Legend describes Acoma as a "place that always was". Archaeological evidence shows it has been occupied since at least the 13th century. Established on this
mesa for defensive purposes, Acoma was settled by inhabitants of nearby pueblos which had . . . — — Map (db m280092) HM
This community was founded in 1894 on the site of
an earlier homestead and stage coach stop. Irrigation
from Bluewater Lake and its proximity on the railroad
and Route 66 allowed development of extensive
agricultural fields, which earned . . . — — Map (db m236574) HM
Legend describes Acoma as a "place that always was". Archeological evidence shows it has been occupied since at least the 13th century. Established on this mesa for defensive purposes, Acoma was settled by inhabitants of nearby pueblos which had . . . — — Map (db m280091) HM
Built atop a great mesa for defensive purposes, Αcoma has been continuously occupied since the 13th century. A dramatic battle between the Αcomas and Oρate's forces occurred here in 1599. The mission church of San Esteban was built between 1629 and . . . — — Map (db m280089) HM
Keresan speaking refugees from Santo Domingo, Acoma, Cochiti, and other pueblos founded Laguna after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and the Spanish reconquest of 1692. Named by the Spaniards for a marshy lake to the west, the pueblo still occupies its . . . — — Map (db m280088) HM
There is a mysterious force that drives people to new lands and new frontiers. There is an abiding love for the land and newly turned soil, for young livestock and for the freedom of ownership, for the independence of spirit. This marker will remain . . . — — Map (db m94982)
Created December 31, 1987-Dedicated August 24, 1991. The El Malpais National Conservation Area (NCA) was the first area so designated by Congress in New Mexico. Congress established the NCA to conserve and protect the . . . — — Map (db m100422) HM
Located just north of the great lava bed known as the malpais, Grants began as a coaling station for the Santa Fe Railroad. Around 1880 it was known as Grant's Camp, after the Canadian bridge contractor Angus A. Grant. In 1950, the area's vast . . . — — Map (db m280086) HM
Located just north of the great lava bed known as the malpais, Grants began as a coaling station for the Santa Fe Railroad. Around 1880 it was known as Grant's Camp, after the Canadian bridge contractor Angus A. Grant. In 1950, the area's vast . . . — — Map (db m280087) HM
The Bandera Volcano rose up in volcanic fury some 10,000 years ago. The crater is approx. 1400 feet across and 800 feet deep. Bandera is one of the finest examples of an erupted volcano in the country, and one of the most accessible. An ancient lava . . . — — Map (db m164176) HM
This drill bit was used at Crownpoint N.M. to drill a 10 ft. diameter shaft 2,234 ft. The drill cutters weigh 30,000 lbs. Total assembly weight is 443,000 lbs. One third of its weight was used for cutting purposes. The rest of the weight as a . . . — — Map (db m164162) HM
As a protected volcanic region, the land in El Malpais National Monument provides many geological curiosities to be explored and viewed. However, remnants of World War II military training activities may still be hidden within the national . . . — — Map (db m285137) HM
San Rafael, formerly know as El Gallo, is located at a spring near the Malpais, the great lave flow to the east. The area was visited by members of Vαsquez de Coronado's expedition in 1540. In 1862, it was selected as the original site of Fort . . . — — Map (db m280085) HM
The caboose, 999726, was built circa 1937 originally for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. It was donated to the Grants-Cibola County Chamber of Commerce by BNSF and many years later in 2015, the Chamber passed the caboose on to the City of Grants. . . . — — Map (db m186515) HM
This bucket was used to retrieve gold & silver ore as well as miners from the depths of the Fannie mine at Mogollon, NM Donated by Red & Nina Waldie Family 2006 — — Map (db m186517) HM
Twisted masses of volcanic rock appear almost as if out of nowhere on the El Malpais stretch of Interstate 40. These rivers of rock are lava flows, which erupted from not one but several volcanoes within El Malpais National Monument. The volcanoes . . . — — Map (db m285136) HM
Economic Impacts
Laguna, like many pueblos, had a strong and self-sufficient agricultural system well into the twentieth century. After World War II, farming and sheep herding started to decline, although some families continue these . . . — — Map (db m184206) HM
Keresan speaking refugees from Santo Domingo, Acoma, Cochiti, and other pueblos founded Laguna after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and the Spanish reconquest of 1692. Named by the Spaniards for a marshy lake to the west, the pueblo still occupies its . . . — — Map (db m280083) HM
Keresan speaking refugees from Santo Domingo, Acoma, Cochiti, and other pueblos founded Laguna after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and the Spanish reconquest of 1692. Named by the Spaniards for a marshy lake to the west, the pueblo still occupies its . . . — — Map (db m280084) HM
The picturesque mission church of San Josι de la Laguna was built around 1706 by Fray Antonio Miranda and shows the single aisle floor plan commonly used in pueblo churches. It has been repaired many times, and acquired its distinctive white . . . — — Map (db m280081) HM
(Front of Marker:)
The picturesque mission church of San Josι de la Laguna was built around 1706 by Fray Antonio Miranda and shows the single aisle floor plan commonly used in pueblo churches. It has been repaired many times, and . . . — — Map (db m280082) HM
Educated at the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania under the U.S. policy of acculturating Indian children through school and removal from their homelands, Susie was instrumental in bringing education back to Laguna. A lifelong teacher, oral . . . — — Map (db m280080) HM
Business Along Route 66
As traffic along the road increased, Laguna community members began to sell or trade items at roadside stands within the Pueblo and on adjoining lands to the east and west. Community members built shade structures . . . — — Map (db m184000) HM
The Battle of Khe Sanh claimed the lives of 2,097 United States servicemen. This historic marker is dedicated to honor and preserve the memory of New Mexico Servicemen who were killed in action or later died of their wounds. The Khe Sanh Vietnam . . . — — Map (db m70175) WM
Atsinna, which means where pictures are on the rock, was occupied from roughly 1275 to 1400 by ancestors of todays Zuni people. Eighteen rooms were excavated in 1954, 1955, and 1961. Today, however, the focus at El Morro has shifted from . . . — — Map (db m163205) HM
Until it was by-passed by the railroad in the 1880s, its waterhole made El Morro an important stop for travelers in the Acoma-Zuni region. Numerous inscriptions carved in the sandstone date from the prehistoric, Spanish, Mexican, and Territorial . . . — — Map (db m280079) HM
Also known as squawbush, this aromatic shrub is a member of the same plant family that includes poison ivy, cashews, pistachios, and mangos. The stems of this plant have been used by Native Americans for many years in basketmaking, while the tart . . . — — Map (db m163237) HM
Matilda Coxe Stevenson (1849-1915). Matilda Coxe Stevenson was the first female anthropologist to study the Native Americans of New Mexico. Her research focused on the religious practices of indigenous peoples, particularly of the Zuni, and . . . — — Map (db m280078) HM
Living and working at El Morro in the early 1900s was an adventure in itself. The duty station was remote, the dirt roads leading in and out were often impassible during wet weather, and a lack of running water or electricity made living conditions . . . — — Map (db m163200) HM
Before the days of interstates and automobiles, a journey from Albuquerque to Zuni (about 150 miles) typically took 9 or 10 days. Imagine the relief travelers must have felt when they reached this shady little oasis after walking or riding a horse . . . — — Map (db m163216) HM
The inscriptions and petroglyphs at El Morro are an important link to the past. Although they are very old, they will not be here forever. Sand grains are washed away, rocks crumble and fall, and lichens and clay deposits cover the historic . . . — — Map (db m163201) HM
From the early Puebloan people who built their homes atop this rock, to the many explorers and adventurers who carved their names, to modern visitors who travel here looking for the evidence of those who came before, El Morro reflects the history of . . . — — Map (db m163199) HM
Carved into the soft sandstone cuesta before you is a lingering history of the American Southwest. The names of the celebrated, the infamous, the legendary, and the unknown are immortalized side by side where they would otherwise be separated by . . . — — Map (db m163198) HM
Great cliffs of red sandstone form the southern boundary of the San Juan basin. The strata that are exposed here are the gently upturned edge of the structural basin which contains coal, uranium, oil and gas resources. The Zuni mountains to the . . . — — Map (db m280167)
In 1880, a paymaster for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, David L. Gallup, established headquarters along the construction right-of-way of the southern transcontinental route. The railroad workers began "going to Gallup" to get their pay; thus a . . . — — Map (db m184302) HM
101 North Third Street (circa 1887)
Adequate transportation has been the answer to successful business entrepreneurs in the Gallup area as early as the late 1880's. Clinton N. Cotton, a shrewd Yankee trader and businessman, concluded that . . . — — Map (db m184301) HM
Miners hand-loaded coal cars, like this one, deep underground. Several cars hitched together were called a "trip." When full, a "trip" of coal cars were hoisted to the surface and dumped into larger railroad cars. The "hoist" and cars displayed here . . . — — Map (db m184317) HM
Coal mining was one of Gallup's biggest industries from the 1880s through the 1950s. Mining jobs drew workers from across the nation and around the world. Wages were good and housing was often provided. Over time fifty-seven mines in the Gallup . . . — — Map (db m255832) HM
Long a major trading center for the Navajo and Zuni Indians living in communities north and south of the town. Gallup emerged in 1881 from a railroad construction camp. It is named for David Gallup, who in 1880 was paymaster for the Atlantic & . . . — — Map (db m280168) HM
The first Gallup Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial was held in Gallup on September 22, 1922. Ceremonial was initiated by traders and the Chamber of Commerce. In the early days natives came in wagons and camped in the surrounding hills. Tourists from . . . — — Map (db m255836) HM
Gallup, New Mexico, the Indian Capital of the World is known as the epicenter of Native American history, art, culture and tradition in the southwest.
Europeans, Asians, and Mexicans came to build the railroad, and many stayed on to mine . . . — — Map (db m184299) HM
Gallup has some of the Southwest's largest trading posts and one of the best strips of neon signs you'll see anywhere on old Route 66," boasts the website Road Trips USA.
Neon signs are part of Gallup's heritage and once the calling card . . . — — Map (db m184303) HM
The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad construction crews reached mile marker 157.5 in 1881. As the rails moved west railroad crews and suppliers would go to David L. Gallup, paymaster, for their pay. They had to go to Gallup. The name stuck. . . . — — Map (db m255826) HM
One by one new brick buildings changed the look for downtown Gallup. Railroad Avenue had to keep pace with the eastern style buildings being erected along Coal Avenue. Maroon glazed tile became the sign of storefront modernization. With the . . . — — Map (db m184296) HM
This machine is a "hoist" used to bring a "trip" of coal cars to the surface. The hoist is basically a large winch using cable attached to the "trip" to hoist it the surface. This hoist was used from the 1890s to the 1950s. Coal mined in Gallup was . . . — — Map (db m184316) HM
This memorial was erected in memory of the young individuals who went to war as kids and lost their youthful dreams, and some their lives, for a cause – freedom and honor – and came back as men with the horrors of war instilled in every . . . — — Map (db m36559) HM
Established September 28, 1922
In August, 2011 Gallup played host to the 90th Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial where, Native Americans from across the United States participate in a massive celebration and display of their culture. The Indoor . . . — — Map (db m184300) HM
218½ West Historic Highway 66 (circa 1895)
One of Gallup's oldest standing buildings housed activities for nearly one-half a century modeling a significant course for early development of this railroad and mining opportunity.
Kitchen's . . . — — Map (db m184298) HM
In 1864 during a period of destabilization among U.S. settlers, Spanish inhabitants and Native Americans, the Navajo and some Apache were singled out by the U.S. government as responsible for raiding. Thousands of Navajo people were forcibly marched . . . — — Map (db m148698) HM
This is the greatest highway project in America!... read the headline in the April 15, 1927 edition of the Gallup Independent. From Chicago to Los Angeles the "Main Street of America" would be U.S. 66. The National Old Trails Highway was on the . . . — — Map (db m184294) HM
This mural shows the Navajo Code Talkers, U.S. Marines in World War II, who defended this country with the sacred Navajo language, bringing the Code Alphabet home from war to the future generations as a symbol to perpetuate the Navajo language and . . . — — Map (db m148699) HM
[Top]
Donated to the City of Gallup
on December 16, 1986
by
C.P.S. Associates
(The Caviggia, Petranovich and Smith Families)
[Bottom]
The Rex Hotel
circa 1900
has been placed on the
National . . . — — Map (db m236477) HM
Centuries before Gallup's founding in 1881 this was a region of interweaving native cultures, Navajo, Hopi and Zuni. Resources of coal, timber, railroads and trading attracted settlers who created a city of increasing cultural diversity.
We . . . — — Map (db m148758) HM
The Zuni Pueblo is 40 miles south of Gallup. Zuni land-use area, which included what is now Gallup, has been inhabited since 1,000 BC. By 1350 AD agriculture was fully developed and there were approximately 36 active Zuni pueblos. The Spanish . . . — — Map (db m148701) HM
Emma Estrada (1933-1997) Emma Estrada was a partera, or midwife, for over thirty years. She delivered more than seven hundred babies during an era when mothers in rural, sparsely populated areas had no choice but to deliver at home. . . . — — Map (db m280170) HM
This area contained many Indian pueblos dating from about A.D.
500 to 1325, when it was abandoned. Navajos settled here by
1800. This was the home of Manuelito, one of the last of the
chiefs to surrender for confinement at the Bosque Redondo . . . — — Map (db m162257) HM
The first Fort Wingate was established near San Rafael in 1862, to serve as the base of Col. Kit Carson's campaigns against the Navajos. In 1868 the garrison was transferred to the second Fort Wingate near Gallup. In that same year, the Navajos . . . — — Map (db m280171) HM
The six original Zuni pueblos were the legendary "Seven Cities of Cibola" sought by Vasquez de Coronado in 1540. They were abandoned during the Pueblo Revolt, and the present pueblo was settled in 1699 after the Spanish reconquest. In 1970 Zuni . . . — — Map (db m280172) HM
The six original Zuni pueblos were the legendary "Seven Cities of Cibola" sought by Vasquez de Coronado in 1540. They were abandoned during the Pueblo Revolt, and the present pueblo was settled in 1699 after the Spanish reconquest. In 1970 Zuni . . . — — Map (db m280173) HM
The Zuni Olla Maidens are an all-women's group renowned for their skill and ability to balance fragile water jars or ollas on their heads. Historically, Zuni women collected water in ollas from nearby springs for everyday use. Today, they perform in . . . — — Map (db m280174) HM
Working from his house and publishing through the American Natural History Museum, Earl Morris intrigued the nation with his findings at Aztec Ruins.
In 1923 the site Morris had known since boyhood was preserved as a national monument . . . — — Map (db m71078) HM
On the evening of November 17, 1829, Manuel Armijo and his caravan of about 60 men and 100 mules crossed the Las Animas River at a shallow point near here and made camp. This was only the 10th night of a three-month journey along an untested route. . . . — — Map (db m184353) HM
A ribbon of green in an arid land, the 126-mile Animas River brings a most precious gift to the Four Corners region: reliable year-round water. Starting in the San Juan Mountains, the Animas joins the San Juan River just south of here at Farmington. . . . — — Map (db m184354) HM
In the early 1100s, travelers on this familiar path could see a sprawling settlement ahead. Across the river, ceremonial kivas and great houses with hundreds of rooms dominated the landscape. Smaller house-style unit pueblos and farming areas spread . . . — — Map (db m184352) HM
On an April evening in 1830, trader Antonio Armijo and a tattered group of men and boys, stubborn pack mules, and wild California horses passed through this area on their way to Santa Fe. Near the end of a hard, dangerous journey, men and animals . . . — — Map (db m184356) HM
Though you may not notice at first, wildlife thrives along the Animas River. These rich, green corridors, or "riparian zones," provide animals with food, water, and shelter. Archeological research tells us that in the centuries since Ancestral . . . — — Map (db m184355) HM
Aztec, named for the nearby National Monument, was founded in 1876 when portions of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation were opened for non Indian settlement. It is the seat of San Juan County, which was created in 1887 partially as a response to the . . . — — Map (db m280203) HM
Through the collective recognition of the community of nations, expressed within the principles of the convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage Aztec Ruins National Monument has been designated an outlier . . . — — Map (db m71077) HM
Despite its name, this magnificent site reflects 11th century influence from nearby Chaco Canyon rather than from the later Aztecs of Mexico. The striking masonry pueblos illustrate the classic Chaco architectural style with later Mesa Verde . . . — — Map (db m280204) HM
Despite its name, this magnificent site reflects 11th century influence from nearby Chaco Canyon rather than from the later Aztecs of Mexico. The striking masonry pueblos illustrate the classic Chaco architectural style with later Mesa Verde . . . — — Map (db m280205) HM
You are standing among many thousands of years of connecting networks, layered over each other across generations. This is a place of ancient farming, with a river offering dependable water and stable soil for planting. It is a place of gathering, . . . — — Map (db m184351) HM
Prehistoric farmers established major communities along the rivers of this region in the eleventh century. Eight hundred years later, historic settlement was also made possible by abundant water. Bloomfield was established in 1879 near a site which . . . — — Map (db m280206) HM
In the late 11th century, influence from Chaco Canyon, 45 miles south of here, began to be felt at this site and at nearby Aztec Ruins National Monument. The Chacoans abandoned this large and well-built masonry pueblo by 1150, and shortly . . . — — Map (db m280207) HM
The highly scenic badlands of the Bisti were created by the erosion and weathering of interbedded shale, sandstone and coal formations into unusual forms. The area is also rich in fossil flora and fauna. 3,946 acres of the Badlands were designated . . . — — Map (db m52706) HM
Until 1876 this area comprised part of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation. Anglo settlement quickly began at the confluence of the San Juan, Animas, and La Plata Rivers. Farmington became a ranching and farming area and, later, an important producer . . . — — Map (db m280208) HM
First settled 1876 to 1878 by families of William and Marion B. Hendrickson, Charles and Milton Virden, Orville Pyle, A.F. Miller and William Lock. The first school-house was built in 1879; the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886. William Lock . . . — — Map (db m22805) HM
Farmington, New Mexico, the heart of the Four Corners, boasts a thriving downtown, where character, history and culture fuse in a mixture of places and events. Originally the land in what is now Northwest New Mexico was known as Tσta . . . — — Map (db m22861) HM
Harriet was an astute financial manager and the first female bank president in New Mexico, operating the First National Bank in Farmington from 1922 until 1951. During the Depression she bought out San Juan National Bank, keeping it solvent and . . . — — Map (db m280209) HM
Steeply dipping strata define the western edge of the San Juan basin. To the west older geologic formations are exposed toward the Defiance uplift whereas basinward they are downwarped thousands of feet beneath younger rock units. Vast coal, . . . — — Map (db m280210) HM
"The Hunters arrived in Farmington in 1891 and donated the land for this plaza to the city of Farmington in May 1902. This pavilion is dedicated to the memory of the Hunters for their generosity and community spirit in helping Farmington grow." — — Map (db m185385) HM
Among early settlers on this site were the families of Wm. Simpson, A.D. Arthur and Frank Coolidge, Ager and James K.P. Pipkin, Hugh Curry, W.L. Kennedy and others. James B. Ashcroft was called by L.D.S. Church as bishop in 1997. He supervised . . . — — Map (db m240549) HM
Atop Fajada Butte Chacoan skywatchers commemorated the movement of the sun and the seasons. Sunlight passed between three boulder slabs onto a spiral petroglyph to mark the sun's position on the summer solstice, winter solstice, and the equinoxes. . . . — — Map (db m120182) HM
Follow this trail to visit the largest great kiva in Chaco Canyon. Great kivas are often built into the plazas of great houses like Pueblo Bonito, but Casa Rinconada's great kiva stands alone, a ceremonial and civic center for the nearby . . . — — Map (db m270433) HM
If you scan the horizon from east to west your eyes are sure to pause upon the impressive Chacoan buildings known today as Chetro Ketl, Casa Rinconada, Pueblo del Arroyo, Kin Kletso, and Peρasco Bianco. Many of the "hills" you see dotting the . . . — — Map (db m270419) HM
Chaco Culture was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. Chaco Canyon was a major cultural center between 850 and 1250 CE, and is remarkable both for its monumental architecture and its status as a center of trade, politics, and . . . — — Map (db m120186) HM
The stairway at the top of the cliff is part of the Chacoan "road" system. The roads linked the great houses in the core of Chaco Canyon to far-off communities. This road segment connected Tsin Kletzin on South Mesa with Chetro Ketl in the . . . — — Map (db m270434) HM
Chetro Ketl is the second largest Chacoan great house. It covers more than 3 acres, and contains a great kiva and elevated kivas. As builders constructed second and third stories, they created an elevated plaza that stands 12 feet above the valley . . . — — Map (db m270416) HM
Fajada Butte dominates the landscape. Exposed rock layers reveal the regions geologic and human history.
Cliff House Sandstone forms the upper layer with deposits of fossil shells, clams, shark teeth, and marine sand. Menefee Formation forms . . . — — Map (db m120180) HM
Study the walls. The masonry style and the stones themselves differ from those used in earlier buildings. Most of Kin Kletso was built relatively late in Chaco's construction history, when architectural traditions began to change.
Kin Kletso is . . . — — Map (db m270422) HM
From the cliff above, you gain a different perspective of the central core of Chaco Canyon. The geometry of the buildings, the interrelationship of the great houses, and the extent of the Chacoan world become clearer.
This trail follows an . . . — — Map (db m270432) HM
Archeologists call Pueblo Bonito a "Chacoan great house." This monumental public building served surrounding communities and the region when Chaco was a major center of Puebloan culture between A.D. 850 and 1150.
This building embraced many . . . — — Map (db m270421) HM
Richard Wetherill, a controversial figure in the history of the Southwest, is buried in this historic cemetery. He spent much of his life exploring the region, excavating sites, and selling artifacts.
Wetherill came to Pueblo Bonito from the . . . — — Map (db m270420) HM
Colorful red rocks of Entrada Sandstone are domed up by deep seated igneous intrusions to be exposed by erosion. The same igneous activity created the Carrizo Mountains to the west. Uranium deposits in the Morrison Formation just above the Entrada . . . — — Map (db m280211) HM
This is the only place in the United States marking the common corner of four states Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah.
Who established this corner?
The four corners monument was established and perpetuated by U.S. Government Surveyors . . . — — Map (db m36522) HM
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