Archaeologists seek to understand people and places of the past by studying the sites and cultural remains left behind. Students from the University of Hawai'i conducted extensive excavations here between 1968 and 1970 to learn about the people of . . . — — Map (db m110325) HM
You are standing in the outlet of ancient Lake Bonneville, a vast prehistoric inland sea, of which Salt Lake is modern remnant
Covering over 20,000 square miles when it overflowed here about 14,500 years ago, its winding shoreline would have . . . — — Map (db m105831) HM
Noticeable for their distinct shapes, China Hat and nearby China Cap are rhyolite domes that intruded and pierced the basalt of the Blackfoot Lava Field. The basaltic phase of this volcanic province was active in middle Pleistocene around 500,000 . . . — — Map (db m105966) HM
Diverted into this valley by lava flows, the Bear River deposited a huge, mostly red clay delta here where it entered a vast inland sea that covered much of Utah.
About 14,500 years ago , its shoreline suddenly went down about 80 feet . . . — — Map (db m105834) HM
Idaho was a very different place during the Pliocene Epoch (three to four million years ago). Like much of the planet, this area was warmer and more humid, with annual rain fall of 20 inches. Studies of ancient pollen found in the sand and clay . . . — — Map (db m139552) HM
A trained eye, persistence - and a good deal of luck - often lead paleontologist to new fossil discoveries.
New fossil localities are discovered every year. Currently Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument monitors over 600 fossil bearing . . . — — Map (db m139609) HM
The rock layers in the bluff across the river are made of sediments - particles of sand, silt, and clay. These layers, called strata, were carried here by the ancient Snake River and were deposited as the river entered an ancient lake. This process . . . — — Map (db m139554) HM
Step back in time, three to four million years, and imagine a place were zebra-like horses, ground sloths, mastodons, and other amazing creatures roamed. Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument is filled with fossil evidence of their existence in . . . — — Map (db m139551) HM
Can you imagine mammoths walking the streets of Grangeville? Before Sept. 2, 1994, no one else could either. But on that date, a heavy equipment operator for Prairie Land and Timber, found a "big bone" when he was digging in Tolo Lake. That . . . — — Map (db m141309) HM
(Three panels outline the history of Tolo Lake)
The Nez Perce name for this lake is Tipahxlee’whum (Tepahlewam or Split Rocks). In early June 1877, five bands of Nimiipuu gathered here for their last taste of freedom before . . . — — Map (db m121267) HM
Look Up!
You're looking up at a full-size replica of the skeleton of a male Columbian mammoth. Mammoths are related to modern Asian elephants. Males stood up to 14 feet tall at the shoulders and may have weighed 10 tons. Females were . . . — — Map (db m141310) HM
Bone fragments of extinct species of ground sloth, horse, camel, and elephant found in a nearby cave mingle with weapons and radiocarbon dates from Idaho’s earliest hunters.
Archaeologists have confirmed that people camped here at least 10,000 . . . — — Map (db m62963) HM
(Lester Frank Ward panel:)
The American Aristotle
The last of ten children, Lester Frank Ward (1841-1913) was born in Joliet, at Joliet and Benton streets. His father owned a quarry at what is now the site of the Illinois State . . . — — Map (db m157403) HM
By the Way: Lewis and Clark began their famous expedition from this area on October 26, 1803.
Almost 400 million years ago, during the Devonian age, future states Indiana and Kentucky were asleep beneath a warm tropical sea, located about . . . — — Map (db m206956) HM
Dedicated in 1912, starting with approximately 600 books; collections and services have expanded to meet needs of local patrons. One of 1, 679 libraries built in U.S. with funds from philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Indiana built more Carnegie . . . — — Map (db m44694) HM
The Princeton you see today is not as it always was. Over billions of years, natural processes have drastically affected the climate, flora & fauna, & even the geographic location of what is now Princeton. Between 420 & 359 million years ago, during . . . — — Map (db m190585) HM
Nearly vertical strata found in the stone at the Kentland Crater evoke theories about either a meteorite impact or a major earthquake 65 million years ago. George Ade, popular newspaper columnist and playwright from the 1890s through the 1940s, was . . . — — Map (db m238766) HM
Iowa is underlain by bedrock layers composed of
sedimentary rocks; layers of Devonian limestone bedrock
of the Cedar Valley Group are well displayed in the Gorge.
Sedimentary rocks were formed from accumulated layers
of mud, sand or organic . . . — — Map (db m185715) HM
Over 100 million years ago, during the cretaceous era, Kansas was covered by a vast ocean. Dramatic natural features, such as the Monument Rocks, are remains of that ancient seabed.
Since the 1870s, fossil hunters have searched the chalk beds . . . — — Map (db m66099) HM
Huge continental glaciers, hundreds of feet thick, came from the north to northeastern Kansas in at least two different episodes carrying rocks, gravel, sand, and a special clay called loess to the Blue Rapids area. Our fertile soils and . . . — — Map (db m78960) HM
The age of ice made great changes in the Earth's climate. From 1.6 million to 10,000 years ago the climate chilled, glaciers formed and advanced and retreated at least twice. Advancing glaciers squeezed zones where plants, people and other . . . — — Map (db m78957) HM
The oldest rocks in Kansas can be found right here in Blue Rapids. They are called Sioux Quartzite, a metamorphosed red sandstone originally deposited as sand in riverbeds, buried, and made extremely hard by heat and pressure. This quartzite was . . . — — Map (db m78958) HM
The image on this plaque depicts your view of the Konza Prairie and the Kansas River Valley. Looking from west to southwest, the view is typical of the Flint Hills in their natural state. Due west is the floodplain of the Kansas River and to the . . . — — Map (db m80813) HM
Formed by legislative act from a part of Campbell County. Names for Daniel Boone, renowned Kentucky pioneer-explorer.
Big Boone Lick, graveyard of the mammoth, was discovered in 1729 by Capt. M. de Longueil. In 1756, Mary Inglis was brought . . . — — Map (db m61867) HM
Discovered in 1739, by the French
Capt. Charles Lemoyne de Longueil
this famous saline- sulphur spring
was frequented for thousands of
years byIndians and vast herds of
buffalo, deer and other animals.
The first English explorers found . . . — — Map (db m79060) HM
Discovered in 1739 by French Capt. Charles Lemoyne de Longueil. Early explorers found countless bones and teeth of extinct Pleistocene elephants, the mammoth and the mastodon. This saline-sulphur spring was popular for salt making until 1812: also a . . . — — Map (db m175117) HM
Lewis and Clark in Kentucky Big Bone Lick
In Oct. 1803, while traveling down Ohio River to meet Wm. Clark for expedition to Pacific, Meriwether Lewis visited Big Bone Lick. He was to gather fossilized bones for Pres. Thomas Jefferson. In . . . — — Map (db m79062) HM
Protect
The story of Mantle Rock Nature Preserve begins with its rare and fragile sandstone glades, which inspired The Nature Conservancy to protect the area. Glades are characterized by low-fertility soils in which only certain species . . . — — Map (db m174695) HM
In 1989 a surface-mining company in Tennessee unearthed this stump buried 30 feet underground. The two-ton stump measures 15 feet in circumference and almost 6 feet in diameter. Geologists from the University of Kentucky indicate this is not a . . . — — Map (db m233172) HM
Clovis and other spear point types typical of the Paleoindian period are found at Poverty Point and at other sites on Macon Ridge. They are scattered, as if the people were highly mobile, only stopping briefly as they moved across the landscape. . . . — — Map (db m110001) HM
In 1912 a Western Maryland Railway cut near Cumberland exposed a small cave. The cave, which became known as the Cumberland Bone Cave was found to contain a remarkable variety of bones from species now extinct. Paleontologists were called in from . . . — — Map (db m203720) HM
Bladensburg lies in the geologic region known as "Dinosaur Alley." It is the area on the East Coast of the United States were the greatest number of dinosaur bones have been found. Dinosaur Alley runs along the Route 1 corridor between Baltimore and . . . — — Map (db m33227) HM
Dinosaurs lived during most of the Mesozoic Era (235 to 65 million years ago), on every continent on Earth. In Maryland, each of three Mesozoic time periods in which dinosaurs live is represented in its geology -- Triassic, Jurassic, and . . . — — Map (db m67139) HM
In 1842, English scientist Sir Richard Owen coined the term "dinosaur" to describe a group of ancient reptiles that inhabited the Earth from 230 to 65 million years ago. The discovery of the first dinosaur bones and the knowledge they reveal . . . — — Map (db m67193) HM
Astrodon was a member of the group of long necked, plant-eating dinosaurs called sauropods. When fully grown, it may have exceeded 60 feet in length and weighed 20 tons.
Astrodon was discovered in 1858, right here in Prince . . . — — Map (db m188071) HM
Dinosaurs ruled the Earth during the Mesozoic Era, 252 to 66 million years ago. As a group, dinosaurs are some of the most successful dinosaurs the earth has ever known, thriving on every continent and in every conceivable habitat. Although most . . . — — Map (db m188076) HM
A Walk Through Time
As you enter Dinosaur Park you take a walk through time from the present day into Dinosaur times! Modern plants and trees give way to ginkgoes and ferns reminiscent of the early plants and tree that are fossilized here in . . . — — Map (db m67243) HM
Welcome to the most productive dinosaur fossil quarry east of the Mississippi River. From the bones and teeth of the Maryland State Dinosaur Astrodon ohnstoni to the remains of early flowering plants, the fossils found at Dinosaur Park hep . . . — — Map (db m188070) HM
This Astrodon femur (thigh bone) was discovered right here at Dinosaur Park. It is the largest dinosaur bone ever found in the eastern United States.
The Astrodon femur is just one of thousands of animal and plant fossils . . . — — Map (db m188079) HM
The Connecticut River valley has a large number of dinosaur tracks preserved in sedimentary rocks. These footprints were cast from tracks at Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut. The site was discovered in 1966 and has more than 2,000 . . . — — Map (db m186293) HM
This full-size Tyrannosaurus rex model was made in the 1960's. At that time only five T. rex skeletons had ever been found. All
were incomplete, leaving many questions about this prehistoric animal unanswered.
Tyrannosaurus rex Since then, . . . — — Map (db m176244) HM
Near this spot on April 17th, 1832, Jonathan W. Niles unearthed the first complete Anchisaurus skeleton. Niles, an employee of the Milk Row Bleachery, found the discovery while working to fill the Miller's River marsh (which now is the stretch of . . . — — Map (db m243066) HM
Spinosaurus was the world's largest carnivorous dinosaur, even larger than the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex! It is named for the giant fin on its back. The fin was probably a display feature, rather than a heating and cooling device as . . . — — Map (db m215592) HM
Ancient oceans, glaciers, and the powerful action of rivers carved the landscape of this region. Millions of years ago, Minnesota was covered by a shallow sea teeming with corals, sponges and shellfish. At the close of the Pleistocene, a time of . . . — — Map (db m228575) HM
You can see deep time in the overlook walls. Platteville limestone formed about 455 million years ago when a sea covered what we now call "Minnesota." As sea creatures died, their shells fell to the ocean floor. Building up over time, they . . . — — Map (db m229273) HM
Made up of siliceous minerals, the
11-million-year-old southern miss petrified log
was found intact rather than in fragments.
According to Dr. Bobby Irby, then chairperson
of the USM Science Education Department and
coordinator of the . . . — — Map (db m226168) HM
Length: 16-20 feet Height: 8 Feet Weight: 3.5 tons Diet: Herbivore Period:Late Cretaceous 75-70 million years ago Fascinating Fact: The Chasmosaurus could protect itself much like a rhinoceros--running at full speed . . . — — Map (db m211065) HM
Length: 25 feet Height: 12 Feet Weight: 4 tons Diet: Herbivore Period:Cretaceous Fascinating Fact: The Eotrachodon was a type of
"duck-billed" dinosaur. While it could run on its two
hind legs to flee predators, it . . . — — Map (db m211061) HM
Length: 30 feet Height: 10 Feet Weight: 6-8 tons Diet: Herbivore Period:Late Cretaceous - 90-66 million years ago Fascinating Fact: Triceratops means "three-horned-face" in Greek. The triceratops' head is one . . . — — Map (db m211066) HM
[side 1] Here on a scenic hill at the junction of crystal clear Crooked and Hurricane Creeks, Thomas Hamilton laid out Marble Hill after Bollinger County was organized, March, 1851. First called New California, the town was . . . — — Map (db m179953) HM
Dr. Albert C. Koch
(1839)
Originally known as "Sulphur Springs,"
Kimmswick was first investigated by Dr.
Albert C. Koch in May 1839. The
painting, "Panorama of the
Monumental Grandeur of the
Mississippi Valley," painted in 1850 . . . — — Map (db m232840) HM
The Kimmswick Bone Bed
The late ice-age bone deposits of Kimmswick Bone Bed are contained
within what is today Mastodon State Park. The bone bed itself is less
than five acres in surface area. The deposits contain evidence of
animals from . . . — — Map (db m232835) HM
The Mill
In early America mills powered by water or wind were the most advanced form of power and appeared in every frontier settlement. Mills were used to grind grain, saw wood, tan hides, weave fabric and make paper. The waterwheel was . . . — — Map (db m234263) HM
About four million years ago, this part of the North American Plate slid over a gigantic source of heat in the mantle known as the Yellowstone hot spot. In Yellowstone National Park, this heat is responsible for the geysers, mud pots, and hot . . . — — Map (db m124335) HM
The Pryor Mountains are located on the horizon to the southeast. The prominent cliffs and dip slopes are Madison Limestone, which was deposited in shallow seas over 300 million years ago. Along the margins of the mountains, younger tan-colored . . . — — Map (db m166979) HM
Traveling through southeastern Montana in 1883, naturalist, writer, and future United States President Theodore Roosevelt was struck by what he called the Medicine Buttes. He wrote, "Altogether it was as fantastically beautiful a place as I have . . . — — Map (db m216004) HM
"Nibbles," a Montanoceratops cerorynchus (sic, cerorhynchos?), was a small plant eating dinosaur from the late cretaceous period. The species is about 68 million years old and was discovered in 1942 in the St. Mary River Formation in North Central . . . — — Map (db m143859) HM
The Lewis and Clark Expedition was sailing when it passed by here!
We set out at a early hour this morning and proceed on principally by the chord untill about 9 A.M. when a fine breeze sprung up for the S.E. and enabled us though . . . — — Map (db m161037) HM
From 38 to 30 million years ago, great herds of rhinoceros-like herbivores, called Megacerops, roamed this part of Montana. Megacerops, also known as Brontotheres, were massive animals. Classified as Perissodactyla, Megacerops had three . . . — — Map (db m213356) HM
Between the time dinosaurs went went extinct 65 million years ago, and the beginning of the Ice Age, some 2 million years ago, is a time called the Age of Mammals. During this period of time the western third of Montana experienced a variety of . . . — — Map (db m141642) HM
Imagine you are a time traveler and have the opportunity to visit this area 25,000 years ago. You would recognize the Rocky Mountains to the west. The igneous and heavily glaciated Sweetgrass Hills loom on the horizon far to the north. The last of . . . — — Map (db m161477) HM
Many of the rangelands in this valley still look largely as they did even before the Lewis and Clark Expedition walked here. Yet people and animals have traveled through and use the lands around you since prehistoric times. Montana Highway 41, and . . . — — Map (db m193129) HM
Its difficult to believe now, but 65 million years ago the middle of this continent was a shallow sea. The area, when not underwater, was part of a hot, humid subtropical coastline of marshes, rivers and river deltas bearing dense . . . — — Map (db m153275) HM
During the last ice age about 15,000 years ago, an enormous glacier pushed down from British Columbia and blocked the Clark Fork River in northern Idaho. The glacier functioned as an ice dam creating the largest glacial lake known to have existed, . . . — — Map (db m123059) HM
Imagine a world very different than we know today. About 1.5 billion years ago during the Precambrian Era, the earth's environment was desolate, with no trees, fish, animals or birds. Shallow seas with extensive near-shore flats were fed by streams . . . — — Map (db m123024) HM
The black-capped bluffs located on the east side of the Yellowstone River are called Hepburn's Mesa. The mesa is capped by a basalt lava flow the erupted from a small local volcano vent that has long since eroded away. Geologically, the lava flow is . . . — — Map (db m191798) HM
About 65 million years ago, the Western Interior Seaway receded as the Rocky Mountains rose, pushing the shoreline further east. Great rivers meandered through the coastal plain in a warm and humid climate, depositing sediment which would later . . . — — Map (db m189211) HM
The Fort Union Formation was deposited not long after the dinosaur extinction, about 65 million years ago. Rivers originating in mountains to the west and south carried abundant sediment to the nearby shallow inland sea to the east, crossing the . . . — — Map (db m142979) HM
About 65 million years ago, the inland sea receded as the Rocky Mountains rose, pushing the shoreline further east. Great rivers meandered through the coastal plain in a warm and humid climate, depositing sediment which would later become known as . . . — — Map (db m164492) HM
For over sixty million years during the Cretaceous Period, much of eastern Montana was underwater, covered by an vast inland sea. As the Rocky Mountains formed to the west, it created a broad, flat coastal plain that was home to many different . . . — — Map (db m190925) HM
About 150 million years ago, during late Jurassic times, dinosaurs ruled the earth. Much of Montana was underwater, part of an arm of an inland sea that extended southward from the Arctic Ocean. Distinct wet and dry seasons characterized the . . . — — Map (db m191043) HM
About 150 million years ago, during late Jurassic times, dinosaurs ruled the earth. Much of Montana was underwater, part of an arm of an inland sea that extended southward from the Arctic Ocean. Distinct wet and dry seasons characterized the . . . — — Map (db m191045) HM
In 1978, rock - shop owner Marion Brandvold found a group of small bones that paleontologists Jack Horner and Bob Makela later identified as baby bones belonging to a new species of duck - billed dinosaur. Horner and Makela named the new species . . . — — Map (db m220206) HM
For thousands of years, northern Montana was covered under massive ice sheets. Glaciologists aren't sure why the ice ages began, but the process of glaciation is known because of the mark it leaves on the landscape. About 190,000 years ago, . . . — — Map (db m142928) HM
The town of Harlowton is located in the Fort Union Geological Formation, which was created about 65 million years ago, shortly after the dinosaur extinction. This once shallow inland sea was formed from rivers originating in the southwestern . . . — — Map (db m188865) HM
Montana is famous for its dinosaur fossils. Paleontologists have discovered seventy-five different species of dinosaurs in Montana, more than any other state in America. The oldest dinosaur fossils are found in rocks of the Jurassic Period, which . . . — — Map (db m163385) HM
Toadstool’s Trackway Imagine miniature rhinos, pig-like animals,
giant tortoises, and tiny horses traveling the
plains before you. These are just a few of the
animals that came here to hunt, rest, and
drink from the wide
shallow . . . — — Map (db m174506) HM
Explore the badlands and unique geologic formations
of Toadstool Park. A one-mile trail leads you through
the heart of the ancient rocks, fossil
remains, and trackways left by the
mammals who thrived here
34 million years ago.
Exploring . . . — — Map (db m185759) HM
Mammoths roamed Nebraska's grasslands for more than one million years before mysteriously disappearing between 11,000 and 10,000 years ago. These extinct relatives of today's elephants were the largest mammals ever to walk the Great Plains. Adult . . . — — Map (db m54358) HM
“Once in the sun-fierce badlands of the west in that strange country of volcanic ash and cones, . . . we found a sabertooth, most ancient cat, far down in all those cellars of dead time.”From The Innocent Assassins by . . . — — Map (db m89174) HM
The face of this cliff reveals a chronology of geologic events as well as clues about animals and habitat.
Halfway up the cliff face are a series of vertical spiral shapes. First called "devil's corkscrews" (Daemonelix) by local ranchers, these . . . — — Map (db m202240) HM
Nineteen million years ago this was a waterhole in the midst of a wide, shallow river valley. Vegetation was sparse. Occasional clouds of volcanic dust thickened the air and extreme drought conditions prevailed. This waterhole was the lifeblood for . . . — — Map (db m202255) HM
In 1981 while excavating a nearby hill, Dr. Robert Hunt of the University of Nebraska uncovered a large carnivore den complex. The dens had been mainly inhabited by wolf-sized animals called beardogs, the largest carnivores in existence 19 million . . . — — Map (db m202267) HM
Harold J. Cook, son of James H. Cook, built this homestead cabin in the early 1900s. He called it East Agate, or "the lower ranch." Fearful that the Carnegie Museum was about to claim the land, his homestead established ownership rights for the Cook . . . — — Map (db m202245) HM
Unlike the shallow bank exposed at University Hill, this end of the waterhole had a steep bank about three feet high. Here in the deeper part of the waterhole, thick deposits of undisturbed bones were found, including about twenty chalicotheres . . . — — Map (db m202261) HM
Between 1891 and 1904, research teams from the University of Nebraska and the Carnegie Museum excavated many of the Daemonelix spirals. At first thought to be the fossil remains of gigantic plants, they were later identified as the . . . — — Map (db m202243) HM
This rock face cuts through the shallow north bank of the waterhole. The contorted sediment layers were produced by the feet of mammals walking through the waterhole. The thin white mud layer records several such footprints or tracks. The viscous . . . — — Map (db m202254) HM
The 1904-1923 excavations took place on this trail around University and Carnegie Hills. The trail along the hillsides is at the same level as the waterhole bonebed. Many large bonebed slabs were excavated from this level.
Those excavations . . . — — Map (db m202259) HM
This is the southwestern edge of the prehistoric waterhole. The bones of an ancient two-horned rhinoceros called Menoceras were found in enormous numbers during the excavations conducted here. It is believed that these rhinoceroses were . . . — — Map (db m202263) HM
Behind this ridge is the site of Quarry A, the first scientific excavation conducted at Agate. In 1904, Olaf Peterson of the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh found fossil bones of many rhinoceroses, most of them from the large, heavy-bodied . . . — — Map (db m202258) HM
During this time of scientific exploration, other gatherings took place at James Cook's Agate Springs Ranch. Red Cloud, an Oglala Lakota leader, and many of his friends and family often made the 150-mile trip by wagon to visit from the Pine Ridge . . . — — Map (db m202252) HM
An immense geologic record of the earth's activity is exposed in
this region of the Great Plains. Ninety million years ago, this area
was a vast inland sea. Seventy five million years ago, the uplifts
of the Rocky Mountains and Black Hills caused . . . — — Map (db m174949) HM
The hills held ancient secrets for paleontologists. The two hills in the distance don’t look like anything special. Even up close the untrained eye will see nothing astounding. But a sandstone layer near the bases of the hills has yielded one . . . — — Map (db m62064) HM
The Fossil Hills Trail leads to the historic location
where a number of quarries were excavated into the Agate bonebed. At University Hill, a hillside cut exposes the bank of a shallow waterhole that existed here 19 million years ago. At . . . — — Map (db m227832) HM
Lancaster, founded in 1763, lies on the bed of glacial Lake Coos, formed as the glaciers receded 14,000 years ago. Today, the Connecticut, an American Heritage River, flows along the bottom of the ancient lake.
You stand at a gateway to The . . . — — Map (db m75697) HM
Millions of years ago, the borasaurus roamed this area, It was similar in size to a T-Rex but with a large drill like horn on its head. It was his constant sharpening of this horn that produced such a smooth hole in this granite boulder. This rare . . . — — Map (db m97311) HM
The ginkgo was brought to North America in 1784 as an exotic ornamental, or so the people thought. Recent studies of the fossil record indicate the ginkgo was once abundant on the North American continent but has disappeared everywhere except for . . . — — Map (db m190894) HM
In a marl pit on the John E. Hopkins farm in October 1858, the world’s first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton was unearthed by William Parker Foulke. The find was adjacent to this point. This was also the first dinosaur skeleton to ever be mounted. . . . — — Map (db m29239) HM
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