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The Educators Marker image, Touch for more information
By Joseph Alvarado, May 24, 2023
The Educators Marker
RANKED BY RELEVANCE, THEN GEOGRAPHICALLY
101 California, Sacramento County, Sacramento, Old Sacramento — The Educators
The equality of education in Sacramento area schools had been the focus of a number of reformers. Educator activists in the 19th century are well represented by Sarah Jones, and in the 20th century by Mary Tsukamoto. Jones was an African American . . . Map (db m229891) HM
102 Delaware, Kent County, Little Creek — KC-124 — Little Creek United Methodist Church
Little Creek United Methodist was established in 1820 as Gum Swamp Methodist Episcopal. By 1832 the church operated and maintained a non-segregated school. In February 1875 the congregation relocated Gum Swamp ME to its current site and on May 30, . . . Map (db m141374) HM
103 Delaware, New Castle County, Wilmington — NC-149 — Knotty Pine Restaurant
In 1875 the Delaware General Assembly enacted legislation requiring the racial segregation of public places such as train stations, hotels, and restaurants. For most of the next century this practice was strictly enforced. Established at this . . . Map (db m10920) HM
104 Delaware, New Castle County, Wilmington, East Front Street Park — NCC-253 — Women's Suffrage Parade
On May 2, 1914, the Delaware Congressional Union and Delaware Equal Suffrage Association held a parade in Wilmington. Approximately 400 suffragists marched from the Pennsylvania Railroad Station to the New Castle County Court House at 10th and . . . Map (db m184921) HM
105 Delaware, Sussex County, Laurel, Trap Pond State Park — SC-287 — Jason Beach
Named after William C. Jason, the second President of State College for Colored Students (now Delaware State University), Jason Beach was a recreational destination for people of color from the 1930s through the early 1970s. Along with use as a . . . Map (db m200985) HM
106 District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Dupont Circle — Todd Duncan Residence1600 T Street, NW — African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC —
Internationally renowned baritone Todd Duncan (1903-1998) lived here from about 1935 until about 1960. Duncan originated the role of Porgy in George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess on Broadway. He later refused to perform the role at DC's . . . Map (db m97801) HM
107 District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Foggy Bottom — Building 5"Sick Officer's Quarters" (erected 1903-1908)
Segregated by rank, the Washington Naval Hospital's patients occupied either wards, if enlisted, or this building, if officers. The first floor of the Sick Officer's Quarters featured an office, reception room, medical library, a nurses' dressing . . . Map (db m129348) HM
108 Florida, Brevard County, Mims — Brown v. Board of EducationHarry T. & Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park
The 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education ended with a Supreme Court decision that helped lead to the desegregation of schools throughout America. Prior to the ruling, African-American children in Topeka, Kansas were denied access to all-white . . . Map (db m179773) HM
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109 Florida, Clay County, Keystone Heights — F-1033 — Magnolia Lake State Park
Situated on the site of Camp Blanding, between Sandhill and Brooklyn lakes, are the remnants of Magnolia Lake State Park. A relic from the time of segregation, Magnolia Lake was built to provide separate facilities to serve African American . . . Map (db m135964) HM
110 Florida, Duval County, Jacksonville, North Beach — F-1099 — Historic Manhattan Beach, Florida
Manhattan Beach was Florida’s first African American beach resort. In 1900, Henry Flagler reserved Manhattan Beach for black employees of his Florida East Coast Railway and Florida East Coast Hotel companies. African Americans, who comprised a . . . Map (db m173936) HM
111 Florida, Duval County, Jacksonville, Urban Core — F-919 — Second Missionary Baptist Church of LaVilla
The founders of Second Missionary Baptist Church worshipped at Bethel Baptist Church with their slaves masters in the 1830s. They built their first separate wooden sanctuary in 1848 in the African American neighborhood of LaVilla. The first . . . Map (db m101663) HM
112 Florida, Escambia County, Pensacola — F-841 — Pensacola Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
This building, once occupied by a Woolworth’s five and dime store, played a role in the struggle for civil rights in Florida. In the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans in segregated communities began sit-ins to protest against “whites . . . Map (db m110472) HM
113 Florida, Marion County, Ocala — 65th Infantry RegimentOcala - Marion County Veterans Memorial Park
The 65th Infantry Regiment, an all volunteer unit from Puerto Rico was segregated by race, united by honor. With a long and honored tradition since its inception in 1899. The regiment has participated gallantly in WWI, WWII, Korea, Vietnam, and all . . . Map (db m198482) WM
114 Florida, Nassau County, Fernandina Beach — F-846 — The Good Shepherd Church 1887-1966
In May 1887, the original wood frame building of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Fernandina was given to the black congregation and called Good Shepherd Episcopal Church. The structure was moved to face east on Ninth Street. The rectors of St. . . . Map (db m92955) HM
115 Florida, Palm Beach County, Jupiter — F-773 — Mt. Carmel Missionary Baptist Church & Cemetery
Mount Carmel Missionary Baptist Church, a cornerstone of Jupiter’s African American community, was organized in 1902 by the Reverend J. A. Wannamaker and the pioneer families of Simmons, Campbell, Ford, Bush, and Davis. These early settlers arrived . . . Map (db m95675) HM
116 Florida, Pinellas County, Clearwater — F-1177 — North Greenwood African American Memorial Cemetery
Side 1 Acknowledging the needs of Clearwater’s growing Black community, the city commission created North Greenwood Cemetery, also known as the ‘Clearwater Colored Cemetery.” On January 2, 1940, the city adopted a resolution that established a . . . Map (db m212590) HM
117 Florida, Polk County, Dundee — F-458 — The Railroad in Dundee History
The Dundee Passenger Depot, built ca. 1912, was the first depot on the Haines City to Sebring Line of The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Most of Dundee’s early growth can be attributed to the railroad. With the advent of the railroad, the . . . Map (db m93192) HM
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118 Georgia, Bibb County, Macon — 11-2 — Central City College / Georgia Baptist College
Founded in October 1899 by the Reverend E. K. Love under the auspices of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia, Central City College served as a co-educational institution of learning for African-American students at both the high school and . . . Map (db m23065) HM
119 Georgia, Bulloch County, Portal — GHS 16-2 — Willow Hill Elementary School for NegroesA Georgia Equalization School
Willow Hill School was established in 1874 during Reconstruction as one of the first schools for African Americans in Bulloch County. It was privately supported until being sold to the local Board of Education in 1920. In 1954 the county built a new . . . Map (db m107702) HM
120 Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah — 25-59 — Malcolm R. Maclean1919-2001
Malcolm R. Maclean served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and the Korean War, rising to the rank of commander. After Harvard Law, Maclean entered Savannah politics. His fellow aldermen selected Maclean as mayor in 1960 to fill an unexpired . . . Map (db m235251) HM
121 Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, Midtown — 25-15 — Florance Street School
Florance Street School was designed by the firm Levy and Clarke and built in 1929 as one of the early public schools in Savannah built specifically for African-American students. It contributed greatly to Savannah’s Cuyler-Brownville community by . . . Map (db m12088) HM
122 Georgia, Dooly County, Vienna — 46-1 — Vienna High and Industrial SchoolA Georgia Equalization School
Established in 1959, Vienna High and Industrial School was a consolidated school for African Americans during segregation. As part of Georgia's massive resistance to federally mandated school integration, politicians and school officials sought to . . . Map (db m127159) HM
123 Georgia, Fayette County, Fayetteville — 56-4 — Flat Rock African Methodist Episcopal Church
Today’s Flat Rock AME Church originated in 1854 as a place of worship for slaves on nearby Spears Plantation, and it is believed to be the oldest African-American congregation in Fayette County. Originally known as Rocky Mount, the church moved . . . Map (db m22973) HM
124 Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta — 60-32 — Lugenia Burns Hope(1871-1947)
Social activist Lugenia Burns Hope was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Following her father’s death, her family moved to Chicago, Illinois, where she became involved in social work. In 1897, she married Dr. John Hope and the couple moved to Atlanta, . . . Map (db m235239) HM
125 Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, Hotel District — 60-24 — Alonzo Herndon 1858-1927
Alonzo Herndon was born into slavery in Walton County, Georgia, in 1858. After moving to segregated Atlanta, Herndon opened several barbershops including the upscale Crystal Palace in 1902. In 1905, he purchased a small mutual aid association that . . . Map (db m185910) HM
126 Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, Lakewood Heights — 60-17 — South-View Cemetery
South-View Cemetery was founded in 1886 by formerly enslaved African Americans who objected to the conditions and the treatment they received at Atlanta's segregated burial grounds. South-View's landscape reflects the influence of 19th century . . . Map (db m186568) HM
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127 Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, Midtown — 060-176 — Booker T. Washington1856-1915
Former slave, Principal of Tuskegee Institute and author of Up From Slavery, Washington delivered the Atlanta Exposition Address on September 18, 1895 at this site, the former auditorium of the Cotton States and International Exposition. . . . Map (db m73369) HM
128 Georgia, Glynn County, Jekyll Island — Pursuit of FreedomWanderer Memory Trail
Mr. Lincoln says we are free. We can live our own lives. God bless Mr. Lincoln. In 1863, as a strategy to end the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation declaring that "all persons held as slaves, . . . Map (db m168805) HM
129 Georgia, Muscogee County, Columbus — 106-1 — Mildred L. Terry Branch Library
The first public library for African Americans in segregated Columbus, the Colored/Fourth Avenue Library, opened on January 5, 1953. The existence of this facility resulted from covenants and restrictions barring the use of the city’s new public . . . Map (db m22410) HM
130 Georgia, Oconee County, Watkinsville — 108-2 — E. D. Stroud SchoolA Georgia Equalization School
E.D. Stroud School was established in 1956 as part of a statewide “equalization” effort for Georgia’s African-American public schools. As part of Georgia’s massive resistance to federally mandated school integration, politicians and . . . Map (db m108666) HM
131 Illinois, Madison County, Alton — Scott Bibb and the Alton School Desegregation Case(1897-1908)
Scott Bibb (1855-1909) was the plaintiff in the Alton School Case, a series of lawsuits that sought to retain Alton's desegregated schools, which had existed in Alton from 1872 to 1897, a short-lived outcome of the Reconstruction era. When Alton . . . Map (db m133294) HM
132 Illinois, Saline County, Harrisburg — Dr. Lewis and the Lewis Sanatorium
Pioneering black physician James Henry Lewis (1888-1963) was born in North Carolina. Because of limited educational opportunities available to black students at that time and place, he moved to Illinois, where he worked to put himself through both . . . Map (db m192052) HM
133 Kansas, Shawnee County, Topeka — A "Separate But Equal" School?
When Monroe Elementary School opened in 1927, it was a key part of Topeka's grand, million-dollar school construction program. Topeka wanted a first-class educational system that would promote pride in the city's schools. The new Monroe School . . . Map (db m81392) HM
134 Kentucky, Fayette County, Lexington, Joyland — 2568 — Joyland Park Paris Pike1923-64
Home of the Wildcat rollercoaster, Joyland Railroad, a midway, Fayette Co.'s first public swimming pool & a dance casino featuring jazz and big bands like Duke Ellington & Artie Shaw, as well as local & regional entertainers. The segregated park . . . Map (db m202879) HM
135 Kentucky, Hart County, Munfordville — Hart County One-Room Schools1945-1946
(Side A) In 1945, Hart County had 67 One-Room Schools scattered throughout the county. These 67 schools served students in grades first through eighth. Not quite a decade later, all One-Room Schools in Hart County had been closed. At . . . Map (db m174340) HM
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136 Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, Iberville — Homer Adolph Plessy1862-1925
On June 7, 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy defied a Louisiana law that segregated railroad trains on the basis of race. He was arrested and became the defendant in the May 18, 1896 United States Supreme Court decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, which condoned . . . Map (db m13036) HM
137 Louisiana, St. John the Baptist Parish, Reserve — First Our Lady of Grace Catholic Church Sanctuary
Formerly, Our Lady of Grace Catholic Church, this sanctuary represents an important historical phenomenon in the history of the Catholic Church in southern Louisiana, the formation of separate churches for black parishioners. Prior to its founding, . . . Map (db m85247) HM
138 Maryland, Anne Arundel County, Annapolis — Asbury United Methodist Church
Site of the oldest and most prominent African American congregation in Annapolis, MD. In 1803, seven free African Americans bought the land and established the First African Methodist Episcopal Church. It was closed in 1832 in a local reaction to . . . Map (db m6191) HM
139 Maryland, Baltimore, Madison Park — Lillie Carroll Jackson Civil Rights Museum
Dr. Lillie May Carroll Jackson, born in Baltimore on May 25, 1889, was a tireless freedom fighter. As an “American of African descent, “she endured the humiliation of Jim Crow segregation, but did not take this plight sitting down. . . . Map (db m101626) HM
140 Maryland, Baltimore, Sharp-Leadenhall — Struggling For Equality
Slavery, segregation, discrimination, and the struggle for equality have defined the African American experience in Baltimore. At the start of the Civil War, Baltimore had 25,680 free blacks-more than any other U.S. city-and only 2,218 slaves. Over . . . Map (db m6355) HM
141 Michigan, Oakland County, Ferndale, Royal Oak Township — L1953 — Carver Elementary School
During the early twentieth century, many African Americans migrated north to work in Detroit's automobile factories. Increased migration during World War II prompted Royal Oak Township's Clinton School District to split into two racially segregated . . . Map (db m95364) HM
142 Michigan, Wayne County, Detroit, Lafayette Park — L0365 — Fannie Richards Homesite
Fannie Richards, Detroit’s first black public school teacher, lived on this site. Born in Virginia about 1840, she moved to Detroit as a young woman. In 1863, she opened a private school for black children, and two years later was appointed to teach . . . Map (db m172548) HM
143 Missouri, Boone County, Columbia — African-American Heritage Trail
Gravesites for blacks were initially segregated in the south-central end of Columbia Cemetery near its intersection of Boone Road and Todd Drive. Blacks buried in this section include famed ragtime pianist and composer J.W. "Blind" Boone and . . . Map (db m169446) HM
144 Missouri, Boone County, Columbia — African-American Heritage Trailhead
The African-American Heritage Trail commemorates Columbia's blacks, their enterprises and churches from the city's first 200 years. The Trail honors people who overcame enormous odds to achieve outstanding legacies, some receiving national and . . . Map (db m169420) HM
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145 Missouri, St. Louis County, University City, Delmar Loop — Dick GregoryBorn October 12, 1932
Born in St. Louis, Dick Gregory grew up at 1803 N. Taylor Ave. shining shoes to help feed his family. At Sumner High School, he led a march against conditions at segregated schools and set a state record in track. As a star comedian in the early . . . Map (db m124777) HM
146 Missouri, St. Louis County, University City, Delmar Loop — Maya AngelouBorn April 4, 1928
Maya Angelou, born Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, was raised in segregated rural Arkansas. Her bestselling account of that upbringing, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings," won critical acclaim in 1970. A leading literary voice of the . . . Map (db m124764) HM
147 New York, Erie County, Buffalo, Downtown — Little Harlem Hotel
In 1934 Ann Montgomery converted her ice cream parlor and Oriental Billiard Parlor on this site into the Little Harlem Hotel. Cab Calloway, Billy Eckstine, Della Reese, Sarah Vaughn and many others performed and stayed here when downtown hotels were . . . Map (db m75351) HM
148 New York, Ulster County, New Paltz — African-American Burial Ground
Site of African-American burial ground French Huguenots who founded New Paltz in 1677 had used enslaved Africans for construction and farm work as early as 1673. By 1790, 179 enslaved African-Americans and 9 free persons of color lived in New . . . Map (db m145962) HM
149 North Carolina, Guilford County, Greensboro — Albion Tourgee
Albion Winegar Tourgee, a native of Ohio and veteran of the Union Army, moved to Greensboro in 1865 and led a campaign to secure justice for African—Americans. He was an organizer of the Republican Party in NC, a delegate to the convention that . . . Map (db m219410) HM
150 Ohio, Belmont County, Barnesville — 8-7 — Captina African Methodist Episcopal Cemetery
This cemetery stands as evidence of a once thriving African American farming community established in the 1820s. With the aid of community leader, Alexander "Sandy" Harper (c.1804-1889), Captina, originally called Guinea, became a stop on the . . . Map (db m79263) HM
151 Ohio, Delaware County, Shawnee Hills — 20-21 — Lucy Depp Park & The Depp Settlement
Lucy Depp Park was a 102-acre development named for Lucinda Depp (1844-1929). She had inherited the land from her father, Abraham (1791-1858), an emancipated African American man and central Ohio pioneer from Powhattan County, Virginia. Known . . . Map (db m108066) HM
152 Ohio, Franklin County, Columbus, South Columbus — 110- 25 — Hanford VillageAlthough the highway divides us, our memories are never lost
Hanford Village was founded in the early 1900s just east of Columbus proper with its own mayor, police force, fire department, businesses, and park. After World War II, a subdivision of Hanford became a segregated community for returning African . . . Map (db m94618) HM
153 South Carolina, Clarendon County, Summerton — 14-25 — Briggs Family House/Briggs V. Elliott
(Side 1) Briggs Family House On November 11, 1949, local African American families came to this house to sign a petition demanding equal resources in Summerton's racially segregated schools. Believing the homes isolated location . . . Map (db m199859) HM
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154 Tennessee, Anderson County, Oak Ridge — 1D 48 — Oak Ridge Municipal Outdoor Swimming Pool
This large spring-fed swimming pool was once a watering hole on Tollunteeskee's Trail, later Emery Road, first road cut and cleared through this area In 1787. In 1944, the Manhattan Project improved and opened the new swimming pool on July 29, . . . Map (db m215322) HM
155 Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, Fisk/Meharry — Nashville Sit-Ins
Beginning in late 1959, a group of Nashville college students from Fisk University, Tennessee A&I, Meharry Medical College and American Baptist Theological Seminary, along with local religious leaders, began to discuss a mass collective action . . . Map (db m207833) HM
156 Tennessee, Henderson County, Lexington — 4D 58 — Montgomery High School
Preceded by Lexington Colored School, which operated at Pilgrim Rest Baptist Church, Montgomery School was established in 1923 for the education of Negro boys and girls of Lexington and Henderson County, a Rosenwald facility, it was organized as . . . Map (db m153432) HM
157 Tennessee, Washington County, Johnson City — Memorial Fountain
Dedicated in 2013, this fountain tells a story of hope, inspiration, and courage. It pays tribute to the first African American students to enroll at what was then East Tennessee State College. These pioneering students integrated the campus in an . . . Map (db m173436) HM
158 Texas, Bexar County, San Antonio, Eastside Promise Neighborhood — The Spire
230 N. Center Street, commonly referred to as "The Spire" today, was built in 1884 and was the first home of St. Paul Colored Methodist Church, as it was called during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. It is the oldest African American . . . Map (db m245209) HM
159 Texas, DeWitt County, Cuero — 13265 — Hillside Cemetery
The new community of Cuero was surveyed for the Cuero Land & Immigration Co. in 1873. That same year, the city incorporated, and the GWT&P Railroad extended its track to it from Indianola. The land company conveyed 12 acres at this site for use as . . . Map (db m207817) HM
160 Texas, Washington County, Brenham — 14045 — Hogan Funeral Home
In 1914, noted Texas educator Columbus H. Hogan became a founding partner in the Washington County Undertaking Co. on South Park Street in Brenham. It was then the only funeral home in the county for African Americans. Hogan later became sole . . . Map (db m165377) HM
161 Virginia, Alexandria, Old Town West — E-157 — Earl Francis Lloyd(1928 - 2015)
Earl Lloyd, a Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famer, grew up on this block, attended the segregated Parker-Gray High School, and graduated from West Virginia State College. On 31 Oct. 1950, as a member of the Washington Capitols, he became the . . . Map (db m195657) HM
162 Virginia, Amherst County, Amherst — R-26 — Central High School
Amherst County opened Central High School here in 1956 to serve African American students. The school, established at the same time as the all-white Amherst County High School, was built in an effort to create "separate but equal" facilities despite . . . Map (db m179501) HM
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163 Virginia, Arlington County, Arlington, Cherrydale — Stratford Junior High School
On February 2, 1959, Stratford Jr. High became the first racially integrated school in Virginia. The long battle to integrate Virginia's public schools followed the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which held that . . . Map (db m55729) HM
164 Virginia, Charlottesville, Venable — 5 — Washington Park: Separate and Unequal
After the abolition of slavery, African Americans still confronted racial prejudice. Schools, churches, transportation, parks, and other public spaces became segregated by practice and by law. In 1919 Paul Goodloe McIntire (1860-1952), a merchant . . . Map (db m170149) HM
165 Virginia, Fairfax County, Franconia — Laurel Grove Colored School and Church
In the early 1880s, former slaves organized a congregation and held church services near a grove of laurel on Beulah Road. The trustees, including Middleton Braxton, George Carroll, Thornton Gray, and William Jasper, were focused on educating the . . . Map (db m86181) HM
166 Virginia, Fairfax County, Springfield — The Civilian Conservation Corps
During the Depression, in 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration established the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to help unemployed men, ages 18 to 25. CCC men created state parks, improved soil conservation, conducted . . . Map (db m190932) HM
167 Virginia, Falls Church — Henderson House Reported missing
This Colonial Revival bungalow (part of 1724 1,279-acre Pearson Grant) bought by Dr. Edwin B. Henderson in 1913. Henderson's ancestors include Powhattan Chief Mimetou. In 1904 he was first African-American certified to teach physical education; . . . Map (db m4202) HM
168 Virginia, Falls Church — C-91 — Tinner Hill
An early rural branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded here on Tinner Hill. In 1915, the Town of Falls Church proposed an ordinance to segregate black and white residential sections. Local African . . . Map (db m55735) HM
169 Virginia, Fredericksburg — The Green Book — Trail to Freedom —
Automobiles opened up exciting opportunities for travel, but a racially segregated nation was fraught with risk for African American motorists. In the Jim Crow era, travelers were met with intimidation and outright discrimination. Many carried their . . . Map (db m182644) HM
170 Virginia, Hampton, Downtown — W-175 — Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson(1918-2020)
Katherine Johnson, mathematician, graduated from West Virginia State College and was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. She was a teacher before the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later NASA) hired her in 1953 to work in the . . . Map (db m199789) HM
171 Virginia, Hampton, Downtown — W-174 — Mary Winston Jackson(1921-2005)
Mary Jackson, aerospace engineer, was born in Hampton and graduated from Hampton Institute in 1942. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later NASA), hired her in 1951 to be a "human computer" in the segregated West Area Computing Unit . . . Map (db m199792) HM
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172 Virginia, King George County, King George — EP-10 — Ralph Bunche High School
Ralph Bunche High School was built as a direct result of the Federal District Court case Margaret Smith et al. v. School Board of King George County, Virginia, which was filed in 1947. The judge ruled that jurisdictions should ensure the . . . Map (db m76409) HM
173 Virginia, King William County, West Point — OC-45 — Mt. Nebo Baptist Church
African Americans held worship services in a nearby railroad toolshed during the Civil War. Jesse Dungee, later a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, organized the congregation (now known as Mt. Nebo) in 1866. The Gothic-Revival style . . . Map (db m167830) HM
174 Virginia, Loudoun County, Leesburg — F-103 — Mt. Zion United Methodist Church
Mt. Zion, recognized as the oldest continuing African American Methodist congregation in Virginia, traces its origins to the Old Stone Church, established in Leesburg in 1766. Black members of the Old Stone Church, desiring their own church after . . . Map (db m126606) HM
175 Virginia, Lynchburg, College Hill — Q-6-19 — Abram Frederick Biggers and Biggers School
Abram Frederick Biggers (1838 - 1879), a lawyer by profession, was appointed the first superintendent of the Lynchburg and Campbell County schools in 1870. As a part of his effort to build a strong system, Biggers toured northern states to study . . . Map (db m54467) HM
176 Virginia, Lynchburg, Tyreeanna — Q-6-46 — Megginson Rosenwald School
The Megginson School was built here ca. 1923 for the African American students in the Pleasant Valley community, then part of Campbell County. Albert Megginson (1831-1923), formerly enslaved, purchased land in this area after the Civil War and later . . . Map (db m179861) HM
177 Virginia, Manassas — Liberty Street
In the post-Civil War years, African-Americans who were bound by a strong sense of community settled near the Brown School and the Manassas Industrial School on what was then known as Liberty Avenue. As early as 1895, African-Americans began buying . . . Map (db m168231) HM
178 Virginia, Orange County, Montpelier Station — 17 — The QuartersDiscovering Madison
"The Negro habitations are separate from the dwelling house both here and all over Virginia, and they form a kind of village." - Journal of Sir Augustus John Foster, 1807 The Quarters, a cluster of wooden buildings segregated from the main . . . Map (db m24047) HM
179 Virginia, Prince Edward County, Farmville — M-39 — Barbara Rose Johns(1935 - 1991)
Barbara Johns, civil rights pioneer, was born in New York and moved to her parents' native Prince Edward County as a child. In April 1951, at age 16, she led a student walkout to protest conditions at the segregated Robert Russa Moton High School, . . . Map (db m171732) HM
180 Virginia, Richmond, City Center — SA-73 — John Mitchell, Jr., "Fighting Editor"
Born enslaved near Richmond in 1863, John Mitchell, Jr. came of age in the tumultuous post–Civil War era. In 1883, he launched a daring journalism career, becoming editor and publisher of the black-owned Richmond Planet once located . . . Map (db m57530) HM
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181 Virginia, Richmond, City Center — SA-83 — Richmond 34
On 22 Feb. 1960, 34 Virginia Union University students, 11 women and 23 men, refused to leave the segregated dining facilities here at Thalhimers department store and were arrested. Charged with trespassing, they were later convicted and fined. This . . . Map (db m95568) HM
182 Virginia, Richmond, North Side — SA-125 — Maggie Lena Walker (1864-1934)
Maggie Walker, an African American entrepreneur and civil rights activist, promoted economic empowerment for the Black community. In 1899 she was elected head of the Independent Order of Saint Luke, a mutual aid society and insurance company facing . . . Map (db m180213) HM
183 Virginia, Shenandoah County, Strasburg — AB 4 — Sunset Hill School
The Queen Street School, one of the first schools in Shenandoah County for African Americans, had opened in Strasburg by 1875. After a fire in 1929, a new school known as Sunset Hill was built here ca. 1930 to serve grades 1-7. Because the county . . . Map (db m171234) HM
184 Virginia, Shenandoah County, Woodstock — A-126 — Mt. Zion Methodist Church
Inspired by visits from traveling preachers, African Americans organized what would become Mt. Zion United Methodist Church ca. 1867. The congregation acquired the framework of a former German Reformed Church in 1869, moved it to this site, and used . . . Map (db m127778) HM
185 Virginia, Westmoreland County, Colonial Beach — JT-21 — Charles B. Smith99th Fighter Squadron (Tuskegee Airmen)
Born in Westmoreland County, Charles Bernard Smith (1917-1991) is one of more than 140,000 African Americans who served in the racially segregated U.S. Army Air Force during World War II. Trained at Chanute Field, Illinois, in aircraft ground . . . Map (db m22255) HM
186 West Virginia, Lewis County, Weston — Weston Colored SchoolConstructed 1882
According to law then in place for the education of children of color, it was not until 1880 that Weston had a sufficient number of African-American children to support the requisite segregated classrooms. The third such building constructed in . . . Map (db m197829) HM
187 West Virginia, Raleigh County, Helen — Helen, WVAfrican American Heritage Tour
In the 1910s, the East Gulf Coal Company opened what came to be known as the Helen Mine and Coal Camp. Realizing their need to attract a more reliable and family-oriented workforce, the coal operators began constructing "model towns.” Here in the . . . Map (db m186950) HM

188 Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, M.L.K. — Daisy Bates House
. . . Map (db m211542) HM
189 Florida, Duval County, Jacksonville, Urban Core — The Seminole Club — Emerald Trail —
The Seminole Club was organized in 1887 with F.R. Osborne, J.M. Barrs, A.C. Cowan and W.R. Hunter as the organizing officers. Named in honor of Florida's Native American Seminole tribe, the club was Jacksonville's oldest social club for men and the . . . Map (db m221308) HM
190 Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Douglas (Bronzeville) — Victory, World War I Black Soldiers’ Memorial
Victory St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest, Mont de Signes, Oise-Aisne Offensive. In memory of the heroes of the old 8th Infantry, Illinois National Guard, redesignated during the World War as the 370th Infantry of the United States Army who . . . Map (db m4683) WM
191 Kansas, Shawnee County, Topeka — Sumner School Cornerstone
This corner stone preserved by P-T-A. & Past Patrons of Sumner School Erected 1901 - Replaced 1936 Board of Education W. H. Wilson, President                   F. E. Mallory Vice President. J. F. Buck,                    J. W. . . . Map (db m127685) HM
192 Kentucky, Daviess County, Owensboro — Two Early Civil Rights Cases in Owensboro
The end of slavery in 1865 brought many challenges to Owensboro's African-American population. They struggled to find jobs, establish homes, educate their children, and find their place in the post-war world. In 1880 a system of schools for . . . Map (db m159343) HM
193 Kentucky, Fayette County, Lexington, Northside District — 5 — From Enslaved to Community Activist / The Original Power Couple1871 — Downtown African-American Heritage Trail —
From Enslaved to Community Activist Education Gave the Jacksons a Step Up Jordan C. Jackson, Jr. was born enslaved in Lexington. Denied an education, he taught himself to read and write, eventually becoming a successful businessman . . . Map (db m137309) HM
194 Kentucky, Fayette County, Lexington, Northside District — 10 — From Enslaved to the Presidency / From Slavery to Liberation1871 — Downtown African-American Heritage Trail —
From Enslaved to the Presidency Finding Freedom in Africa This site was originally part of the Glendower Estate, where Alfred Francis Russell was born enslaved in 1817. From these humble beginnings, he rose to become president . . . Map (db m137310) HM
195 Mississippi, Marshall County, Holly Springs — 18 — Rust College — Mississippi Freedom Trail —
Front In 1960 Rust College students, under the leadership of President E. A. Smith, boycotted the segregated HollyTheater, a protest that in 1962 evolved into a Rust chapter of the NAACP. The chapter offices were installed by Medgar . . . Map (db m116163) HM
196 New Jersey, Essex County, Newark, Central Ward — Archie Callahan
Commemorating Archie Callahan who gave his life at Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 (lower marker) Archie Callahan Jr. was born and raised in Newark, NJ. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy at age 19 on August 21, 1940. Callahan became the first . . . Map (db m40760) HM
197 North Carolina, Forsyth County, Winston-Salem — The African American Graveyard
What began as the Parish Graveyard was extended westward to the street and designated in 1816 as the resting place for all African Americans, Moravian or not, who died in and around Salem. From that date forward, all Christian whites were then . . . Map (db m172103) HM
198 Tennessee, Bledsoe County, Pikeville — Pikeville African Methodist Episcopal Zion ChurchSoutheast Tennessee Religious Heritage Trail
The Pikeville AME Zion Church is the oldest African-American church still operating in Bledsoe County. The core of the church building dates from about 1870 when it served as the Freedmen's Bureau school. The AME Zion congregation's use of the . . . Map (db m184534) HM
199 Virginia, Arlington County, Arlington, Cherrydale — Taking Action: Barbara Johns
"It was time that Negroes were treated equally with whites, time that they had a decent school, time for the students themselves to do something about it. There wasn't any fear. I just thought — this is your moment. Seize it!" . . . Map (db m175257) HM
200 Virginia, Fredericksburg — Civil RightsFredericksburg: Timeless.
"Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable.... Every step toward the goal of justice requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals." —Dr. Martin Luther . . . Map (db m148077) HM

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Jun. 15, 2024