 2011 In creating these two poles from a . . . — — Map (db m161597) HM

170 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — 26/8852 — Rick Bartow (1946-2016) — Wiyot — Oregon — Reported permanently removed

We Were Always Here, 2012 Old-growth Western red cedar, Port Orford cedar, old-growth Douglas fir, oak, maple, stain, sealer Commissioned from the artist 2011 (26/8852) In creating these two poles from a single old-growth cedar . . . — — Map (db m113974) HM

171 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Sassafras • Wináhk (Wee-nock) — Reported permanently removed

For centuries, Native peoples have used the bark, roots, and leaves of the sassafras tree as medicine and flavoring in food and beverages. As Native peoples taught settlers how to harvest and use sassafras, demand grew quickly. In the 1700s, . . . — — Map (db m113972) HM

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172 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Saturn —

Why does Saturn have "ears"? The 17th-century astronomer Christiaan Huygens was the first to suggest that the curious protrusions on both sides of Saturn were in fact a magnificent ring system. Scientists later discovered that the rings are made . . . — — Map (db m111405) HM

173 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Smokey Bear Blue Spruce — Picea pungens —

Planted April 11, 1984 to honor the 40th birthday of Smokey Bear by John R. Block, Secretary of Agriculture R. Max Peterson, Chief, USDA Forest Service and the Forester's Wives Club of Washington, D.C. — — Map (db m70456) HM

174 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Spencer Fullerton Baird — 1823 - 1887 —

Second Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Pioneer in American Natural History [on reverse of statue:] ("Opus, Baskin, 1976") — — Map (db m46418) HM

175 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Star Nurseries —

Where are stars born? Stars form in a large, dense region of hydrogen and helium gas and dust called a nebula (Latin for "cloud"). When a nearby cosmic collision or pressure from a supernova causes a nebula to collapse it divides into many . . . — — Map (db m111409) HM

176 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Steven Thomas Stefani IV — Forest Service Range Conservationist — United States Department of Agriculture —

An American chestnut (Castanea dentate) tree has been planted in honor of Forest Service Range Conservationist, Steven Thomas Stefani IV (1978-2007) who died serving his country, helping the people of Ghazni, Afghanistan to build better lives. — — Map (db m47730) WM

177 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Stewardship of Natural Resources — Reported permanently removed

Stewardship and Sustainability Agriculture is the oldest occupation in the world and farmers are the first conservationists! Farmers work in a uniquely close way to natural resources. The success of their businesses are directly dependent on . . . — — Map (db m184536) HM

178 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Sun —

The Sun is a medium-sized star mostly made of hot hydrogen and helium gas. Its 11-year solar cycle produces such features as sunspots, prominence, filaments, and plages (pronounced "plahzh"), and such events as flares and coronal mass . . . — — Map (db m114102) HM

179 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Sunflower • Wádxaweew (wah-ha-way-oh) — Reported permanently removed

First cultivated by Native peoples in the Southwest nearly 3,000 years ago, the sunflower has become one of the most well-known and highly prized plants across the world. The Hidatsa, who live in present-day North Dakota, cultivated several . . . — — Map (db m113962) HM

180 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Sunflowers — Sunflowers — Reported permanently removed

Sunflowers are truly American! Of all the crops harvested for seed around the world, sunflowers are the only one that was originally domesticated in the United States. In addition to being cultivated for their delicious sees and oil, sunflowers are . . . — — Map (db m184541) HM

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181 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Swamp Milkweed • Wihsakán (wee-sah-quam) — Reported permanently removed

Distinguished by its scarlet hourglass-shaped flowers and white sap, the swamp milkweed is a beautiful wetlands plant. The Menominee harvested the plant "heads" when in full bloom and added them to soup, or stored them for winter use. The Sac and . . . — — Map (db m114146) HM

182 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — T.S.C. Lowe's Observation Flight — AIAA Historic Aerospace Site —

On June 18, 1861, T.S.C. Lowe made a tethered observation flight with his gas-filled balloon Enterprise from a spot on the National Mall in front of where the National Air and Space Museum now stands. During this flight, he sent the first telegram . . . — — Map (db m140624) HM

183 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Cost of Freedom — National Mall and Memorial Parks, Korean War Veterans Memorial — National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior —

In front of you stands the Korean War Veterans Memorial. More than 1.5 million American men and women served in the Korean War. They fought alongside South Korea and other United Nations troops. Together, these forces endured bitter fighting, . . . — — Map (db m205389) HM

184 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Fountain Garden —

The Fountain Garden is modeled after the Court of the Lions at the Alhambra, a 14th-century Moorish palace and fortress in Granada, Spain, now included on UNESCO's World Heritage List. (Moor is a general term for North African Muslims . . . — — Map (db m184548) HM

185 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Fruitful Fig —

In tropical forests, the fig is considered a keystone species because of its abundant, year-round fruiting. When other fruit is not available, figs sustain many species, including fish, lizards, giant tortoises, birds, fruit bats, monkeys, and . . . — — Map (db m184535) HM

186 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Modern Rose — Kathrine Dulin Folger Rose Garden —

"How cunningly nature hides every wrinkle of her inconceivable antiquity under roses and violets and morning dew." —Ralph Waldo Emerson Fossil evidence found in Colorado in the U.S. suggests that plants in the rose family have . . . — — Map (db m110773) HM

187 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Moongate Garden —

The Moongate Garden was inspired by architectural and symbolic elements found in the Temple of Heaven, a masterpiece of Chinese architecture and landscape built in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644). Now included on . . . — — Map (db m184546) HM

188 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Moongate Garden —

189 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry —

Near this site The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry was organized on December 4, 1867 in the office of the Superintendent of the Propagating Gardens, Department of Agriculture. The founders of the Grange were: Oliver H. Kelley, John . . . — — Map (db m47448) HM

190 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Parterre —

Parterre—from a French term meaning "on or along the ground"—originated in the 16th-century Renaissance Italy as an ornamental garden style. The style, which defines garden pace by arranging hedges, flowers, grass, water, and gravel to . . . — — Map (db m110781) HM

191 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — The Pillars of the Renwick Gates —

The pillars of the Renwick Gates were based on this 1849 drawing by James Renwick Jr., the architect of the Smithsonian Castle. They were constructed in the 1980s from the same kind of sandstone that was used to build the Castle. — — Map (db m110725) HM

192 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Threats to Coral Reefs —

Coral reefs are in danger. If conditions remain as they are, scientists will predict that more than 90 percent of the world's coral reefs will die by 2050. The biggest threats to reefs are climate change, pollution, and overfishing. Climate . . . — — Map (db m184552) HM

193 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Threats to Dragonflies —

Like many species, dragonflies are threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Habitat Destruction Agriculture and urban development can lead to the draining and destruction of wetlands, leaving dragonflies . . . — — Map (db m184543) HM

194 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Traditional Croplands — Agricultural Gifts to the World — Reported permanently removed

About 60 percent of the world's diet today is derived from Native American foods, such as potatoes, chilies, tomatoes, and even chocolate! Native peoples encouraged the growth of various plants together (biodiversity), which promoted healthier . . . — — Map (db m113959) HM

195 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Traditional Croplands — Tierras de cultivo tradicionales —

The world derives about 60% of its diet today from foods native to the Americas, including corn, potatoes, tomatoes, quinoa, and even chocolate. Each season some of these foods, which have transformed global cuisine over the last 500 . . . — — Map (db m161603) HM

196 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Upland Hardwood Forest — Reported permanently removed

You are standing next to an upland hardwood forest—a group of shrubs and more than 30 species of trees—that reflects the dense forests of the Blue Ridge Mountains and other local sites. The Forests' Bounty The Nanticoke and . . . — — Map (db m113971) HM

197 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Uranus —

This is the planet Uranus and its 4 largest moons at one 10-billionth actual size. If Uranus were this big, how far away would Earth and other planets be? look at the map on the lower panel to find your position in the solar system? . . . — — Map (db m110095) HM

198 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — USDA Holocaust Memorial Tree —

United States Department of Agriculture Dedicated as a Living Reminder in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust by Secretary Dan Glickman May 2, 2000 Yom Hashoah, Day of Remembrance Franklin D. Roosevelt Red Bud from a seed collected at . . . — — Map (db m70618) HM

199 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — USDA Veterans Memorial — United States Department of Agriculture —

“Dedicated to the brave men and women of the United States Department of Agriculture who served the United States of America through military service in time of armed combat.” Dedicated by: Edward Madigan, Secretary of Agriculture . . . — — Map (db m107190) WM

200 ► District of Columbia, Washington, Southwest Washington, The National Mall — Venus —

Venus has the hottest surface of any planet in our solar system, even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. Why is Venus so hot? Its atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide and is 93 times denser than Earth's. The carbon dioxide has caused an intense . . . — — Map (db m111401) HM

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