Front Between May 20-24, 1961 Dr. Harris opened this home to a group of 33 students from Nashville, Tennessee, who were challenging interstate bus segregation. Known as the Freedom Riders, the group was attacked at the historic Montgomery . . . — — Map (db m86119) HM
Commemorating
the
centennial
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated
Here stood
Mrs. Rosa Parks
Mother of the Civil Rights Movement
and
honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.
where she boarded the Montgomery . . . — — Map (db m85986) HM
The ranks of marchers swelled enormously by the last leg
of the trip on Wednesday, March 24, 1965. By the time
they arrived at the last campsite, only two miles from the
city limits at the Saint Jude complex, they were 10,000
strong. Dirty and . . . — — Map (db m91482) HM
Role of MIA
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was founded on December 5, 1955, to implement the 382-day Montgomery Bus Boycott that jumpstarted the 20th-century Civil Rights Movement. The MIA, as its name suggests, remains dedicated . . . — — Map (db m129484) HM
Congregation founded by former members of Bethel Baptist Church in 1909. Under leadership of Rev. I.S. Fountain, group met for four years in Labor's Hall, corner of Cobb and Mobile Streets, before purchasing this site and constructing church in . . . — — Map (db m71086) HM
Nationally recognized as a pioneer of the modern day Civil Rights Movement, Edgar D. Nixon, Sr., posted bail for segregation law violator Rosa Parks. In her defense, Nixon gathered the support of Montgomery blacks in implementing the successful . . . — — Map (db m81801) HM
This was the home of Dr. Ralph David Abernathy, a central leader of the historic events of the Civil Rights Movement.
Dr. Abernathy graduated from Alabama State University in 1950 and from Atlanta University in 1951. He and his family lived . . . — — Map (db m71232) HM
Born enslaved in North Carolina on July 27, 1847. Hugh A. Carson likely came to Alabama after the Civil War. He married Eliza Stewart (1854-1939) in 1873. The couple had six children.
Near the end of the Reconstruction era, Carson entered the . . . — — Map (db m205228) HM
Born June 18, 1916, in Florala, Alabama, Inez Jessie Turner Baskin was
the only child of J.L. and Cora Turner. The family relocated to
Montgomery around 1918. She graduated from Booker T. Washington High
School and obtained a degree from Alabama . . . — — Map (db m238158) HM
This home was originally owned in 1901 by Emily V. Semple. It changed hands several times until purchased by Flora K. Daniels and Arlam and Johnnie R. Carr, Sr. The Carrs moved into this residence in 1943. They resided here during the 1955 . . . — — Map (db m71265) HM
Following two attempted marches from Selma in 1965
civil rights leaders turned to the federal courts for legal
protection prior to the Selma To Montgomery March.
Federal District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.,
appointed by President . . . — — Map (db m91321) HM
(side 1)
Juliette Hampton Morgan
Juliette Hampton Morgan was a white Montgomery, Alabama librarian whose privileged upbringing seemed unlikely to produce the determined civil rights activist that she became. Her letters to the . . . — — Map (db m71258) HM
On May 20, 1961, a Greyhound bus arrived here with 21 Black and white student Freedom Riders. They aimed to test U.S. Supreme Court rulings that banned the segregation of interstate passengers on buses and in bus stations. News cameras . . . — — Map (db m224866) HM
Lilly Baptist Church, established November, 1900 as a missionary church of Bethel Missionary Baptist. Originally located on St. Clair Street in a small frame building. Moved May 27, 1973, into new 1500-seat sanctuary at present location. Education . . . — — Map (db m71088) HM
History Happened Here
The City of Montgomery built this public park on one of the
lots occupied by the Montgomery Fair Department Store.
Rosa Parks was an assistant to the tailor for Montgomery Fair.
On December 1, 1955, Mrs. Parks . . . — — Map (db m121435) HM
The sculpture, made of corten steel, mimics the arched shape of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, AL. The silhouettes, cut as one solid shape, symbolize the marchers' determination to complete the 50-mile journey from Selma, AL and reach the steps . . . — — Map (db m153065) HM
Side A House built circa 1912. It has been the home of the ministers of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church since 1919. Its most famous occupant, Dr. Martin Luther King, lived here from Sept. 1954-Feb. 1960. During this time he led the Bus Boycott . . . — — Map (db m86132) HM
After Horseshoe Bend defeat, Creeks ceded millions of acres to United States. Cotton was in great demand. This area ideal for crop which is still planted on peninsular across river. In 1817, lands went on sale. Andrew Dexter, Massachusetts lawyer, . . . — — Map (db m61802) HM
Montgomery County Circuit Court
Site of Major Civil Rights Cases 1956-1960
In 1956, 89 persons were indicted for violating an anti-boycott law; Rosa Parks' conviction was appealed; the Montgomery Improvement Association car . . . — — Map (db m94925) HM
On multiple occasions in 1955, black women were arrested for challenging Montgomery's law requiring racial segregation on buses. The arrest of Rosa Parks sparked a mass protest that launched the modern civil rights movement and brought to prominence . . . — — Map (db m118040) HM
Montgomery: Learning from the Past
The Whitehurst Case has proven transformative in Montgomery and is part of the body of events and individuals that have shaped both the struggle for civil rights and the relationship between the Montgomery . . . — — Map (db m242522) HM
Side A The city’s slave market was at the Artesian Basin (Court Square). Slaves of all ages were auctioned, along with land and livestock, standing in line to be inspected. Public posters advertised sales and included gender, approximate . . . — — Map (db m28187) HM
Montgomery's Cotton Slide
The history of Montgomery Panel Project is place on top of the remains of Montgomery's Cotton Slide. The Cotton Slide was used to transport heavy cotton bales from the streets above to the waiting steamboats below. . . . — — Map (db m78145) HM
Side 1
Located in the heart of one of Montgomery's historic African-American neighborhoods. Mount Zion A.M.E. Zion Church was constructed in 1899 and heavily remodeled in 1921. It served as a significant center for religious, political, and . . . — — Map (db m86411) HM
Sitting on the “Victory Ride” bus (up-front) after the 382-day Montgomery Bus Boycott and after the U.S. Supreme Court ruling ended segregation on buses
in Montgomery, Alabama.
Troy University opened the Rosa Parks Museum on December 1, 2000, . . . — — Map (db m194449) HM
Black and brown people in the United States often are presumed dangerous and guilty when thet have done nothing wrong. Our history of racial inequality has created conscious and unconscious bias that has resulted in racial discrimination against . . . — — Map (db m119077) HM
Born December 24, 1940, in Chambers County, John L. Alford Sr. was
an educator, clergyman, humanitarian, and civil rights leader. After
graduating from high school in Lanett, he attended Alabama State
University and Selma University, earning . . . — — Map (db m194772) HM
Front
Born on July 7, 1937, in Calhoun, Alabama, Richard C. Boone
devoted his life to the causes of civil and human rights. He joined
the Air Force at the age of sixteen and following his service received
a degree in political . . . — — Map (db m155066) HM
Robert S. Graetz Jr. was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, in 1928.
He studied theology at Capital University and Evangelical Lutheran
Theological Seminary, both in Ohio. Active in organizing campus
social justice causes, he was also a member of . . . — — Map (db m173401) HM
Side A A Lady of Courage
Born in Tuskegee, AL on February 4, 1913, to James McCauley, a carpenter, and Leona Edwards, a teacher. Moved with mother and brother to Pine Level, AL after parents' separation. Enrolled in Mrs. White's School . . . — — Map (db m36503) HM
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Louis McCauley Parks was arrested on this site for refusing the order of city bus driver J. F. Blake to vacate her seat under the segregation laws of the Jim Crow era. She was taken to police headquarters at City Hall for . . . — — Map (db m91286) HM
Side A
At the bus stop on this site on December 1, 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to boarding whites. This brought about her arrest, conviction, and fine. The Boycott began December 5, the day of Parks’ trial, as a . . . — — Map (db m86422) HM
Rosa Parks Returns to St. Paul AME
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement, passed away in Detroit on Oct. 24, 2005 at the age of 92. Six days later, dressed in the uniform of an AME deaconess, her body arrived . . . — — Map (db m127280) HM
Rosa M. Parks (1913-2005) was arrested on a Montgomery bus December 1, 1955 for refusing to relinquish her seat to a white passenger. Her arrest, which happened 2 blocks west on Montgomery Street, sparked the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott, which . . . — — Map (db m143325) HM
Segregation
In the late 1800s, Alabama law required separate schools and
public accommodations for whites and blacks and prohibited
interracial marriage. Custom, backed by the threat or use of
violence, including lynching, required black . . . — — Map (db m182635) HM
Side A The Selma-to-Montgomery March ended here on March 25, 1965, when 25,000 civil rights marchers arrived at the Alabama State Capitol to demand the right to vote for African Americans. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights . . . — — Map (db m62747) HM
By the turn of the twentieth century, African Americans were gathering on Hardaway Street in a brush arbor to worship. In 1907, they incorporated what is now known as St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church, with Rev. Felix Strum serving as the . . . — — Map (db m127279) HM
The civil rights movement in Montgomery was born from the support
of both organized groups and individual residents. The day-in-day-out support came from local citizens, who were guided by groups on both the local and the national level.
The . . . — — Map (db m91467) HM
This site, known as “Posey’s Parking Lot,” served the black community as one of two major transportation centers during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Mrs. Rosa Parks’s December 1, 1955 arrest following her refusal to surrender her seat at the order . . . — — Map (db m71261) HM
The Freedom Rides
It was a ride meant to awaken the heart
of America to the injustice of its own laws
and traditions.
Freedom Rider John Lewis
The 1961 Freedom Riders did not begin
or end their journey in . . . — — Map (db m164163) HM
Lewis began an earnest voting rights drive in the early 1940s. Credited with registering 4 generations of Montgomery voters. He established Citizenship Schools that tutored prospective black voters to fill out the literacy text, a barrier before the . . . — — Map (db m86429) HM
In the 17th and 18th centuries, 12 million African people were kidnapped, chained, and brought to the Americas after a torturous journey across the Atlantic Ocean. Nearly two million people died during the voyage. The labor of enslaved black people . . . — — Map (db m118044) HM
This was once a doorway. The small
holes above the tiled-up opening are
from a sign that read "Colored Entrance.".
In 1961, if you were “colored," you
entered through this opening. You walked
along the bus platform to a "colored"
waiting room . . . — — Map (db m188531) HM
Ended at the foot of the Capitol steps
on March 25, 1965
Here Dr. King addressed 25,000 people
"I believe this march will go down
as one of the greatest struggles
for freedom and dignity
in the nation's history." . . . — — Map (db m80847) HM
The Transatlantic Slave Trade killed millions of African people. Men, women, and children were kidnapped and taken in chains to the Americas to create wealth for Europeans. For over two centuries, enslaved black people in the United States were . . . — — Map (db m118041) HM
On Thursday, March 25, 1965, the Selma to Montgomery
marchers left St. Jude and continued through the streets
of Montgomery, the crowd swelling in numbers as they
approached Court Square. By the time they reached
Dexter Avenue, a crowd of more . . . — — Map (db m91322) HM
The ten bronze roundels displayed on this wall are a tribute to the
"foot soldiers" who toiled for 382 days during the Montgomery Bus
Boycott of 1955 and 1956. The roundels depict individuals who
were involved in, and events that occurred . . . — — Map (db m91276) HM
Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1918 at this location by ministers of what later became the American Lutheran Church under whose auspices the congregation organized a day school
on the property across the street. That school . . . — — Map (db m86469) HM
In 1881, former slaves Gadson Draw, Frank Felder, Eli Madison, Kate Marshall, and Killis Marshall founded this church. Rev. Solomon S. Seay, Sr., pastor from 1928-1929, was a stalwart in the Civil Rights Movement and served as the third president of . . . — — Map (db m158657) HM
The Violata Pax (Wounded Peace) Dove was created in 2006 by artist Fred NALL Hollis, a native son of Alabama.
The Dove was sculpted in white bronze and came to life in a foundry in Pietrasanta, Italy. It was generously gifted to Troy University by . . . — — Map (db m224864) HM
Unit A of the Bricklayers Hall served as the office of Charles Swinger
Conley, who was the attorney of record for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
and the Montgomery Improvement Association. In 1961, Conley joined
with Attorney Arthur Kinoy, who gave . . . — — Map (db m175162) HM
One of the oldest African American churches in Montgomery, the First Congregational Christian Church was founded in 1872 by members of the American Missionary Association. The church was part of several institutions sponsored by the group in the . . . — — Map (db m248548) HM
The Jackson-Community House
In 1853, Jefferson Franklin Jackson, a native Alabamian and U.S. Attorney for the Alabama Middle District, built this two-story clapboard home originally with a dogtrot pattern. A Whig Party member, by 1862, . . . — — Map (db m71236) HM
This mural depicts the 54-mile march from the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama to the State Capitol in Montgomery in March 1965. Demonstrators along the bottom march with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement in the center, including Martin . . . — — Map (db m153061) HM
Marching On celebrates the journey and transformation of the thousands of marchers who made the arduous journey from Selma to Montgomery peacefully protesting for equal voting rights. The polished stainless steel is a remnant of the steel . . . — — Map (db m152650) HM
This home was constructed in 1940 for Mary Anne and Q.P. Colvin. Their daughter Claudette Colvin refused on March 2, 1955, to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery city bus. This event occurred nine months before the incident in . . . — — Map (db m246526) HM
The area known as King Hill emerged as a residential section for African Americans before the Civil War. Both the enslaved and free Black populations lived in small houses among stables that were used by Montgomery's white upper-class citizens. In . . . — — Map (db m246847) HM
In this house, built in 1948, Frank and Alberta Smith raised their six children.
Through their activism and participation in two landmark suits, members of the Smith family played critical roles in the Civil Rights Movement. The family attended St. . . . — — Map (db m223847) HM
A series of racially charged trials where nine African American males ages 13 to 20 were falsely accused of raping two white women on a freight train in Alabama produced a pair of landmark civil rights decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court in the . . . — — Map (db m154233) HM
Ellen S. Hildreth founded early Alabama suffrage club in New Decatur 1892. Hosted national suffrage leaders here at Echols Opera House 1895. — — Map (db m222845) HM
On February 18, 1965, a night march was planned to support activist James Orange, incarcerated in the Perry County Jail. Preachers led participants from this church, Zion Chapel Methodist, the physical and spiritual base of the movement in Marion. . . . — — Map (db m116896) HM
Jailed as a leader in the
struggle for voting rights
Perry County, Alabama
- 1965 -
"Hey Leader!"
SCLC/W.O.M.E.N., INC.
Women's Organizational Movement for Equality Now
Evelyn G. Lowery, . . . — — Map (db m117076) HM
– Pioneer Freedom Fighter
– Champion of
Voting Rights
– Bold advocate for
the poor
and oppressed
Presented by
SCLC/W.O.M.E.N., INC.
Women's Organizational Movement for Equality . . . — — Map (db m117077) HM
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Voting Rights Martyr
The death of Jimmie Lee Jackson, shot after police disrupted a peaceful nighttime demonstration in Marion, inspired the first attempted march from Selma to Montgomery that led to passage of the . . . — — Map (db m116893) HM
The site that became Marion was settled by Michael McElroy, traditionally known by his alias, Michael Muckle, around 1817. McElroy sold his property, which had become known as Muckle’s Ridge, to Anderson West in 1818. West and his wife moved into . . . — — Map (db m70089) HM
Built in 1929 and originally named for Gov. Bibb Graves,
this building was renamed in 2020 in memory of U.S. Rep.
Lewis, a central figure in the U.S. civil rights movement.
Nicknamed "the boy from Troy" by Dr. Martin Luther King,
Jr., he was the . . . — — Map (db m168100) HM
Pike County's John Lewis: National Civil Rights Icon
John Lewis was born in rural Pike County on February 21, 1940 to
sharecroppers during the era that African Americans in the South
were subjected to segregation in education and public . . . — — Map (db m168098) HM
Lynching in America
Thousands of African Americans were lynched in the United States
between the Civil War and World War II. Lynching, a form of racial
terrorism used to intimidate black people and to enforce white supremacy,
was most . . . — — Map (db m151279) HM
First African American to enroll at the University of Alabama following successful litigation under the historic 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling. She began classes on February 3, 1956; however, after three days of tumultuous demonstrations, . . . — — Map (db m108342) HM
As you look at the ruins of the
former Alabama State Capitol, it
may be difficult to realize that the
building stood at the center of
debates over freedom and liberty.
Until the end of the Civil War,
Alabama and Tuscaloosa were
centers of . . . — — Map (db m144856) HM
First African Baptist Church played a
central role in the fight for civil rights
in Tuscaloosa because it was the home
church of Rev. T. Y. Rogers, Jr., the
most important local leader in the
movement, and the primary site for mass
protest . . . — — Map (db m144855) HM
In September 1952, Autherine Lucy's
application to the University of
Alabama was accepted. When she
arrived on campus and the university
officials discovered that she was
African-American, they denied her
admission. In 1955, following . . . — — Map (db m144853) HM
Lynching in America
Thousands of African Americans were victims of lynching and racial violence in the United States between the Civil War and World War II. The lynching of African Americans during this era was a form of racial terrorism . . . — — Map (db m144735) HM
The Autherine Lucy Clock Tower is dedicated to the sacrifice and commitment of a courageous individual who took a stand for change at a crucial time in the history of The University of Alabama. The open arches, which mirror the architecture of . . . — — Map (db m37918) HM
Foster Auditorium is the site of the June 11, 1963, “stand in the schoolhouse door” by Governor George C. Wallace in defiance of a court order requiring The University of Alabama to admit African-American students Vivian Malone and James . . . — — Map (db m37917) HM
After World War II, significant efforts were made to change the existing social and political systems historically dominated by segregation and white supremacy.
Tuscaloosa became a national focal point in the struggle for equal rights. In 1956, . . . — — Map (db m217191) HM
Buried near this plaque are Jack Rudolph and William “Boysey” Brown, two slaves owned by University of Alabama faculty, and William J. Crawford, a University student who died in 1844.
Rudolph was born in Africa about 1791 and died . . . — — Map (db m40389) HM
[side 1 • faces east] In 1886, William Henderson, a Scottish immigrant, former Union Army Officer, and United Presbyterian moved from New York to Wilcox County. He saw the plight of freed slaves and urged his children to begin schools in the . . . — — Map (db m228693) HM
Born in Winston County, Alabama in 1918, Frank M. Johnson, Jr. transcended the prejudices of his time and made his mark as one of the great jurists in American history.
He married his Winston County sweetheart, Ruth Jenkins, in 1938. During . . . — — Map (db m80559) HM
Stedman Street was a congenial place for Japanese immigrants and their families up to the 1940s. Japanese-born miners, fishermen, laborers and entrepreneurs settled across the creek from downtown and founded families. Japanese-Americans from the . . . — — Map (db m182058) HM
Greatest of the educated Apaches, this Mohave-Apache Indian was taken captive at the age of six by Pima Indians. He was sold to a white man who educated him as a physician. Dr. Montezuma had a splendid practice in Chicago and became a champion of . . . — — Map (db m27680) HM
Peace
Eastlake Park has served the inhabitants of Phoenix since the late 1880's. Originally known as Patton's Park, it was developed by the Phoenix Railway Company to serve as a recreational area for patrons of the city's trolley system. The . . . — — Map (db m55058) HM
Tempe founder Charles Trumbull Hayden built a house of willow poles on this site in 1871 and erected an adobe home, store, and blacksmith shop during the next two years. He married Sallie Davis in Visalia, California, and brought her here in 1876. . . . — — Map (db m27585) HM
A beautiful Victorian Cottage which faced East Sheldon Street was built on this site by W. B. Jones. On November 15, 1893, William Owen (Buckey) O'Neill and his wife Pauline moved into the house. O'Neill used a portion of the upstairs as his office . . . — — Map (db m20619) HM
Where you now see cotton fields, 432 barracks once housed about 8,000 Japanese Americans.The Camp was surrounded by a barbed wire fence linking eight guard towers from which armed guards watched the camp and internees. The cam was divided by . . . — — Map (db m170077) HM
Years of discrimination and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor led to the forced removal and imprisonment of Japanese Americans. All Japanese Americans on the West Coast were affected by the forced evacuation - including women and . . . — — Map (db m169429) HM
Internees tried to re-create a life they might have lived
outside of confinement.
Earning money in camp was a constant struggle for internees, bills still had
to be paid on property left behind and everyone needed to buy clothes, . . . — — Map (db m169434) HM
The memorial includes inscriptions on four sides. Dedicated to the Patriotic Japanese-American men from Rohwer Internment Camp who sacrificed their lives in the service of their country in World War II. U.S. Fifth Army 100 Battalion 442 . . . — — Map (db m170092) HM
The Rohwer internment camp included a 500-acre area for internee living quarters and more than 10,000 acres of surrounding land for farming and timber harvesting.Officially labeled a relocation center, the internment camps for Japanese . . . — — Map (db m167628) HM
Plaque Rohwer Relocation Center Memorial Cemetery Has Been Designated A National Historic Landmark This Site Possesses National Significance In Commemorating The History Of The United States of America 1992 . . . — — Map (db m167617) HM
The U.S. entry into World War II led to the forced removal of-
nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast
The Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7,
1941, and America declared war on Japan the next day. . . . — — Map (db m167967) HM
Babies were born, children went to school, adults had jobs, and some people died here during the three years that the Rohwer camp operated. The traditional Japanese family structure was threatened by the camp's communal living conditions: . . . — — Map (db m170078) HM
"Let's teach (our children) that even in a life such as this, our hearts do not despair, that,
although wwe left behind many material things, we did not leave our courage, our fortitude,
and our ability to do the best with the least." . . . — — Map (db m169055) HM
The relocation center sites were chosen because of their distance from the West
Coast and for their suitability and isolation as secured, closed camps. Inside The Relocation Center The loss of their former lives was profound for the . . . — — Map (db m169430) HM
On July 27, 1954, the Charleston School Board unanimously voted to integrate all grade levels of its public school system, becoming the first in the South to do so. The Board's decision was in response to the May 17, 1954 United States Supreme . . . — — Map (db m198421) HM
Built in 1923 as the Woodmen of the Union Building, this hotel, bathhouse, and performance venue quickly became the center of African American culture in Hots Springs. It housed virtually every great Negro League player and entertainer who visited . . . — — Map (db m145649) HM
Jacob Trieber served as United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas from 1901 to 1927. He was the first Jewish judge
ever to serve on the federal bench. Trieber was born in Prussia in
1853, immigrated with his parents to St. . . . — — Map (db m107824) HM
African Americans Exercise Their Rights
In the decades following the Civil War, former slaves in
Arkansas saw African Americans elected to local, state and
national offices. Henderson B. Robinson was elected . . . — — Map (db m107892) HM
The State of Arkansas is Dissolved
In 1867, the state of Arkansas ceased to exist. It was dissolved, as were all states still in rebellion when the Confederate government surrendered in 1865. Readmission to the Union required that the states . . . — — Map (db m51927) HM
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