After the Civil War, Manassas was segregated by race in all facets of life. Navigating the restrictions of the law and social customs, local Black residents, many of them newly freed from slavery, established their own businesses. When enslaved, . . . — — Map (db m214263) HM
The earliest story on record of educating local African American students began ca. 1869, when the Manassas Village Colored School opened on the corner of Liberty and Prince William Streets. This two-room frame structure was a private school, . . . — — Map (db m214238) HM
In Prince William County, 102 African American men served in the Army during World War I. Most Black soldiers were spread across a variety of supply and engineering units that included farriers, truck drivers, and laborers that built bridges, . . . — — Map (db m214266) HM
Some of the most significant contributions made by Northeast and Northwest residents were in the advancement of civil rights.
A. J. Oliver was a 19th century pioneer in law and the first black attorney in Roanoke. Born during the Civil War, he . . . — — Map (db m143000) HM
Salmon canning stimulated economic development on this coast. North Pacific is the oldest West Coast cannery still standing. From here the Bell-Irving family shipped high quality salmon directly to England before 1900. Typical of most canneries in . . . — — Map (db m9203) HM
Built 1999, SW corner of 4th Ave. N. & 18th St. N.
Urban Impact worked with artist Ronald McDowell who wanted
to create a public park along Fourth Avenue to honor Eddie
Kendricks, Birmingham native and a lead singer of the
legendary Motown . . . — — Map (db m188036) HM
Bill Traylor was born into an enslaved family on a Dallas County plantation. Around age ten, Traylor and his family were relocated to another plantation in neighboring Lowndes County, where they remained as laborers after Emancipation. Between 1939 . . . — — Map (db m205231) HM
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Louis McCauley Parks was arrested on this site for refusing the order of city bus driver J. F. Blake to vacate her seat under the segregation laws of the Jim Crow era. She was taken to police headquarters at City Hall for . . . — — Map (db m91286) HM
Grand Ave. School was founded in 1928 as a grammar school, grades one through eight, for the African American children of Nogales. In 1943 the school's name was changed to Frank A. Reed in honor of a former student, Frank A. Reed, who died in . . . — — Map (db m27113) HM
Barlow completed his high school studies in Hartford in 1933. He continued on to Howard University, where he served as senior class president, and received his degree with honors in 1939.
He served in a segregated Army regiment in the . . . — — Map (db m230475) HM
The industrial expansion of Brandywine Hundred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was largely reflective of national trends in the growth and development of heavy industry. As large corporations moved to locations outside of major cities, . . . — — Map (db m154138) HM
Constructed 1924-25. Also known as the Green Street School. Prominent in United States history as the first public high school in the 17 segregated states to be legally integrated.
In January 1951, eight black students applied for admission. Due . . . — — Map (db m14705) HM
The Federal Housing Act of 1949 established a goal of “a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family.” However, a segregated housing market put this goal beyond the reach of African American veterans. In that year, . . . — — Map (db m92289) HM
The inadequate condition of schools throughout the nation resulted in a major effort to reform public education following World War I. Delaware was at the forefront of this movement. With the assistance of the Delaware Auxiliary Association and its . . . — — Map (db m193781) HM
On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown v. Board of Education, declaring racially segregated public schools unconstitutional. In August 1954, a petition was submitted to the Milford Board of Education requesting . . . — — Map (db m142583) HM
With its view of the Capitol and Senate office buildings, and with the Library of Congress and the Supreme Court just a short stroll away, Union Station truly is the gateway to the heart of the nation's government. The station is also where . . . — — Map (db m71679) HM
Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church was founded in the District of Columbia in 1838. It is the oldest A.M.E. church and the oldest continuously black-owned property in Washington, D.C. - the Nation's Capital. The church . . . — — Map (db m18028) HM
James Wormley, born a free African American in 1819, worked in his family's Hackney carriage business and became a prominent businessman and advocate for education. Georgetown spent $70 on African American education in 1862. After the war, the . . . — — Map (db m234902) HM
The 1885 Florida Constitution mandated the segregated education of black and white students in public schools. In 1891, the American Missionary Association (AMA) opened the private Orange Park Normal and Industrial School at this site to educate . . . — — Map (db m150638) HM
Although still segregated, America’s armed forces were comprised of more than 100,000 Black Floridians serving around the world. As depicted in this panel, they served in all branches of the service and in many roles within each branch. Black . . . — — Map (db m178700) HM WM
In 1901, one of the largest and most advanced southern pine sawmills east of the Mississippi River was built here. In the tradition of the era, the Alger-Sullivan Lumber Company built its own town to house and supply the families of mill workers. By . . . — — Map (db m120557) HM
In 1909, cigar manufacturer J.W. Roberts and Sons Company moved into an abandoned cigar factory on Garcia Avenue and Green Street. The neighborhood, bordered on the north and east by the Hillsborough River, on the south by Cass Street, and on the . . . — — Map (db m93416) HM
The Scrub, once Tampa's oldest and largest African American neighborhood, traces its history to just after the Civil War, when newly-freed enslaved people built homes in a scrub palmetto thicket just to the northeast of the Town of Tampa. The heart . . . — — Map (db m229519) HM
The Witherspoon Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, No. 111, is one of Florida’s oldest functioning African American lodges. Established in 1898, it followed the tradition of Prince Hall (1735-1807), who opposed racial oppression in Colonial New . . . — — Map (db m72772) HM
In 1944, the City of Miami hired its first five black police officers who were sworn in as "emergency patrolmen" to enforce the law in what was then called the Central Negro District. These stalwart men were Ralph White, Moody Hall, Clyde Lee, . . . — — Map (db m228930) HM
Miami Shores Community Church, a member of the United Church of Christ, is the oldest church in Miami Shores. The Shoreland Company, the developers of Miami Shores, built the building in 1925 as a pump house and fire station. The original . . . — — Map (db m229336) HM
American Beach was established in 1935 under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln Lewis, one of seven co-founders of the Afro-American Life Insurance Company, and one of Florida’s first black millionaires. His vision was to create a beach resort as a . . . — — Map (db m58868) HM
Cinquez Park commemorates the resilient history of one of the oldest African American settlements in Palm Beach County. Beginning in 1904, more than 15 pioneer families from north Florida and South Carolina settled in central Jupiter, homesteading . . . — — Map (db m146224) HM
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot was built in 1927 and used for a passenger and freight services. This structure represents the architectural style of the early 1900s; large extended eaves, outdoor platforms, segregated waiting rooms.
This . . . — — Map (db m41501) HM
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACLR) Depot was built in 1927 and was used as a station/depot for passenger service and for shipping citrus, produce and other goods, thereby stimulating economic development and residential settlement. Railroad . . . — — Map (db m41458) HM
Rose Cemetery, also known as Rose Hill Cemetery, established in the early 1900s as a segregated cemetery, is the oldest African-American cemetery in Pinellas County. Located on approximately five acres of land, the cemetery reflects the social . . . — — Map (db m53993) HM
On March 16, 1960, black students led by the NAACP Youth Council staged sit-ins at white-only lunch counters in eight downtown stores. Three students, Carolyn Quilloin, Ernest Robinson, and Joan Tyson, were arrested in the Azalea Room here at . . . — — Map (db m132898) HM
The St. Andrews Beach Corporation formed in early 1956 to build a motel and restaurant here on Jekyll Island's once segregated South End. The company included many successful black business owners from Brunswick. In partnership with the Jekyll . . . — — Map (db m115139) HM
Early academies were private, state chartered institutions. Only a year after the town founding in 1809, commissioners were appointed to organize Morgan County's first academy, officially incorporated as the Madison Academy in 1815. Both male and . . . — — Map (db m109714) HM
Martin Luther King, Jr. attended segregated schools in Atlanta, Ga. He skipped the ninth and the 12th grades. He graduated at the age of 15 and attended Morehouse College in Atlanta. He earned a BA in Sociology (1948), a Bachelor's of Divinity . . . — — Map (db m231946) HM
Four young college students initiated these protests in Greensboro, NC. After buying items in F.W. Woolworth's store, they sat down at the segregated lunch counter and were refused service. Sit-ins spread across the South involving high school . . . — — Map (db m231950) HM
African American surgeon and hospital administrator Joseph Ward moved to Indianapolis and practiced medicine by the 1890s. Barred from treating black patients in City Hospital, he opened Ward’s Sanitarium and Nurses’ Training School on Indiana . . . — — Map (db m231525) HM
Black abstract painter Samuel Felrath Hines, Jr. was born in Indianapolis in 1913. He graduated from segregated Crispus Attucks High School in 1931. Trained at the Art Institute of Chicago, Hines moved to New York City, where he became immersed in . . . — — Map (db m231530) HM
By 1874, what has been known as the Colored School opened in Center School here at Sixth and Washington Streets to serve African-American elementary students of Bloomington. An 1869 law had mandated education of colored children, with a separate . . . — — Map (db m47674) HM
The Natatorium public swimming pool, pictured above, located here from 1922-1977, was one of Davenport's public facilities successfully integrated during the Civil Rights Movement. In the later 1950s, members of Davenport's African-American . . . — — Map (db m202147) HM
Shortly after the historic U. S. Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education, et. al. decision, Murray State College "with all deliberate speed," welcomed Mary Ford Holland of Kuttawa, Ky., as a student in the summer of 1955. Holland's . . . — — Map (db m179582) HM
In 1914, the Louisville Board of Aldermen passed an ordinance prohibiting a person of one race from living on a block where the majority of residents were of another race. In response, Nat'l Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) . . . — — Map (db m161704) HM
Side 1 A Williamsburg native and Ky. State Univ. student, he was a World War II Tuskegee Airman and B-25 navigator and bombardier. He participated in the 1945 "Freemen Mutiny" where 101 black officers fought inequality by entering a . . . — — Map (db m74178) HM
While Holt Cemetery was never formally designated as racially segregated, legal restrictions on racial mixing - in life and death - became more rigorously enforced in New Orleans after the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision. In the . . . — — Map (db m163959) HM
The J.S. Clark walkway is a tribute to J.S. Clark High School, its faculty, staff, students and the people of Opelousas, Louisiana.J.S. Clark High School was an endemic institution located at 1100 E. Leo Street in Opelousas, Louisiana. The school . . . — — Map (db m108010) HM
Side 1 Fueled by discriminatory practices & violent intimidation that permeated his community, threatened his family & friends, Mr. Hicks developed an unquenchable thirst for justice & equality. He "sparked the spirits" of people & . . . — — Map (db m103257) HM
Memorials closely reflect the attitudes and ideals of the people who placed them, more than the historic events they were designed to commemorate. The original grove of Japanese Cherry Trees before you was planted in 1931, the same year "The Star . . . — — Map (db m180364) HM
"Saints Street was to Blacks — 'What's Happening now.'"
— Adelaide Hall, 1995
For many decades preceding the civil rights movement, Saints Street was the commercial and social center within a segregated Frederick, boasting a . . . — — Map (db m107199) HM
Racial tensions between African American and white church members peaked immediately before the Civil War. Pro-slavery parishioners joined the M. E. Church South in 1863. By 1868 the predominately African American M. E. Church North owned this . . . — — Map (db m32146) HM
Taverns in Rockville were the only businesses that were allowed to remain segregated as an exemption to the 1962 city law against discrimination in public places.
Mr. T's initially sold ice cream, lunches and candy. In the evening, it was a . . . — — Map (db m174775) HM
Joe Louis learned to box as a teenager at Detroit’s Brewster Recreation Center. With power in both hands and great strength, Louis quickly rose through the amateur ranks and turned pro in 1934. He won the world heavyweight title in 1937 at the . . . — — Map (db m103682) HM
Pontiac was the world's capital of coach manufacturing and United Automobile Workers (UAW) Local 594 was the largest truck and coach union local in the world. General Motors (GM) began building coaches in Pontiac as early as 1928 and Local 594 . . . — — Map (db m174277) HM
(front)
CORE Activists David Dennis, Matheo Suarez, and George Raymond opened a Madison County office in 1963 to register black voters, the majority in white~controlled Canton. Co~directors Raymond and Suarez were joined by Annie Devine and . . . — — Map (db m105553) HM
"The USO had a substantial operation in Rolla during World War Two, serving thousands of soldiers on leave looking for recreation and an opportunity to get away from military life at Fort "Lost-in-the-Woods". The need for appropriate, and . . . — — Map (db m186162) HM
"The USO had a substantial operation in Rolla during World War Two, serving thousands of soldiers on leave looking for recreation and an opportunity to get away from military life at Fort "Lost-in-the-Woods". The need for appropriate, and . . . — — Map (db m139756) HM
This is dedicated to the men of the Montford Point Marines from St. Louis, Missouri. Montford Point Marine Base was established in 1942 at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. The base was a segregated basic training camp for blacks after President . . . — — Map (db m215431) HM
Clovis schools were segregated when Ida O. Jackson arrived from Texas in 1926 to teach African-American youth. Starting with two students in Bethlehem Baptist Church, she encouraged early education and by 1935 taught 35 students in a one-room . . . — — Map (db m246804) HM
Dorrance Brooks (d. 1918) was an African American soldier who died in France shortly before the end of World War I. A native of Harlem and the son of a Civil War veteran, Brooks was a Private First Class in the 15th Infantry. In World War I, . . . — — Map (db m210006) HM
Side A: Piqua's Early African-American Heritage African-American history began in Piqua with the settlement of Arthur Davis in 1818 and expanded with the settlement of the freed Randolph slaves of Virginia in 1846. African-American . . . — — Map (db m17147) HM
In January 1868 delegates met to rewrite the S.C. Constitution. They convened at the Charleston Club House, which once stood near here. Before the Civil War the Club House was reserved for Charleston's planter elite, but a majority of the delegates . . . — — Map (db m115228) HM
On February 1, 1960, four African American students at North Carolina A&T University in Greensboro sat at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter and requested service. Their simple demand for equality ignited a generation and intensified the . . . — — Map (db m223585) HM
This was the site of Fort Mill's longest operating school dedicated to African Americans. Built on a 4-acre parcel acquired in 1925, the brick school opened in 1926 and cost $12,200, a portion of which was paid by the Julius Rosenwald Fund. The . . . — — Map (db m175647) HM
This intersection marks the location of the former headquarters of the Nashville Student Movement (NSM) established October 1959. Led by students committed to the ethos of direct action and civil disobedience, as taught by the Reverend James Lawson, . . . — — Map (db m147893) HM
Located at the corner of O'Neal and East Third streets adjacent to Warner Park, Lincoln Park, and Fort Wood, Engel Stadium stands on the site of Andrews Field where baseball had been played since around 1910. Constructed in only 63 working days . . . — — Map (db m167767) HM
Born May 7, 1911 in Clarksville, Tennessee, and reared on Cedar Street, Steve Enloe Wylie, attended segregated Burt School for both his primary and secondary education. While attending school, he played semi-pro baseball for the Clarksville Stars . . . — — Map (db m148358) HM
Opening in 1955, Lake Highlands Elementary School has served this area for more than 50 years. Prior to 1955, public education in the area was limited to Little Egypt School for black students and Rogers School, which closed in 1929 when it was . . . — — Map (db m151559) HM
Pioneer African American architect William Sidney Pittman was born in Montgomery, Alabama on April 21, 1875. Pittman attended segregated public schools in Montgomery and Birmingham before enrolling at the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute . . . — — Map (db m158474) HM
This burial ground is one of the last remaining remnants of a small rural community that dates back to before the Civil War. Settlers, including the Farris and Skaggs families, came to northeast Denton County in the 1860s. Like many rural areas, . . . — — Map (db m184545) HM
The first Mexican American to attend and graduate from Goliad High School was William Rubio Carbajal. The effort to get him admitted to the high school and receive the same education as Anglo Americans was an important struggle for Mexican Americans . . . — — Map (db m192203) HM
As the focal point of Athens schools and athletics, Bruce Field has served the community since 1922. Bruce Academy, a leading educational institution at the turn of the 20th century, was established in 1898. Both the school and sports field on the . . . — — Map (db m247190) HM
The Famous Door served the African American community in Kerrville for seventy years as a café, grocery store, and most prominently, as a dance hall. Henry Kelley established his café and grocery in the 1920s, at a time when Jim Crow laws . . . — — Map (db m162395) HM
The Nicolas Street School, built in 1938, is the only surviving school to tell the story of African-American education in Uvalde. Mrs. T.B. "Susie" Harris, who came to Uvalde to teach at the Oak Street School in 1912, was integral in the . . . — — Map (db m230611) HM
The Hopeton Passenger Station was donated to the Town of Parksley in 1988 by Nancy Shields for use as a museum. It has been relocated on the foundation of the 1906 Parksley Station and restored through the efforts of the Friends of the Eastern . . . — — Map (db m165088) HM
Enforced racial segregation in Alexandria meant separate, poorly funded schools for the City's African American students. Here, in the African American neighborhood then known as Uptown, a new school was built in 1920 at 901 Wythe Street for . . . — — Map (db m182228) HM
The Douglass Cemetery Association was founded in 1895 as a non-denominational, segregated cemetery for Alexandria's African American community. The Douglass Cemetery is named in memory of Frederick Douglass, who was an American abolitionist, . . . — — Map (db m140586) HM
In 1945 a new segregated elementary school was built for Arlington’s African American population in the Green Valley, now Nauck, neighborhood. It was the only Arlington school to be built in the Art Moderne architectural style. Originally called . . . — — Map (db m69192) HM
In 1962, Johnson Elementary School became the third Charlottesville public school to desegregate due to a lawsuit brought by the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Initially, to avoid court-ordered . . . — — Map (db m170144) HM
"Anyone who said he wasn't afraid during the civil rights movement was either a liar or without imagination. I was scared all the time. My hands didn't shake but inside I was shaking."
-James Farmer, Co-Founder and Director of the Congress . . . — — Map (db m182645) HM
The McKenney House was originally constructed as a residence for Mayor John Dodson in 1859. It was the residence of Confederate General William Mahone after the Civil War. The property was purchased by William R. McKenney in early 1911. The McKenney . . . — — Map (db m17652) HM
On April 23, 1951, 16-year-old Barbara Johns and several fellow students led a strike to protest the deplorable conditions at their racially segregated Prince Edward County school. The Rev. L. Francis Griffin united parents in support of the strike . . . — — Map (db m25310) HM
Martin E. Gray Hall was named for a church deacon from Willoughby, Ohio who donated $25,000 toward construction of the building. Built in 1899, it was the original dining hall and one of nine buildings constructed by New York architect John Hopper . . . — — Map (db m133697) HM
In November 1956, the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed segregated buses
in Montgomery, handing the bus boycott and the growing Civil Rights
Movement a major victory. As a result, Rev. Shuttlesworth led the
ACMHR to target Birmingham's segregated . . . — — Map (db m189098) HM
Judge Virgil Pittman
Thomas Virgil Pittman was born on March 28, 1916, in Enterprise AL. He graduated from the University of Alabama, in 1939 and its School of Law, in 1940. In June 1966, President Lyndon Johnson nominated, and the U.S. . . . — — Map (db m240387) HM
Following two attempted marches from Selma in 1965
civil rights leaders turned to the federal courts for legal
protection prior to the Selma To Montgomery March.
Federal District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.,
appointed by President . . . — — Map (db m91321) HM
In this house, built in 1948, Frank and Alberta Smith raised their six children.
Through their activism and participation in two landmark suits, members of the Smith family played critical roles in the Civil Rights Movement. The family attended St. . . . — — Map (db m223847) HM
A.E. “Beanie” Backus Studio, 122 Backus Avenue
Zora Neale Hurston was a friend and guest of Ft. Pierce native, A.E. "Beanie" Backus, who painted Florida landscapes for over 50 years. Born in 1906, Beanie was largely self taught and painted . . . — — Map (db m202636) HM
The Schools at 5th and Main: Ottawa's first school house was built at 3rd and Walnut where a city parking lot now stands. It suffered a tornado and an earthquake, and cracks appeared in the brick walls. Besides those problems, the population . . . — — Map (db m67628) HM
Land developer Edwin Newman surveyed, mapped and developed what is now known as the community of Lakeland. The town was built on the banks of Lake Artemesia, a man made "beautiful lake which is to form a delightful feature of its [Lakeland's] . . . — — Map (db m115134) HM
Opened by state in 1880 for black citizens with mental illness. Named in 1959 for R. Gregg Cherry, governor, 1945-49. Open to all races since 1965. — — Map (db m65498) HM
Arlington During the Conflict
By the mid-20th century, there was an overwhelming housing and transportation problem in Arlington County as the population more than doubled from 57,040 in 1940 to 135,449 in 1950. Thousands moved to . . . — — Map (db m236047) HM
Known as Fair Road, Sixth Street from Northington Street to the big curve was called “Happy Hollow”. The road went to the Fair home place but also curved right, into Warren Circle. Here stood a small frame church where the congregation’s . . . — — Map (db m70800) HM
Front
The original part of this building was home to one of the oldest
African American schools in Dale County. In 1949 on this site, the
new building for the Pinckard Colored School was constructed and
Mack M. Matthews became its . . . — — Map (db m115029) HM
Civil rights activist and pastor, the Rev. Calvin Wallace Woods Sr. was born in Birmingham in 1933. The son of a Baptist preacher, Woods attended historic miles college and various seminary institutions. He distinguished himself as a leader during . . . — — Map (db m187533) HM
Immediately after the Civil War, Northern church groups funded by
sympathetic Whites rushed to the South to start elementary schools
and colleges to educate freed slaves. Soon afterward, Blacks took the
lead in educating their own children. . . . — — Map (db m187635) HM
The Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital (VA), established in 1923, is significant as the first VA hospital in the nation to be administered by an all African American medical staff.
After WWI, African American veterans found it difficult . . . — — Map (db m101900) HM
Bell Street Baptist Church was organized on August 12, 1883. Under the leadership of Rev. A. L. Hawkins, the early congregation met in a house in Cooks Alley. In 1922, during Rev. G. R. Hill’s tenure, the congregation moved to a building on . . . — — Map (db m245431) HM
In 1881, former slaves Gadson Draw, Frank Felder, Eli Madison, Kate Marshall, and Killis Marshall founded this church. Rev. Solomon S. Seay, Sr., pastor from 1928-1929, was a stalwart in the Civil Rights Movement and served as the third president of . . . — — Map (db m158657) HM
Silas Herbert Hunt pioneered the integration of higher education in Arkansas and the South, enrolling at the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1948 and becoming the first African-American student to successfully seek admission to a Southern . . . — — Map (db m224346) HM
Uline Arena was built in 1941 by ice maker Mike Uline to present ice skating, hocky, basketball, and tennis. The Dutch immigrant, originally named Migiel Uihlein, had made a fortune patenting ice production equipment and selling ice from his . . . — — Map (db m71683) HM
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