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African American Entrepreneurs Marker image, Touch for more information
By Devry Becker Jones (CC0), January 15, 2023
African American Entrepreneurs Marker
RANKED BY RELEVANCE, THEN GEOGRAPHICALLY
201 Virginia, Manassas — African American Entrepreneurs1865 - 1965
On Center Street (Virginia Route 28) just east of Peabody Street, on the right when traveling east.
After the Civil War, Manassas was segregated by race in all facets of life. Navigating the restrictions of the law and social customs, local Black residents, many of them newly freed from slavery, established their own businesses. When enslaved, . . . Map (db m214263) HM
202 Virginia, Manassas — The Brown School1869 - 1954
On Liberty Street north of Grant Avenue (Virginia Route 234), on the right when traveling north.
The earliest story on record of educating local African American students began ca. 1869, when the Manassas Village Colored School opened on the corner of Liberty and Prince William Streets. This two-room frame structure was a private school, . . . Map (db m214238) HM
203 Virginia, Prince William County, Manassas — Answering the Call to Service1917 - 1918
On Lee Avenue west of Grant Avenue (Virginia Route 234), on the right when traveling west.
In Prince William County, 102 African American men served in the Army during World War I. Most Black soldiers were spread across a variety of supply and engineering units that included farriers, truck drivers, and laborers that built bridges, . . . Map (db m214266) HM
204 Virginia, Roanoke, Gainsboro — Civil Rights Trailblazers
On Wells Avenue Northeast east of North Jefferson Street, on the left when traveling east.
Some of the most significant contributions made by Northeast and Northwest residents were in the advancement of civil rights. A. J. Oliver was a 19th century pioneer in law and the first black attorney in Roanoke. Born during the Civil War, he . . . Map (db m143000) HM

205 British Columbia, Skeena-Queen Charlotte, Port Edward — North Pacific Cannery
On Skeena Drive, on the right when traveling south.
Salmon canning stimulated economic development on this coast. North Pacific is the oldest West Coast cannery still standing. From here the Bell-Irving family shipped high quality salmon directly to England before 1900. Typical of most canneries in . . . Map (db m9203) HM
206 Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham — C20 — Eddie Kendricks Memorial ParkDestination — Birmingham Civil Rights Heritage Trail —
On 4th Avenue North west of 18th Street North, on the left when traveling west.
Built 1999, SW corner of 4th Ave. N. & 18th St. N. Urban Impact worked with artist Ronald McDowell who wanted to create a public park along Fourth Avenue to honor Eddie Kendricks, Birmingham native and a lead singer of the legendary Motown . . . Map (db m188036) HM
207 Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery — Bill Traylor(1853-1949)
On North Lawrence Street at Monroe Street, on the left when traveling north on North Lawrence Street.
Bill Traylor was born into an enslaved family on a Dallas County plantation. Around age ten, Traylor and his family were relocated to another plantation in neighboring Lowndes County, where they remained as laborers after Emancipation. Between 1939 . . . Map (db m205231) HM
208 Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery — Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
On Montgomery Street at Molton Street, on the right when traveling south on Montgomery Street.
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Louis McCauley Parks was arrested on this site for refusing the order of city bus driver J. F. Blake to vacate her seat under the segregation laws of the Jim Crow era. She was taken to police headquarters at City Hall for . . . Map (db m91286) HM
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209 Arizona, Santa Cruz County, Nogales — Grand Ave - Frank Reed School1928 - 1952
On North Grand Avenue at North Santa Cruz Street, on the right when traveling south on North Grand Avenue.
Grand Ave. School was founded in 1928 as a grammar school, grades one through eight, for the African American children of Nogales. In 1943 the school's name was changed to Frank A. Reed in honor of a former student, Frank A. Reed, who died in . . . Map (db m27113) HM
210 Connecticut, Hartford County, Hartford, Northeast — Black Heroes in Hartford: Judge Boce BarlowConnecticut's First Black Judge — (1915 - 2005) —
On Main Street south of Westland Street, on the right when traveling north.
Barlow completed his high school studies in Hartford in 1933. He continued on to Howard University, where he served as senior class president, and received his degree with honors in 1939. He served in a segregated Army regiment in the . . . Map (db m230475) HM
211 Delaware, New Castle County, Claymont — NC-162 — Hickman Row
On Hickman Road (Delaware Route 491), on the right when traveling north.
The industrial expansion of Brandywine Hundred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was largely reflective of national trends in the growth and development of heavy industry. As large corporations moved to locations outside of major cities, . . . Map (db m154138) HM
212 Delaware, New Castle County, Claymont — NC-99 — Old Claymont High School
On Green Street at Lawson Street, on the right when traveling south on Green Street.
Constructed 1924-25. Also known as the Green Street School. Prominent in United States history as the first public high school in the 17 segregated states to be legally integrated. In January 1951, eight black students applied for admission. Due . . . Map (db m14705) HM
213 Delaware, New Castle County, Wilmington, Minquadale — NC-188 — The Community of Dunleith
On Anderson Drive at Bethune Drive on Anderson Drive.
The Federal Housing Act of 1949 established a goal of “a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family.” However, a segregated housing market put this goal beyond the reach of African American veterans. In that year, . . . Map (db m92289) HM
214 Delaware, Sussex County, Bridgeville — SC-179 — Phillis Wheatley School
Near Church Street at 1st Street, on the left when traveling south.
The inadequate condition of schools throughout the nation resulted in a major effort to reform public education following World War I. Delaware was at the forefront of this movement. With the assistance of the Delaware Auxiliary Association and its . . . Map (db m193781) HM
215 Delaware, Sussex County, Milford — SC-184 — Milford's Struggle for Educational Equality
On Lakeview Avenue (Delaware Route 36) just north of Kent Place, on the right when traveling north.
On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown v. Board of Education, declaring racially segregated public schools unconstitutional. In August 1954, a petition was submitted to the Milford Board of Education requesting . . . Map (db m142583) HM
216 District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, NoMa/Sursum Corda — 2 — Gateway to The Nation's CapitalHub, Home, Heart — Greater H Street NE Heritage Trail —
On Columbus Circle Northeast south of F Street Northeast, on the left when traveling south.
With its view of the Capitol and Senate office buildings, and with the Library of Congress and the Supreme Court just a short stroll away, Union Station truly is the gateway to the heart of the nation's government. The station is also where . . . Map (db m71679) HM
217 District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Downtown — Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) ChurchThe National Cathedral of African Methodism
On M Street Northwest west of 15th Street Northwest, on the left when traveling west.
Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church was founded in the District of Columbia in 1838. It is the oldest A.M.E. church and the oldest continuously black-owned property in Washington, D.C. - the Nation's Capital. The church . . . Map (db m18028) HM
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218 District of Columbia, Washington, Northwest Washington, Georgetown — Wormley SchoolGeorgetown African American Historic Landmark — 2020 —
On Prospect Street Northwest just east of Bank Alley Northwest, on the right when traveling west.
James Wormley, born a free African American in 1819, worked in his family's Hackney carriage business and became a prominent businessman and advocate for education. Georgetown spent $70 on African American education in 1862. After the war, the . . . Map (db m234902) HM
219 Florida, Clay County, Orange Park — F-985 — Orange Park Normal and Industrial School Site
Near Park Avenue (U.S. 17) south of Kingsley Avenue (Florida Route 224), on the right when traveling south.
The 1885 Florida Constitution mandated the segregated education of black and white students in public schools. In 1891, the American Missionary Association (AMA) opened the private Orange Park Normal and Industrial School at this site to educate . . . Map (db m150638) HM
220 Florida, Clay County, Starke — World War II (1941-1945)Walk Through Time — Camp Blanding Museum and Memorial Park —
Near State Route 16 West at Tallahassee Street, on the right when traveling east.
Although still segregated, America’s armed forces were comprised of more than 100,000 Black Floridians serving around the world. As depicted in this panel, they served in all branches of the service and in many roles within each branch. Black . . . Map (db m178700) HM WM
221 Florida, Escambia County, Century — F-988 — Alger-Sullivan Lumber Company Residential Historic District
On Front Street at Jefferson Avenue, on the right when traveling east on Front Street. Reported missing.
In 1901, one of the largest and most advanced southern pine sawmills east of the Mississippi River was built here. In the tradition of the era, the Alger-Sullivan Lumber Company built its own town to house and supply the families of mill workers. By . . . Map (db m120557) HM
222 Florida, Hillsborough County, Tampa — Roberts City
On North Boulevard, 0.1 miles south of West Laurel Street, on the right when traveling north.
In 1909, cigar manufacturer J.W. Roberts and Sons Company moved into an abandoned cigar factory on Garcia Avenue and Green Street. The neighborhood, bordered on the north and east by the Hillsborough River, on the south by Cass Street, and on the . . . Map (db m93416) HM
223 Florida, Hillsborough County, Tampa — The Scrub
On Scott Street at Blanche Armwood Street, on the right when traveling west on Scott Street.
The Scrub, once Tampa's oldest and largest African American neighborhood, traces its history to just after the Civil War, when newly-freed enslaved people built homes in a scrub palmetto thicket just to the northeast of the Town of Tampa. The heart . . . Map (db m229519) HM
224 Florida, Lake County, Mount Dora — F-437 — Witherspoon Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, No. 111
On North Clayton Street at Grant Avenue on North Clayton Street.
The Witherspoon Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, No. 111, is one of Florida’s oldest functioning African American lodges. Established in 1898, it followed the tradition of Prince Hall (1735-1807), who opposed racial oppression in Colonial New . . . Map (db m72772) HM
225 Florida, Miami-Dade County, Miami — F-1045 — The Historic Negro Police Precinct & Courthouse Museum: The First Five
On Northwest 5th Avenue at Northwest 11th Street, on the right when traveling north on Northwest 5th Avenue.
In 1944, the City of Miami hired its first five black police officers who were sworn in as "emergency patrolmen" to enforce the law in what was then called the Central Negro District. These stalwart men were Ralph White, Moody Hall, Clyde Lee, . . . Map (db m228930) HM
226 Florida, Miami-Dade County, Miami Shores — F-1189 — Miami Shores Community Church
On Northeast 4th Avenue near Northeast 99th Street, on the right when traveling north.
Miami Shores Community Church, a member of the United Church of Christ, is the oldest church in Miami Shores. The Shoreland Company, the developers of Miami Shores, built the building in 1925 as a pump house and fire station. The original . . . Map (db m229336) HM
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227 Florida, Nassau County, American Beach — F417 — Historic American Beach
On Lewis Street at Waldron Street, on the right when traveling east on Lewis Street.
American Beach was established in 1935 under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln Lewis, one of seven co-founders of the Afro-American Life Insurance Company, and one of Florida’s first black millionaires. His vision was to create a beach resort as a . . . Map (db m58868) HM
228 Florida, Palm Beach County, Jupiter — F-1056 — Cinquez Park
Near West Indiantown Road (Florida Route 706) at Carver Avenue, on the right when traveling west.
Cinquez Park commemorates the resilient history of one of the oldest African American settlements in Palm Beach County. Beginning in 1904, more than 15 pioneer families from north Florida and South Carolina settled in central Jupiter, homesteading . . . Map (db m146224) HM
229 Florida, Pasco County, Zephyrhills — Zephyrhills Depot
On South Avenue near Summer Hill Drive, on the right when traveling east.
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot was built in 1927 and used for a passenger and freight services. This structure represents the architectural style of the early 1900s; large extended eaves, outdoor platforms, segregated waiting rooms. This . . . Map (db m41501) HM
230 Florida, Pasco County, Zephyrhills — F-447 — Zephyrhills Railroad Depot
On South Ave near Summer Hill Drive, on the right when traveling east.
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACLR) Depot was built in 1927 and was used as a station/depot for passenger service and for shipping citrus, produce and other goods, thereby stimulating economic development and residential settlement. Railroad . . . Map (db m41458) HM
231 Florida, Pinellas County, Tarpon Springs — F-474 — Rose Cemetery
On North Jasmine Avenue, 0.2 miles north of East Tarpon Avenue (County Road 582).
Rose Cemetery, also known as Rose Hill Cemetery, established in the early 1900s as a segregated cemetery, is the oldest African-American cemetery in Pinellas County. Located on approximately five acres of land, the cemetery reflects the social . . . Map (db m53993) HM
232 Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, Historic District - North — 25-54 — The Georgia Civil Rights Trail: The Savannah Protest Movement
On East Broughton Street east of Abercorn Street, on the left when traveling west.
On March 16, 1960, black students led by the NAACP Youth Council staged sit-ins at white-only lunch counters in eight downtown stores. Three students, Carolyn Quilloin, Ernest Robinson, and Joan Tyson, were arrested in the Azalea Room here at . . . Map (db m132898) HM
233 Georgia, Glynn County, Jekyll Island — The Dolphin Motor HotelHistoric St. Andrews Beach
Near South Beachview Drive, 2.3 miles south of Jekyll Island Causeway (Georgia Route 520), on the left when traveling south.
The St. Andrews Beach Corporation formed in early 1956 to build a motel and restaurant here on Jekyll Island's once segregated South End. The company included many successful black business owners from Brunswick. In partnership with the Jekyll . . . Map (db m115139) HM
234 Georgia, Morgan County, Madison — Early Academies
On West Central Avenue at Academy Street, on the right when traveling north on West Central Avenue.
Early academies were private, state chartered institutions. Only a year after the town founding in 1809, commissioners were appointed to organize Morgan County's first academy, officially incorporated as the Madison Academy in 1815. Both male and . . . Map (db m109714) HM
235 Indiana, Howard County, Kokomo, Downtown — EducationDr. Martin Luther King Jr.
On North Apperson Way at North Lafountain Street, on the left when traveling north on North Apperson Way.
Martin Luther King, Jr. attended segregated schools in Atlanta, Ga. He skipped the ninth and the 12th grades. He graduated at the age of 15 and attended Morehouse College in Atlanta. He earned a BA in Sociology (1948), a Bachelor's of Divinity . . . Map (db m231946) HM
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236 Indiana, Howard County, Kokomo, Downtown — Sit-ins, 1960-61Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
On North Apperson Way at North Lafountain Street, on the left when traveling north on North Apperson Way.
Four young college students initiated these protests in Greensboro, NC. After buying items in F.W. Woolworth's store, they sat down at the segregated lunch counter and were refused service. Sit-ins spread across the South involving high school . . . Map (db m231950) HM
237 Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis, Meridian Highland — 49.2019.3 — Lt. Col. Joseph H. Ward, M.D.1872-1956
On West 21st Street at Boulevard Place, on the right when traveling west on West 21st Street.
African American surgeon and hospital administrator Joseph Ward moved to Indianapolis and practiced medicine by the 1890s. Barred from treating black patients in City Hospital, he opened Ward’s Sanitarium and Nurses’ Training School on Indiana . . . Map (db m231525) HM
238 Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis, Ransom Place — 49.2022.5 — Felrath Hines, Jr.
On Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. Street at 11th Street, on the right when traveling south on Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. Street.
Black abstract painter Samuel Felrath Hines, Jr. was born in Indianapolis in 1913. He graduated from segregated Crispus Attucks High School in 1931. Trained at the Art Institute of Chicago, Hines moved to New York City, where he became immersed in . . . Map (db m231530) HM
239 Indiana, Monroe County, Bloomington — 53.2005.1 — The Colored School
On 6th Street, on the right when traveling east.
By 1874, what has been known as the Colored School opened in Center School here at Sixth and Washington Streets to serve African-American elementary students of Bloomington. An 1869 law had mandated education of colored children, with a separate . . . Map (db m47674) HM
240 Iowa, Scott County, Davenport, Downtown Davenport — The Natatorium — Davenport Civil Rights History Walking Tour —
Near West River Drive (Business U.S. 61) at North Main Street, on the right when traveling east.
The Natatorium public swimming pool, pictured above, located here from 1922-1977, was one of Davenport's public facilities successfully integrated during the Civil Rights Movement. In the later 1950s, members of Davenport's African-American . . . Map (db m202147) HM
241 Kentucky, Calloway County, Murray — 2191 — Desegregation of Murray State College
Near North 15th Street at Olive Boulevard, on the left when traveling north.
Shortly after the historic U. S. Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education, et. al. decision, Murray State College "with all deliberate speed," welcomed Mary Ford Holland of Kuttawa, Ky., as a student in the summer of 1955. Holland's . . . Map (db m179582) HM
242 Kentucky, Jefferson County, Louisville, Portland — 2533 — Landmark Civil Rights Victory
On North 37th Street at Pflanz Avenue, on the right when traveling north on North 37th Street.
In 1914, the Louisville Board of Aldermen passed an ordinance prohibiting a person of one race from living on a block where the majority of residents were of another race. In response, Nat'l Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) . . . Map (db m161704) HM
243 Kentucky, Whitley County, Williamsburg — 1702 — Roy Martis Chappell1921-2002
On S 2nd Street.
Side 1 A Williamsburg native and Ky. State Univ. student, he was a World War II Tuskegee Airman and B-25 navigator and bombardier. He participated in the 1945 "Freemen Mutiny" where 101 black officers fought inequality by entering a . . . Map (db m74178) HM
244 Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, Navarre — 2 — Holt Cemetery2
On Buddy Bolden Place north of City Park Avenue when traveling north.
While Holt Cemetery was never formally designated as racially segregated, legal restrictions on racial mixing - in life and death - became more rigorously enforced in New Orleans after the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision. In the . . . Map (db m163959) HM
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245 Louisiana, St. Landry Parish, Opelousas — J.S. Clark High School
On East Landry Street near South Academy Street.
The J.S. Clark walkway is a tribute to J.S. Clark High School, its faculty, staff, students and the people of Opelousas, Louisiana.J.S. Clark High School was an endemic institution located at 1100 E. Leo Street in Opelousas, Louisiana. The school . . . Map (db m108010) HM
246 Louisiana, Washington Parish, Bogalusa — Robert "Bob" Hicks/ Robert "Bob" Hicks Street(Feb. 20, 1929 - Apr. 13, 2010)
On East Robert "Bob" Hicks Street at Marx Avenue, on the right on East Robert "Bob" Hicks Street.
Side 1 Fueled by discriminatory practices & violent intimidation that permeated his community, threatened his family & friends, Mr. Hicks developed an unquenchable thirst for justice & equality. He "sparked the spirits" of people & . . . Map (db m103257) HM
247 Maryland, Baltimore, Fort McHenry — Living Memorials
On East Fort Avenue.
Memorials closely reflect the attitudes and ideals of the people who placed them, more than the historic events they were designed to commemorate. The original grove of Japanese Cherry Trees before you was planted in 1931, the same year "The Star . . . Map (db m180364) HM
248 Maryland, Frederick County, Frederick — Saints Street
Near West All Saints Street near South Court Street & Ice Street.
"Saints Street was to Blacks — 'What's Happening now.'" — Adelaide Hall, 1995 For many decades preceding the civil rights movement, Saints Street was the commercial and social center within a segregated Frederick, boasting a . . . Map (db m107199) HM
249 Maryland, Montgomery County, Rockville — 8 — Jerusalem - Mt. Pleasant Church and Parsonage21 & 17 Wood Lane — Rockville's African American Heritage Walking Tour
On Wood Lane. Reported permanently removed.
Racial tensions between African American and white church members peaked immediately before the Civil War. Pro-slavery parishioners joined the M. E. Church South in 1863. By 1868 the predominately African American M. E. Church North owned this . . . Map (db m32146) HM
250 Maryland, Montgomery County, Rockville — 11 — Mr. T'sLocation: 200 Block of North Washington Street — Rockville's African American Heritage Walking Tour —
On North Washington Street just south of Beall Avenue, on the right when traveling north.
Taverns in Rockville were the only businesses that were allowed to remain segregated as an exemption to the 1962 city law against discrimination in public places. Mr. T's initially sold ice cream, lunches and candy. In the evening, it was a . . . Map (db m174775) HM
251 Michigan, Ingham County, Lansing — Joe Louis Barrow
Near North Washington Square, on the right when traveling north.
Joe Louis learned to box as a teenager at Detroit’s Brewster Recreation Center. With power in both hands and great strength, Louis quickly rose through the amateur ranks and turned pro in 1934. He won the world heavyweight title in 1937 at the . . . Map (db m103682) HM
252 Michigan, Oakland County, Pontiac — Pontiac's Coach BuildersThe Proud History of UAW Local 594
On South Saginaw Street at West Pike Street, on the right when traveling south on South Saginaw Street.
Pontiac was the world's capital of coach manufacturing and United Automobile Workers (UAW) Local 594 was the largest truck and coach union local in the world. General Motors (GM) began building coaches in Pontiac as early as 1928 and Local 594 . . . Map (db m174277) HM
253 Mississippi, Madison County, Canton — 21 — Madison County Movement — Mississippi Freedom Trail —
On North Liberty Street (U.S. 51) at West Peace Street (State Highway 22), on the left when traveling north on North Liberty Street.
(front) CORE Activists David Dennis, Matheo Suarez, and George Raymond opened a Madison County office in 1963 to register black voters, the majority in white~controlled Canton. Co~directors Raymond and Suarez were joined by Annie Devine and . . . Map (db m105553) HM
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254 Missouri, Phelps County, Rolla — "Black" USO(United Service Organization) — Rolla —
On West 9th Street just east of North Pine Street, on the right when traveling east.
"The USO had a substantial operation in Rolla during World War Two, serving thousands of soldiers on leave looking for recreation and an opportunity to get away from military life at Fort "Lost-in-the-Woods". The need for appropriate, and . . . Map (db m186162) HM
255 Missouri, Phelps County, Rolla — "White" USO(United Service Organization) — Rolla —
On North Rolla Street just south of West 10th Street (Missouri Highway BB), on the right when traveling south.
"The USO had a substantial operation in Rolla during World War Two, serving thousands of soldiers on leave looking for recreation and an opportunity to get away from military life at Fort "Lost-in-the-Woods". The need for appropriate, and . . . Map (db m139756) HM
256 Missouri, St. Louis, Downtown West — Montford Point Marines of St. LouisEstablished 1942
On Doctor Martin Luther King Drive (Missouri Route D) west of North 20th Street, on the right when traveling east.
This is dedicated to the men of the Montford Point Marines from St. Louis, Missouri. Montford Point Marine Base was established in 1942 at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. The base was a segregated basic training camp for blacks after President . . . Map (db m215431) HM
257 New Mexico, Curry County, Clovis — Ida O. JacksonEducator — (1890-1960) —
On West Grand Avenue at Alphon Street, on the right when traveling east on West Grand Avenue.
Clovis schools were segregated when Ida O. Jackson arrived from Texas in 1926 to teach African-American youth. Starting with two students in Bethlehem Baptist Church, she encouraged early education and by 1935 taught 35 students in a one-room . . . Map (db m246804) HM
258 New York, New York County, Manhattan, Central Harlem — Dorrance Brooks Square.038 acre
On West 137th Street at St. Nicholas Avenue, on the left when traveling west on West 137th Street. Reported unreadable.
Dorrance Brooks (d. 1918) was an African American soldier who died in France shortly before the end of World War I. A native of Harlem and the son of a Civil War veteran, Brooks was a Private First Class in the 15th Infantry. In World War I, . . . Map (db m210006) HM
259 Ohio, Miami County, Piqua — 4-55 — Piqua's Early African-American Heritage
On Main Street, on the right when traveling north.
Side A: Piqua's Early African-American Heritage African-American history began in Piqua with the settlement of Arthur Davis in 1818 and expanded with the settlement of the freed Randolph slaves of Virginia in 1846. African-American . . . Map (db m17147) HM
260 South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston, South of Broad — 10 100 — Constitutional Convention of 1868
On Meeting Street near Broad Street, on the right when traveling south.
In January 1868 delegates met to rewrite the S.C. Constitution. They convened at the Charleston Club House, which once stood near here. Before the Civil War the Club House was reserved for Charleston's planter elite, but a majority of the delegates . . . Map (db m115228) HM
261 South Carolina, Richland County, Columbia, Midtown - Downtown — 'We Kept the Fire Going'Student Activism in Columbia's Civil Rights Movement — Our Story Matters —
On Main Street south of Hampton Street, on the right when traveling south.
On February 1, 1960, four African American students at North Carolina A&T University in Greensboro sat at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter and requested service. Their simple demand for equality ignited a generation and intensified the . . . Map (db m223585) HM
262 South Carolina, York County, Fort Mill — 46-68 — George Fish School
On Steele Street (State Highway 270) just south of Avery Street, on the right when traveling south.
This was the site of Fort Mill's longest operating school dedicated to African Americans. Built on a 4-acre parcel acquired in 1925, the brick school opened in 1926 and cost $12,200, a portion of which was paid by the Julius Rosenwald Fund. The . . . Map (db m175647) HM
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263 Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, Fisk/Meharry — 3A 236 — Nashville Student Movement Office
On Jefferson Street, 0.1 miles east of 21st Avenue North, on the right when traveling east.
This intersection marks the location of the former headquarters of the Nashville Student Movement (NSM) established October 1959. Led by students committed to the ethos of direct action and civil disobedience, as taught by the Reverend James Lawson, . . . Map (db m147893) HM
264 Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga — Chattanooga Baseball — Engel Stadium
Near Engel Drive.
Located at the corner of O'Neal and East Third streets adjacent to Warner Park, Lincoln Park, and Fort Wood, Engel Stadium stands on the site of Andrews Field where baseball had been played since around 1910. Constructed in only 63 working days . . . Map (db m167767) HM
265 Tennessee, Montgomery County, Clarksville — 3C 81 — Steve Enloe Wylie1911-1993
On Tennessee Route 76 at Patrick Street, on the right when traveling west on State Route 76.
Born May 7, 1911 in Clarksville, Tennessee, and reared on Cedar Street, Steve Enloe Wylie, attended segregated Burt School for both his primary and secondary education. While attending school, he played semi-pro baseball for the Clarksville Stars . . . Map (db m148358) HM
266 Texas, Dallas County, Dallas, Lake Highlands — 14881 — Lake Highlands Elementary School
On Ferndale Road, on the right when traveling south.
Opening in 1955, Lake Highlands Elementary School has served this area for more than 50 years. Prior to 1955, public education in the area was limited to Little Egypt School for black students and Rogers School, which closed in 1929 when it was . . . Map (db m151559) HM
267 Texas, Dallas County, Dallas, Old East Dallas — 16122 — William Sidney Pittman
On North Good Latimer Expressway, on the right when traveling north.
Pioneer African American architect William Sidney Pittman was born in Montgomery, Alabama on April 21, 1875. Pittman attended segregated public schools in Montgomery and Birmingham before enrolling at the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute . . . Map (db m158474) HM
268 Texas, Denton County, Denton — 17150 — Cooper Creek Cemetery
On Fishtrap Road near Copper Creek Road, on the left when traveling east.
This burial ground is one of the last remaining remnants of a small rural community that dates back to before the Civil War. Settlers, including the Farris and Skaggs families, came to northeast Denton County in the 1860s. Like many rural areas, . . . Map (db m184545) HM
269 Texas, Goliad County, Goliad — 17201 — William Rubio Carbajal
On North Church Street, 0.2 miles south of West Ward Street, on the right when traveling north.
The first Mexican American to attend and graduate from Goliad High School was William Rubio Carbajal. The effort to get him admitted to the high school and receive the same education as Anglo Americans was an important struggle for Mexican Americans . . . Map (db m192203) HM
270 Texas, Henderson County, Athens — 18531 — Bruce Field
On Royal Street at Dull Averiette Street, on the right when traveling east on Royal Street.
As the focal point of Athens schools and athletics, Bruce Field has served the community since 1922. Bruce Academy, a leading educational institution at the turn of the 20th century, was established in 1898. Both the school and sports field on the . . . Map (db m247190) HM
271 Texas, Kerr County, Kerrville — 17751 — The Famous Door Cafe
On Barnett Street, 0.1 miles north of Webster Avenue.
The Famous Door served the African American community in Kerrville for seventy years as a café, grocery store, and most prominently, as a dance hall. Henry Kelley established his café and grocery in the 1920s, at a time when Jim Crow laws . . . Map (db m162395) HM
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272 Texas, Uvalde County, Uvalde — 17070 — Nicolas Street School
On Silvestre Street at Nicolas Street, on the left when traveling west on Silvestre Street.
The Nicolas Street School, built in 1938, is the only surviving school to tell the story of African-American education in Uvalde. Mrs. T.B. "Susie" Harris, who came to Uvalde to teach at the Oak Street School in 1912, was integral in the . . . Map (db m230611) HM
273 Virginia, Accomack County, Parksley — The Hopeton Passenger StationEastern Shore Railway Museum
On Dunne Avenue at County Road T-1804, on the right when traveling south on Dunne Avenue.
The Hopeton Passenger Station was donated to the Town of Parksley in 1988 by Nancy Shields for use as a museum. It has been relocated on the foundation of the 1906 Parksley Station and restored through the efforts of the Friends of the Eastern . . . Map (db m165088) HM
274 Virginia, Alexandria, Old Town West — The First Parker-Gray SchoolAlexandria Heritage Trail — City of Alexandria, est. 1749 —
On Wythe Street just east of North Patrick Street (U.S. 1), on the right when traveling west.
Enforced racial segregation in Alexandria meant separate, poorly funded schools for the City's African American students. Here, in the African American neighborhood then known as Uptown, a new school was built in 1920 at 901 Wythe Street for . . . Map (db m182228) HM
275 Virginia, Alexandria, Southwest Quadrant — Douglass Cemeterycirca, 1827
On Wilkes Street, 0.1 miles west of South Payne Street, on the right when traveling west.
The Douglass Cemetery Association was founded in 1895 as a non-denominational, segregated cemetery for Alexandria's African American community. The Douglass Cemetery is named in memory of Frederick Douglass, who was an American abolitionist, . . . Map (db m140586) HM
276 Virginia, Arlington County, Arlington, Green Valley — Drew School
Near South 23rd Street at South Kenmore Street, on the left when traveling west.
In 1945 a new segregated elementary school was built for Arlington’s African American population in the Green Valley, now Nauck, neighborhood. It was the only Arlington school to be built in the Art Moderne architectural style. Originally called . . . Map (db m69192) HM
277 Virginia, Charlottesville, Fry's Spring — NAACP Civil Rights Victory: Integration of Johnson School, 1962
On Cherry Avenue, 0.1 miles east of Rainier Road, on the right when traveling east.
In 1962, Johnson Elementary School became the third Charlottesville public school to desegregate due to a lawsuit brought by the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Initially, to avoid court-ordered . . . Map (db m170144) HM
278 Virginia, Fredericksburg — Freedom Riders Challenge a Nation — Trail to Freedom —
On Princess Anne Street (Business U.S. 17) at Wolfe Street, on the right when traveling south on Princess Anne Street.
"Anyone who said he wasn't afraid during the civil rights movement was either a liar or without imagination. I was scared all the time. My hands didn't shake but inside I was shaking." -James Farmer, Co-Founder and Director of the Congress . . . Map (db m182645) HM
279 Virginia, Petersburg — McKenney House
On South Sycamore Street (Alternate U.S. 301) at Marshall Street, on the left when traveling south on South Sycamore Street.
The McKenney House was originally constructed as a residence for Mayor John Dodson in 1859. It was the residence of Confederate General William Mahone after the Civil War. The property was purchased by William R. McKenney in early 1911. The McKenney . . . Map (db m17652) HM
280 Virginia, Richmond, Capitol District — Virginia Civil Rights Memorial
Near North 11th Street near Capitol Street.
On April 23, 1951, 16-year-old Barbara Johns and several fellow students led a strike to protest the deplorable conditions at their racially segregated Prince Edward County school. The Rev. L. Francis Griffin united parents in support of the strike . . . Map (db m25310) HM
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281 Virginia, Richmond, Virginia Union — Martin E. Gray Hall
Near West Graham Road west of Brook Road, on the left when traveling west.
Martin E. Gray Hall was named for a church deacon from Willoughby, Ohio who donated $25,000 toward construction of the building. Built in 1899, it was the original dining hall and one of nine buildings constructed by New York architect John Hopper . . . Map (db m133697) HM

282 Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham — F6 — The First Bethel BombingMarch Route for Moral Justice — Birmingham Civil Rights Heritage Trail —
On 29th Avenue North west of 33rd Street North, on the left when traveling west.
In November 1956, the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed segregated buses in Montgomery, handing the bus boycott and the growing Civil Rights Movement a major victory. As a result, Rev. Shuttlesworth led the ACMHR to target Birmingham's segregated . . . Map (db m189098) HM
283 Alabama, Mobile County, Mobile — Judge Virgil Pittman / Wiley L. Bolden, Sr.
On St Joseph Street at St. Louis Street, on the right when traveling south on St Joseph Street.
Judge Virgil Pittman Thomas Virgil Pittman was born on March 28, 1916, in Enterprise AL. He graduated from the University of Alabama, in 1939 and its School of Law, in 1940. In June 1966, President Lyndon Johnson nominated, and the U.S. . . . Map (db m240387) HM
284 Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery — 9 — Judge Frank M. Johnson: Judicial Fairness in the Age of SegregationMolton and Montgomery Streets — Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail —
On Montgomery Street at Catoma Street, on the right when traveling south on Montgomery Street.
Following two attempted marches from Selma in 1965 civil rights leaders turned to the federal courts for legal protection prior to the Selma To Montgomery March. Federal District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., appointed by President . . . Map (db m91321) HM
285 Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, Washington Park — The Smiths: A Civil Rights Family
On Second Street west of Tulane Street, on the right when traveling west.
In this house, built in 1948, Frank and Alberta Smith raised their six children. Through their activism and participation in two landmark suits, members of the Smith family played critical roles in the Civil Rights Movement. The family attended St. . . . Map (db m223847) HM
286 Florida, St. Lucie County, Fort Pierce — 8 — A.E. “Beanie” Backus Studio — Zora Neale Hurston Dust Tracks Heritage Trail —
On A E Backus Avenue at North 2nd Street, on the right when traveling west on A E Backus Avenue.
A.E. “Beanie” Backus Studio, 122 Backus Avenue Zora Neale Hurston was a friend and guest of Ft. Pierce native, A.E. "Beanie" Backus, who painted Florida landscapes for over 50 years. Born in 1906, Beanie was largely self taught and painted . . . Map (db m202636) HM
287 Kansas, Franklin County, Ottawa — Main Street, 500 Block South and City ParkHistoric Ottawa Tour Stop 7
On Main Street at 5th Street, on the right when traveling south on Main Street.
The Schools at 5th and Main: Ottawa's first school house was built at 3rd and Walnut where a city parking lot now stands. It suffered a tornado and an earthquake, and cracks appeared in the brick walls. Besides those problems, the population . . . Map (db m67628) HM
288 Maryland, Prince George's County, College Park — Lakeland at the Beginning
On Lake Artemesia Trail west of Luther Goldman Birding Trail, on the left when traveling north.
Land developer Edwin Newman surveyed, mapped and developed what is now known as the community of Lakeland. The town was built on the banks of Lake Artemesia, a man made "beautiful lake which is to form a delightful feature of its [Lakeland's] . . . Map (db m115134) HM
289 North Carolina, Wayne County, Goldsboro — F-61 — Cherry Hospital
On Old Smithfield Road (State Highway 581) 0.5 miles north of West Ash Street /Stevens Mill Road, on the left when traveling north.
Opened by state in 1880 for black citizens with mental illness. Named in 1959 for R. Gregg Cherry, governor, 1945-49. Open to all races since 1965.Map (db m65498) HM
290 Ohio, Franklin County, Columbus, Downtown — Engine House No. 16
On North 4th Street (U.S. 23) at East Chestnut Street, on the right when traveling north on North 4th Street.
has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the InteriorMap (db m248136) HM
291 Virginia, Arlington County, Arlington, Court House — Korean War
On Clarendon Boulevard just east of Washington Boulevard, on the right when traveling west.
Arlington During the Conflict By the mid-20th century, there was an overwhelming housing and transportation problem in Arlington County as the population more than doubled from 57,040 in 1940 to 135,449 in 1950. Thousands moved to . . . Map (db m236047) HM

292 Alabama, Autauga County, Prattville — Happy Hollow
On East Sixth Street, 0.4 miles east of North Northington Street, on the right when traveling west.
Known as Fair Road, Sixth Street from Northington Street to the big curve was called “Happy Hollow”. The road went to the Fair home place but also curved right, into Warren Circle. Here stood a small frame church where the congregation’s . . . Map (db m70800) HM
293 Alabama, Dale County, Pinckard — The Mack M. Matthews School
On Randolph Street, 0.3 miles north of West Hwy 134 East (Alabama Route 134), on the right when traveling north.
Front The original part of this building was home to one of the oldest African American schools in Dale County. In 1949 on this site, the new building for the Pinckard Colored School was constructed and Mack M. Matthews became its . . . Map (db m115029) HM
294 Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham — Bishop Calvin Wallace Woods, Sr.Civil Rights Pioneer and Pastor
On 6th Avenue North west of 17th Street North, on the left when traveling west. Reported damaged.
Civil rights activist and pastor, the Rev. Calvin Wallace Woods Sr. was born in Birmingham in 1933. The son of a Baptist preacher, Woods attended historic miles college and various seminary institutions. He distinguished himself as a leader during . . . Map (db m187533) HM
295 Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham — D3 — Little Lady Can ReadMarch Route for Education — Birmingham Civil Rights Heritage Trail —
On Park Place east of Richard Arrington Jr Boulevard North, on the left when traveling east.
Immediately after the Civil War, Northern church groups funded by sympathetic Whites rushed to the South to start elementary schools and colleges to educate freed slaves. Soon afterward, Blacks took the lead in educating their own children. . . . Map (db m187635) HM
296 Alabama, Macon County, Tuskegee — The Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital
On Hospital Road, 1.4 miles north of East Water Street (Route 81), on the right when traveling north. Reported missing.
The Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital (VA), established in 1923, is significant as the first VA hospital in the nation to be administered by an all African American medical staff. After WWI, African American veterans found it difficult . . . Map (db m101900) HM
297 Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery — Bell Street Baptist Church
On Oak Street at Robinson Street, on the right when traveling north on Oak Street.
Bell Street Baptist Church was organized on August 12, 1883. Under the leadership of Rev. A. L. Hawkins, the early congregation met in a house in Cooks Alley. In 1922, during Rev. G. R. Hill’s tenure, the congregation moved to a building on . . . Map (db m245431) HM
298 Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery — Union Chapel A.M.E. Zion ChurchMontgomery County
On Old Wetumpka Highway (County Road 74) 0.2 miles south of Brooks Road, on the left when traveling south.
In 1881, former slaves Gadson Draw, Frank Felder, Eli Madison, Kate Marshall, and Killis Marshall founded this church. Rev. Solomon S. Seay, Sr., pastor from 1928-1929, was a stalwart in the Civil Rights Movement and served as the third president of . . . Map (db m158657) HM
299 Arkansas, Washington County, Fayetteville — Silas Herbert Hunt
On North Campus Walk south of West Maple Street, on the left when traveling south.
Silas Herbert Hunt pioneered the integration of higher education in Arkansas and the South, enrolling at the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1948 and becoming the first African-American student to successfully seek admission to a Southern . . . Map (db m224346) HM
300 District of Columbia, Washington, Northeast Washington, Atlas District — 6 — The Iceman's ArenaHub, Home, Heart — Greater H Street NE Heritage Trail
On M Street Northeast at 3rd Street Northeast, on the right when traveling west on M Street Northeast. Reported missing.
Uline Arena was built in 1941 by ice maker Mike Uline to present ice skating, hocky, basketball, and tennis. The Dutch immigrant, originally named Migiel Uihlein, had made a fortune patenting ice production equipment and selling ice from his . . . Map (db m71683) HM

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Jun. 17, 2024