1 ► New York, Albany County, Albany, Downtown — The Fur Trade —

On Broadway at Maiden Lane, on the right when traveling north on Broadway.

Why is Albany Here? Mohawk and Mahican peoples inhabited this region for thousands of years when the Dutch ship the Half Moon dropped anchor near this spot in 1609. At that time, the world was in the midst of a "Little Ice . . . — — Map (db m116700) HM

2 ► New York, Albany County, Cohoes — Continental Avenue —

On Continental Avenue at Ontario Street, on the right when traveling south on Continental Avenue.

Algonquin and Mohawk Indian trail. Colonial military route. — — Map (db m131687) HM

3 ► New York, Albany County, Cohoes — Native American & 17th-century History of Peebles Island —

On Delaware Avenue, on the left when traveling north.

There is abundant evidence of Indian occupation on Peebles and Van Schaick Islands. Hammerstones and projectile points have been discovered and suggest that early tribes lived in this area. Archeologists uncovered a number of early hearths here . . . — — Map (db m115382) HM

4 ► New York, Albany County, Guilderland — Henry Rowe Schoolcraft —

On Willow Street, on the left when traveling north.

Home Of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft B.1793 - D. 1864 Glass Maker, Explorer, Author, Poet, Authority On American Indians. — — Map (db m77593) HM

5 ► New York, Albany County, Guilderland — The Vale of Tawasentha —

On New York State Route 146, on the left when traveling west.

Iroquois name for a burial ground near mouth of the Normanskill Creek. — — Map (db m142822) HM

6 ► New York, Albany County, Guilderland — Wildehausen —

On Dunnsville Road, on the right when traveling south.

Site of an Indian Village Nearby Stream Called Wildehausekill or "Indian House Creek" — — Map (db m66751) HM

7 ► New York, Albany County, Voorheesville — Indian Ladder —

Near Thacher Park Road.

In Colonial Times An Indian Trail Ascended The Helderberg Cliffs At This Point From The Lowlands To The East State Ed Dept 1932 Friends of Thacher Park 2014 — — Map (db m77125) HM

8 ► New York, Albany County, Westerlo — Indian Trail —

On Switzkill Road (County Route 1), on the right when traveling east.

Old Indian trail led through this valley to the Switzkill. Indian camp ground near here. — — Map (db m135092) HM

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9 ► New York, Allegany County, Caneadea — Major Moses Van Campen — Soldier of the Revolution —

On East River Road, 0.8 miles north of McClure Hill Road, on the left when traveling north.

Here in 1782 Major Moses Van Campen, a soldier of the Revolution, captured by the Senecas, keepers of the Western Door of the Iroquois Confederacy, ran the gauntlet thirty rods west to their ancient council house, which is now preserved in . . . — — Map (db m157328) HM

10 ► New York, Allegany County, Houghton — Copperhead —

On Genesee St at Willard Ave., on the left when traveling north on Genesee St.

The last one of the Seneca Tribe of Indians that lived in the Town of Caneadea, N.Y. was buried here. His wife died some years before his death. He died March 23, 1864. He said he was 120 years old. — — Map (db m155771) HM

11 ► New York, Allegany County, Oil Springs Indian Reservation — 1627 Seneca Oil Spring 1927 —

On Oil Springs Road, 0.2 miles east of Cuba Lake Road (County Route 50), on the left when traveling east.

1627 Seneca Oil Spring 1927 Forms the first chapter in the development of the petroleum industry in America - a gigantic world enterprise transforming modern life. 1627 Oil in American continent first recorded in this region by the Franciscan . . . — — Map (db m86604) HM

12 ► New York, Bronx County, Bronx, Bronx Zoo — Bison Benefit the Prairies —

Near Jungle World Road west of Bronx River Parkway, on the right when traveling west.

Grazing, wallowing, and other bison behaviors turn out to be beneficial for plants and animals. As seen on "The Zoo!" Keepers noticed that one of the zoo's bison calves developed a bowed leg, caused by one leg bone growing faster than . . . — — Map (db m193265) HM

13 ► New York, Bronx County, Bronx, West Bronx — Before the Bronx Terminal Market —

Near Exterior Street north of East 150th Street, on the right when traveling south.

The lower Hudson Valley and the Bronx Terminal Market share a rich and colorful past. Macomb's Dam Across the Harlem River In 1814, Robert Macomb built a dam and toll bridge across the Harlem River in the vicinity of . . . — — Map (db m241545) HM

14 ► New York, Broome County, Binghamton — Confluence Park —

Near North Shore Drive at Water Street.

Located at the convergence of the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers, Confluence Park is the hub of the Two Rivers Greenway and a meeting of Binghamton’s past and present. [captions] The South Washington Street Bridge, shown here, was designed by . . . — — Map (db m198124) HM

15 ► New York, Broome County, Binghamton — Confluence Park — Celebrating the Native American presence in Binghamton through the park's design —

Near North Shore Drive at Water Street.

This park capitalizes on the natural beauty of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers, maintaining a strong vista of the river confluence. The hub of a network of Binghamton's riverfront greenways, the park was planned to provide safe public access to . . . — — Map (db m198126) HM

16 ► New York, Broome County, Binghamton — Indian Castle —

On Front Street (New York State Route 11).

Indian Castle Located near junction of Castle Creek with Chenango River. Called Otsiningo. Destroyed Aug. 18, 1779 during Sullivan Campaign — — Map (db m93030) HM

17 ► New York, Broome County, Binghamton — Near This Point 18 August 1779 —

On North Shore Drive.

Near This Point 18 August 1779 Camped the army of James Clinton en route to join the forces of General John Sullivan in the expedition against the Iroquois and their British allies in the war of the American Revolution Originally erected by . . . — — Map (db m92920) HM

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18 ► New York, Broome County, Binghamton — Roberson Museum — Sullivan-Clinton Museum Exhibit

On Front Street. Reported permanently removed.

A museum exhibit interprets the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign of 1779. The campaign destroyed Native American villages and crops throughout the Iroquois homeland. — — Map (db m94628) HM

19 ► New York, Broome County, Binghamton — Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton —

On Conklin Avenue.

Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton 1779 An expedition against the hostile Indian nations which checked the aggressions of the English and Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, extending . . . — — Map (db m93324) HM

20 ► New York, Broome County, Corbettsville — Binghamton and Upper Susquehanna — Historic New York —

Near Interstate 81 at milepost 1.

The valleys of the Upper Susquehanna River were natural routes for Indians, traders and settlers. Oquaga, near Windsor, was an Indian fur-trading post, and became an objective of the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign of 1779. From a dam at the outlet of . . . — — Map (db m35164) HM

21 ► New York, Broome County, Deposit — Revolutionary Cemetery —

On Laurel Bank Avenue.

Historical Marker Revolutionary Cemetery War veterans of 1776 & 1812 Originally and Indian Burial Ground — — Map (db m93203) HM

22 ► New York, Broome County, Deposit — This Boulder Marks The Fort Stanwix Treaty Line —

On Second Street, on the right when traveling west.

This Boulder Marks The Fort Stanwix Treaty Line The deed from the Indians to the whites was signed November,5 1768 The line was run in 1769 from the Delaware River almost due north to the mouth of the Unadilla River It afterward became the . . . — — Map (db m92769) HM

23 ► New York, Broome County, Vestal — Chugnut —

Native American village near mouth of Big Choconut Creek. Destroyed by General Enoch Poor August 18, 1779, Clinton-Sullivan Campaign. — — Map (db m127570) HM

24 ► New York, Broome County, Windsor — History of Old Onaquaga Valley —

On Dutchtown Road.

First People in the Valley The earliest inhabitants of this Susquehanna River valley were here more than 400 years ago. A 1614 map drawn by Dutch traders shows the existence of a village spelled Ogehage. Over time- and many different . . . — — Map (db m94489) HM

25 ► New York, Broome County, Windsor — In Memory of "Wausaunia" Rebecca Kellogg Ashley —

On Fordway Road.

In Memory of "Wausaunia" Rebecca Kellogg Ashley Born Dec. 22, 1695, in Suffield, Mass. Died Aug 1757, Windsor N.Y. Interpreter for the Indians at the "Old Fort," a mission station in charge of Rev. Gideon Hawley in 1748. — — Map (db m94536) HM

26 ► New York, Cattaraugus County, Red House — Welcome to Thunder Rocks —

On Thunder Rocks Road, 0.2 miles north of Limestone Run Road, on the right when traveling north.

Welcome to Thunder Rocks The Legend of Thunder Rocks A local legend describes a competition among the guardian spirits of rocks to determine which spirit could throw the biggest rock to the top of the mountain. A nearby Iroquois tribe, after . . . — — Map (db m155618) HM

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27 ► New York, Cattaraugus County, Salamanca, Jimerson — Seneca Nation of Indians — Keeper of the Western Door —

On Old Route 17, 0.4 miles north of Center Street, on the right when traveling south.

The Allegany Courthouse served as the primary gathering place for regular meetings of the Seneca Council, beginning in 1920. Over the next forty years, the Allegany Courthouse served as the governmental center of the Seneca Nation. During this time, . . . — — Map (db m217368) HM

28 ► New York, Cattaraugus County, Yorkshire — Upper Cattaraugus Valley — Historic New York —

On New York State Route 16, 0.2 miles south of New York State Route 39, on the left when traveling south.

Erie Indians were the first inhabitants of this region. In 1654, they were driven out by the Senecas who occupied several sites along the banks of Cattaraugus Creek. The Cattaraugus, the principal stream of many that divide the Cattaraugus Hills, . . . — — Map (db m86681) HM

29 ► New York, Cayuga County, Auburn — 500 Feet → Fort Hill —

On Genesee Street at Fort Street, on the right when traveling east on Genesee Street.

500 Feet → Fort Hill Prehistoric Indian fort. Traditional birthplace of Chief Logan. Now a cemetery. — — Map (db m166864) HM

30 ► New York, Cayuga County, Auburn — Algonkian Village Site —

On White Bridge Road, on the right.

Of third period culture One of largest Indian pottery jars in state found here — — Map (db m228997) HM

31 ► New York, Cayuga County, Auburn — Fort Hill —

On Fort Street at Westlake Avenue, on the right when traveling south on Fort Street.

Fort Hill of moundbuilder origin. Later Cayuga council seat and village Fort Wasco traditional birth place of Chief Logan — — Map (db m88170) HM

32 ► New York, Cayuga County, Auburn — Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton / Owasco — 1779 —

On White Bridge Road west of East Lake Road (New York State Route 38A), on the right when traveling east.

Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton. 1779. An expedition against the hostile Indian Nations which checked aggressions of the English and Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, . . . — — Map (db m229007) HM

33 ► New York, Cayuga County, Auburn — Wasco — "The Crossing Place" —

On State Street (New York State Route 38) at Wall Street, on the right when traveling south on State Street.

Site of a Cayuga village occupied by Indians before and after settlement of Hardenbergh Corners 1793 — — Map (db m87985) HM

34 ► New York, Cayuga County, Aurora — Peachtown —

On Main Street (New York State Route 90) 0.1 miles north of Cherry Avenue, on the right when traveling south.

Site of Chonodote Cayuga village destroyed with orchard of 1500 trees during Sullivan Campaign September, 1779 — — Map (db m145812) HM

35 ► New York, Cayuga County, Cayuga — Cayuga Mine —

On Half Acre Road (New York State Route 326) north of County Route 150A, on the right when traveling north.

Reservation northwest cor. of sq. mile reserved to Cayugas by treaties 1789 Sold to the state 1799 — — Map (db m223905) HM

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36 ► New York, Cayuga County, Cayuga — Sullivan’s Campaign —

On U.S. 20 at Turnpike Road, on the right when traveling east on U.S. 20.

One mile west Col. Butler crossed Cayuga Lake and destroyed Cayuga village of Tichero — — Map (db m131844) HM

37 ► New York, Cayuga County, Cayuga — Yawger Tavern —

On Half Acre Road (New York State Route 326) just north of County Route 150A, on the left when traveling north.

Built by Peter Yawger, 1810 on the junction of the Indian trails Wasco to Gewauga and a Bihari to Goiogoue — — Map (db m223900) HM

38 ► New York, Cayuga County, Ledyard — Lewis Henry Morgan —

On New York State Route 90, 0.1 miles north of Ledyard Road (County Route 45A), on the right when traveling north.

Birthplace of Lewis Henry Morgan. Began American anthropology. Teacher Cayuga Lake Academy, wrote League of Iroquois 1851 — — Map (db m172366) HM

39 ► New York, Cayuga County, Locke — Indian Fort Site —

On West Hill Road west of Main Street (New York State Route 38), on the left when traveling west.

This vicinity is site of an Indian village probably fortified and Indian burial ground — — Map (db m241213) HM

40 ► New York, Cayuga County, Mapleton — Indian Spring —

On New York State Route 34B, 0.1 miles south of Bluefield Road, on the left when traveling south.

On the trail from Goidgouen and Cayuga Castle to Onondaga Castle by the Great Iroquois trail — — Map (db m172437) HM

41 ► New York, Cayuga County, Montezuma — Salt Springs —

On New York State Route 90 at Erie Street, on the right when traveling north on State Route 90.

Chief supply for Indians. Later extensively developed by early settlers privately and with state aid. — — Map (db m182278) HM

42 ► New York, Cayuga County, Montezuma — Squagonna —

On New York State Route 31 west of High Street, on the right when traveling west.

Squagonna Aboriginal name for "Paradise of Musquitoes." The river was Tiohero "River of Rushes" — — Map (db m159212) HM

43 ► New York, Cayuga County, Scipio Center — Indian Fields —

On New York State Route 34, 0.5 miles north of Ford Road, on the left when traveling north.

Farms of the Cayugas before Revolution Here white settlers found cleared and cultivated fields, villages and forts — — Map (db m145746) HM

44 ► New York, Cayuga County, Sennett — Cayuga County —

On Franklin Street Road, on the left.

Early Iroquois country 1768. Part of Montgomery Co. 1784. Part of Herkimer Co. 1791. Part of Onondaga Co. 1794 Cayuga Co. set off 1799 — — Map (db m229218) HM

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45 ► New York, Cayuga County, Union Springs — Cayuga Castle —

On New York State Route 90 at Great Gully Road, on the left when traveling south on State Route 90.

Site two miles east Cayuga village destroyed In Sullivan Campaign September 1779 — — Map (db m145833) HM

46 ► New York, Cayuga County, Union Springs — Cayuga Castle — Goi-O-Gouen —

On New York State Route 90, 0.1 miles south of Great Gully Road, on the left when traveling south.

Site of principal Cayuga village Destroyed Sept. 23. 1779 Sullivan Campaign — — Map (db m145841) HM

47 ► New York, Cayuga County, Union Springs — Frontenac Island — West → —

On Cayuga Street (New York State Route 90) at Chapel Street, on the right when traveling south on Cayuga Street.

Site of Algonkian village deeded to Union Springs by the state for use as a park 1856. — — Map (db m145797) HM

48 ► New York, Cayuga County, Union Springs — Ge-Wa-Ga —

On Cayuga Street (New York State Route 90) 0.1 miles north of Chapel Street, on the right when traveling south.

A village of the Cayuga Nation, stood near this spot. It was occupied and destroyed by a detachment from the army of General John Sullivan, commanded by Lieut-Col. William Butler, which bivouacked here on the night of September 21, . . . — — Map (db m145819) HM

49 ► New York, Cayuga County, Union Springs — Indian Mound —

On New York State Route 90, 0.1 miles Great Gully Road, on the left when traveling south.

Just east of here Known to be the site of an early Jesuit mission — — Map (db m145840) HM

50 ► New York, Cayuga County, Union Springs — Missionaries To The Cayuga —

On New York State Route 90, 0.1 miles south of Great Gully Road, on the left when traveling south.

This valley was the site of the principal Cayuga Indian village To the brave French Jesuit missionaries whose heroism was almost without parallel Joseph Chaumonot and Rene Menard who as guests as of Chief Saonchiogwa built here in 1656 . . . — — Map (db m145842) HM

51 ► New York, Cayuga County, Union Springs — Routes of the Armies — General John Sullivan and General James Clinton — 1779 —

On New York State Route 90, 0.1 miles north of Great Gully Road, on the left when traveling south.

front face An expedition against the hostile Indian nations which checked the aggressions of the English and Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, extending westward the dominion of the United States. rear face . . . — — Map (db m145834) HM

52 ► New York, Cayuga County, Village of Moravia — Owasco Flats — Site of Indian Village —

On West Cayuga Street (New York State Route 38) west of Keeler Street, on the right when traveling north.

Owasco Flats Site of Indian Village. Land Cultivated Prior to White Settlements. Neighboring Settlers Came to Harvest Hay 1789 - 1790 — — Map (db m213823) HM

53 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Dunkirk — "Ong-Gwe-Ohn-Weh" — The Indian —

On Lake Shore Drive West (State Highway 5) at Pike Street, on the left when traveling west on Lake Shore Drive West.

This wooden sculpture of an American Indian was created by Peter Toth of Akron, Ohio. In two months time during the summer of 1973. It was carved from the lower trunk of a dead elm tree located near the corner of Fifth St.and Park Ave. Upon . . . — — Map (db m162035) HM

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54 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Ellery — The Land Around Us —

On Chautauqua Lake Rest Area at 86 East, on the right on Chautauqua Lake Rest Area.

The Land Around Us Farmhouse/Settlement Courtesy: Fenton History Center, Jamestown, N.Y. By the end of the 1700's the Holland Land Company was operating in western New York, including Chautauqua County. The first permanent European . . . — — Map (db m117555) HM

55 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Ellery — What Does "Chautauqua" Mean? —

On Chautauqua Lake Rest Area at Interstate 86, on the right when traveling east on Chautauqua Lake Rest Area.

What Does "Chautauqua" Mean? Chautauqua Institution Courtesy: Fenton History Center, Jamestown, N.Y. The term "Chautauqua" has come to be associated with the Chautauqua Movement which grew from the county's own Chautauqua Institution. The . . . — — Map (db m117561) HM

56 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Irving — Amos Sottle —

On Main Road (U.S. 20) at Erie Street, on the right when traveling west on Main Road.

First non-Indian settler of Hanover and Chautauqua County, built his home nearby in 1796. Indian friend, farmer, fiddler, and worker on the HLC survey. — — Map (db m64673) HM

57 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Irving — Everett R. Burmaster —

On Main Road (U.S. 20) at Buffalo Road, on the right when traveling east on Main Road.

1890-1965 lived in Irving. Historian, Archaeologist, Paleontologist, BMS Curator. Seneca adopted-Gahgewa. Saved Hanover Elm & Sottle Fiddle. — — Map (db m64672) HM

58 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Jamestown — Before White Men Came —

Near South Main Street at Shearman Place, on the right when traveling north.

Before white men came to this area the Indians blazed a trail between Lake Erie and Lake Chautauqua over which they, early explorers and settlers, portaged their canoes. At the Chadakoin River rapids the canoe was portaged again. Here is where the . . . — — Map (db m64674) HM

59 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Jamestown — Indian Camp —

On Glasgow Avenue at Barrett Avenue, on the left when traveling south on Glasgow Avenue.

Indian Camp Part of the Cornplanter band of Seneca Indians camped on this hillside and adjoining river terrace in the period between the Indians' sale of their land in 1797 and their final retreat to reservations in the 1830's. — — Map (db m94806) HM

60 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Mayville — Chautauqua Lake Region — Historic New York —

On East Chautauqua Street (New York State Route 430) at South Erie Street (New York State Route 394), on the right when traveling east on East Chautauqua Street.

Chautauqua Lake, eighteen miles long and one to three miles wide, has as its outlet a branch of Connewango Creek, a tributary of the Allegheny River. This gives Chautauqua an indirect connection with the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Ohio, and . . . — — Map (db m64687) HM

61 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Sinclairville — Fortified Village of Erie Indians —

On Park Street (County Route 49) at Church Street, on the right when traveling north on Park Street.

Historic Site Location of fortified village of Erie Indians probably destroyed by the Iroquois about 1650 — — Map (db m94881) HM

62 ► New York, Chautauqua County, Westfield — The French & Indian War 1756-1763 — A Fight for the Continent — French and Indian War —

On East Lake Road (New York State Route 5) east of North Portage Road (New York State Route 394), on the left when traveling east.

Waterways to the Interior Rivers and lakes served as the superhighways of the 18th century. Many rivers and lakes in the Colony of New York either bordered New France (Canada), or connected the bordering water bodies to the . . . — — Map (db m201458) HM

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63 ► New York, Chemung County, Chemung — Battle of Chemung —

On 1547 County Road 60 (County Route 60) west of Interstate 86, on the right when traveling east.

General Sullivan's troops were attacked by Indians posted on this ridge. A valorous charge led by Colonel Hubley drove the Indians to the swamp a quarter mile west. The American dead were conveyed to Tioga and buried at Fort Sullivan. (Reverse . . . — — Map (db m66976) HM

64 ► New York, Chemung County, Chemung — Military Route —

On Main Street (County Road 60) 0.3 miles west of Rotary Road, on the right when traveling west.

Military Route of the Sullivan-Clinton army on its campaign against the British and Indians of Western New York in 1779 — — Map (db m43904) HM

65 ► New York, Chemung County, Chemung — Old Chemung —

On Main Street (County Road 60) at Wyncoop Creek Road (County Road 3), on the right when traveling east on Main Street.

Indian village destroyed by Gen. Sullivan August 13, 1779 — — Map (db m33399) HM

66 ► New York, Chemung County, Chemung — Sullivan Road —

On Oneida Road (County Road 60) at Lyons Road, on the right when traveling west on Oneida Road.

Upon this road Sullivan's army advanced on its memorable campaign against the Indians of the Six Nations in 1779 — — Map (db m33396) HM

67 ► New York, Chemung County, Chemung — The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign — 1779 — Historic New York —

On Wyncoop Creek Road (County Road 3) just south of Main Street (County Road 60), on the right when traveling south.

Generals John Sullivan and James Clinton were appointed by George Washington to lead a punitive expedition against the hostile tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy and to capture the British forts at Oswego and Niagara. The objectives were to . . . — — Map (db m198208) HM

68 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — 618 — Chemung Village —

On County Road 60, on the right when traveling west.

The Delaware village near this site included 30 to 40 buildings and farm fields burned by Continental troops on August 13, 1779. — — Map (db m242356) HM

69 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — Divided Peoples —

On Newtown Reservation Road.

The Revolutionary War divided communities and shattered ancient alliances. Along New York's frontier, simmering rivalries among settlers of European descent boiled over with threats and violent clashes. Many who remained loyal to King George III . . . — — Map (db m33553) HM

70 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — Fire on the Frontier - 1778 —

On Newtown Reservation Road.

In 1778, the British government encouraged loyal colonists and Native American allies to attack frontier settlements. In July, Major John Butler led an attack on the Wyoming Valley, leaving more than 300 patriot soldiers dead, and by Butler's . . . — — Map (db m33548) HM

71 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — Military Route —

On Oneida Road (County Road 60), on the left when traveling north.

Military route of the Sullivan-Clinton Army on its campaign against the British and Indians of Western New York in 1779. — — Map (db m90376) HM

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72 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — Newtown —

Near Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86) 1 mile west of Lowman Crossover, on the right when traveling west.

So named by General Sullivan occupied by British and Indians Destroyed by General Sullivan, August 30, 1779 — — Map (db m43931) HM

73 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — Newtown Battlefield Reservation — A Remarkable History —

On Newtown Reservation Road, in the median.

In 1879, a crowd of thousands celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Newtown and dedicated a monument built by the Newtown Monument Association atop the hill that figured prominently in accounts of the battle. Soon after, the monument . . . — — Map (db m33484) HM

74 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — Newtown Battlefield State Park — Revolutionary War Heritage Trail

On Newtown Reservation Road. Reported missing.

The climactic battle of the Sullivan-Clinton campaign occurred here as approximately 5,000 soldiers defeated a British force of Native Americans, Loyalists, and regulars. — — Map (db m33545) HM

75 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — 619 — Rowland Montour —

On County Road 60, on the left when traveling west.

Delaware Captain who, with 20-40 Delaware men, defended their homes and land here on August 13, 1779 at the Battle of Chemung. — — Map (db m242357) HM WM

76 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — Sullivan's Army Encampment —

On East Water Street (New York State Route 352) 0.2 miles east of Judson Street, on the right when traveling east.

Encampment Sullivan's Army on return from expedition against the Indians Sept. 24-29, 1779 — — Map (db m41577) HM

77 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — The Battle of Newtown — August 29, 1779 — The Major Battle of the Sullivan Campaign —

On Newtown Reservation Road.

To protect the village of Newtown, about 600 Native American warriors, 200 loyalists, and a handful of British soldiers erected and camouflaged a half-mile-long breastwork of logs in the village overlooking a creek, hoping to surprise Sullivan's . . . — — Map (db m33550) HM

78 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — The Battle of Newtown —

On Newtown Reservation Road.

(Front Plaque):Near this site Sunday August 29, 1779 was fought The Battle of Newtown between Continental troops commanded by Major General John Sullivan and combined force of Tories and Indians under Colonel John Butler and Joseph . . . — — Map (db m33554) HM

79 ► New York, Chemung County, Elmira — The Sullivan Campaign — July 31 to October 15, 1779 — One of the Revolutionary War's Largest Campaigns —

On Newtown Reservation Road.

Congress and General George Washington planned a major offensive campaign against the Seneca, Cayuga, and loyalists in 1779. Washington chose Major General John Sullivan to lead the expedition up the Susquehanna River, while Brigadier General . . . — — Map (db m33547) HM

80 ► New York, Chemung County, Horseheads — Horseheads —

On Hanover Square, on the left when traveling north.

In 1779 near this spot General John Sullivan mercifully disposed of his pack horses worn out by faithful service in the campaign against the Six Nations of the Iroquois. —————— The first white . . . — — Map (db m90382) HM

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81 ► New York, Chemung County, Horseheads — Horseheads — New York —

On South Main Street, on the left when traveling north.

On September 24, 1779, General Sullivan's military park horses, returning through the valley from their 450 mile journey, had reached the end of their endurance. The General was compelled to dispose of these partners in the cause of American . . . — — Map (db m90386) HM

82 ► New York, Chemung County, Horseheads — Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton — 1779 —

On South Main Street at Sayre Street, in the median on South Main Street.

An expedition against the hostile Indian nations which checked the aggressions of the English and Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, extending westward the dominion of the United States. — — Map (db m90383) HM

83 ► New York, Chemung County, Lowman — Chemung — 1775 - 1779 — Iroquois War Town —

On Oneida Road (County Road 60), on the right when traveling west.

From this Hidden Stronghold British, Indians and Tories Ravaged the Frontier From the West Branch to the Mohawk Destroyed by Sullivan-Clinton Expedition August 13, 1779 — — Map (db m81210) HM

84 ► New York, Chemung County, Lowman — Line of Rude Breastworks —

On Oneida Road (County Road 60) at Lowman Crossover, on the right when traveling east on Oneida Road.

Line of Rude Breastworks where British and Indians disputed advance of Sullivan's Army August 29, 1779 — — Map (db m33274) HM

85 ► New York, Chemung County, Lowman — 668 — Native Voices — Empire State Society Sons of the American Revolution —

On Oneida Road (County Route 60) at County Route 8, on the left when traveling west on Oneida Road.

The 1779 campaign drove native peoples from their villages. Seneca and Delaware fought to protect their family, homes and way of life. — — Map (db m243110) HM

86 ► New York, Chemung County, Lowman — 616 — Newtown Defense — Empire State Society Sons of the American Revolution —

On Oneida Road (County Route 60) near County Route 8, on the left when traveling west.

The Seneca and Delaware urged British allies to help block Continental troops advance resulting in Battle of Newtown on August 29, 1779. — — Map (db m243111) HM

87 ► New York, Chemung County, Millport — In Honor of Major General John Sullivan —

On New York State Route 14 at Crescent Street, on the left when traveling north on State Route 14.

On the pinnacle near this site, the Movable Lodge of Free Masons, connected with the army of Major General John Sullivan of New Hampshire held a command under a large oak tree, while on a military expedition against the Six Nations of . . . — — Map (db m220541) HM

88 ► New York, Chemung County, Millport — Military Route —

On New York State Route 14 at Back Road, on the right when traveling north on State Route 14.

Military route of the Sullivan-Clinton Army on its campaign against the British and Indians of Western New York in 1779. — — Map (db m220540) HM

89 ► New York, Chenango County, Afton — 378 — Cunahunta —

On New York State Route 7.

Site of Iroquois town burned by the Continental Army under the Command of Colonel William Butler October 9 & 10, 1778 — — Map (db m132735) HM

90 ► New York, Chenango County, Afton — Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton —

On Main Street.

Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton 1779 An expedition against the hostile Indian nations which checked the aggressions of the English and Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, extending . . . — — Map (db m92996) HM

91 ► New York, Chenango County, Afton — Unadilla Region — Historic New York —

On New York State Route 7.

Indians living in the valleys of the Unadilla and Susquehanna Rivers played an important role in the region's early history. Fur traders from Albany and the Mohawk Valley reached out to Oquaga (now Windsor), and a mission to the Indians was . . . — — Map (db m93549) HM

92 ► New York, Chenango County, Bainbridge — Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton —

On U.S. 7 at Kelly Road, on the right when traveling north on U.S. 7.

Routes of the Armies of General John Sullivan and General James Clinton 1779 An expedition against the hostile Indian nations which checked the aggressions of the English and Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, extending . . . — — Map (db m92998) HM

93 ► New York, Chenango County, Greene — Go-Won-Go Mohawk —

On South Chenango Street.

An Indian princess lived in this house. — — Map (db m94151) HM

94 ► New York, Chenango County, Norwich — "The Castle" —

On East River Road (County Route 32) 0.3 miles south of County Route 33, on the right when traveling south.

1/4 Mile West The Castle Oneida Indian Fort. Councils held here up to 1790. — — Map (db m149753) HM

95 ► New York, Chenango County, Oxford — Lake Warn —

On New York State Route 12.

According to tradition burial place of Thick Neck, giant Chief of the Antones, a tribe of the Tuscaroras killed by the Oneidas. — — Map (db m93276) HM

96 ► New York, Chenango County, Oxford — Site of Ancient Indian Fort —

On Fort Hill Park Road, on the right when traveling south.

In 1791 early settlers found evidence of this Fort having been in use for many years — — Map (db m92731) HM

97 ► New York, Chenango County, West Edmeston — 1/4 Mile To Historic Carr Farm —

On New York State Route 8 at Adams Road on State Route 8.

1/4 Mile To Historic Carr Farm Meeting place of Brant's Indians and Tories 1770-1778 — — Map (db m93091) HM

98 ► New York, Columbia County, Ancram — Signal Hill —

On County Route 11 at Green Hill Road, on the left when traveling north on County Route 11.

Used by Indians for fires. Fires built on this rock could be seen for many miles. Called Green Hill Indian Signal Rock. — — Map (db m150799) HM

99 ► New York, Columbia County, Gallatin — Mannessah Home —

On Silvernails Road, 0.5 miles north of Hoffman Road, on the right when traveling north.

Site of Mannessah Home Prince Quack Mannessah of the Mohican Shacomeco clan was the last known Indian resident of Gallatin — — Map (db m144641) HM

100 ► New York, Columbia County, Hudson — 9 — Spook Rock — Legends & Lore —

Near Spook Rock Road.

Beautiful Indian maiden and her lover from opposing nation rests beneath this rock. When church bell rings, rock turns over, lovers appear. — — Map (db m129044) HM

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