123 entries match your criteria. The first 100 are listed. The final 23 ⊳
Birmingham Civil Rights Heritage Trail Historical Markers
Over 100 markers throughout downtown, are at significant locations along the 1963 Civil Rights march routes. Designed as a self-guided tour, the trail speaks to the valor of both common people and to the spiritual leaders who spearheaded the fight against segregation and other forms of racism.
In 1963, Birmingham underwent a major political transformation. To
force Commissioner Bull Connor from office, progressive Whites and
Blacks plotted to change the form of government from Commissioners
to a Mayor-Council system. Mayor Albert . . . — — Map (db m187705) HM
Rev. Shuttlesworth and his fellow ministers agreed to call the
replacement organization the Alabama Christian Movement for Human
Rights (ACMHR) so that its reach was both statewide and its aims wider
than the African American community. Adding . . . — — Map (db m188971) HM
The ACMHR used nonviolent direct action as its preferred method of
attacking racial segregation. This was a clear break from the tactics and
strategies of the traditional black middle-class leadership that focused
on petitions and lawsuits. Under . . . — — Map (db m188978) HM
Built 1959-60, 1517 5th Ave. N.
The A. G. Gaston Building's second floor conference room was
the location of regular meetings of Project C's Coordinating
Committee. Here, they planned strategies for the April - May
1963 marches, boycotts, . . . — — Map (db m187976) HM
Rev. Shuttlesworth returned frequently to Birmingham to lead the
ACMHR in a strategic alliance with the SCLC to bring national attention to
Birmingham and the need to end racial discrimination in America.
ACMHR staff worked with the SCLC's . . . — — Map (db m189139) HM
Because of his fearlessness, college student activists who staged
sit-ins and integrated bus rides in the 1960s knew they could depend
on support from Rey. Shuttlesworth and the ACMHR. He supported
Miles College student leader Frank Dukes and his . . . — — Map (db m189134) HM
Built in 1935, remodeled 1945 (corner 4th Ave. N. & 17th St. N.)
The Carver Theatre for the Performing Arts was built in 1935 and
refitted in 1945 with all of the modern comforts and features of the
day, including 1,300 theatre chairs and . . . — — Map (db m188189) HM
Built 1913, 310 18th St. N.
The Alabama Penny Savings Bank, founded by Sixteenth Street
Baptist Church pastor Rev. William R. Pettiford, was Alabama's
first Black-owned bank and the second-largest Black bank in the
country by 1907. He . . . — — Map (db m188950) HM
Southern members of the U.S. Congress in 1956 issued the "Southern Manifesto that called the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision an "abuse of judicial power." By forcing public school integration contrary to social custom,
the high court had . . . — — Map (db m187661) HM
Shuttlesworth began to dedicate himself to the ministry and enrolled
in Cedar Grove Bible College, a Baptist institution in the Mobile suburb
of Pritchard. He took classes at night while he worked during the day.
The young couple added two more . . . — — Map (db m187628) HM
Child protestors overwhelmed police, who found it hard to confine
them to the Kelly Ingram Park area. Organizers used clever methods
to get them to City Hall before police could stop them. Children were
sent out in pairs. When they got closer to . . . — — Map (db m187836) HM
1949
For four decades, Shores was deeply involved in civil
rights challenges handling dozens of cases primarily
for the Birmingham branch of the NAACP on behalf of
African Americans. In the 1940s, the Birmingham
NAACP had grown to more . . . — — Map (db m189188) HM
Built 1940, 1420 7th Ave. N.
The Ballard House honors a time when thriving
neighborhoods; businesses, churches, social, cultural,
and civic organizations; made up a dynamic
African-American community during the first half of
the 20th . . . — — Map (db m187886) HM
Alabama's chapters of the National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People (NAACP) were particularly effective in filing federal
lawsuits that challenged racial segregation laws and advocating for
voting rights. NAACP members also . . . — — Map (db m188970) HM
Built 1947-50, 710 20th St. N.
Birmingham City Hall was the administrative center for the
enforcement of local segregation codes. Thus, this building was
one of the major destination points for the Project C" marchers
in the 1963 . . . — — Map (db m187717) HM
Built 1992, 520 16th St. N.
The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute contains permanent exhibitions and photo galleries, offering visitors a self-directed
journey through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and
1960s to the human rights . . . — — Map (db m187515) HM
Freddie Lee Robinson was born March 18, 1922, in Mt. Meigs,
Montgomery County, Alabama, to Alberta Robinson and Vetter Greene.
The unmarried couple also conceived a girl, Cleola. Because Vetter
could not provide for his growing family, Alberta's . . . — — Map (db m187631) HM
In January 1957, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., called ministers of the
church-led movements in Southern cities, including Montgomery and
Birmingham, to a meeting in Atlanta to form a national organization to
help them all. Civil rights activist . . . — — Map (db m189109) HM
1937
Most of Birmingham's housing started as cheap,
poorly built living quarters that large coal and
mining companies created near their factories for
their workers. Living in camp town housing
carried a stigma that many Blacks and . . . — — Map (db m189162) HM
The economic center of the Black retail district was on nearby Fourth
Avenue North. This historic area also served as the main cultural, social
and religious center of Black Birmingham. Blacks felt more relaxed
among their own people in and . . . — — Map (db m187761) HM
1955
By the 1950s, North Smithfield was the residential
area of choice for a new generation of Black
middle-class families, despite the terror bombings
meant to scare them away. This new generation of
African American leaders included A. . . . — — Map (db m189171) HM
Built 1924 (Extended in 1957), 1930 8th Ave. N.
In 1924, Municipal Auditorium was one of the South's largest
(6,000 seats) and most modern auditoriums. In April of 1956,
Ku Klux Klansman Asa Carter led an attack on Montgomery
native and . . . — — Map (db m187715) HM
Celebrities of all races - but particularly Black singers and actors such as
Harry Belafonte, Sammy Davis, Jr., Eartha Kitt, Lena Horne, and Ossie
Davis with wife Ruby Dee - played important roles in the Movement.
Some, including comedian Dick . . . — — Map (db m187822) HM
1961
Black middle-class families who moved to North
Smithfield included the Davises, the Coars, the
Monks, the Browns, the Coles, the Adamses, the
Wesleys, the Gaillards, the Powells, the Halls, the
Nalls, the Browns, the Nixons, the . . . — — Map (db m189181) HM
The use of schoolchildren in the Movement unnerved Police Commissioner "Bull Connor, as well as the rest of Birmingham. But the success
of D-Day led to a second day, Double D-Day," where more children,
about 2,000, skipped school to protest. . . . — — Map (db m187838) HM
Rev. Bevel gave Birmingham children a chance to play important roles in
the struggle for equality. As their field marshal, he turned hundreds of
recruits into an effective non-violent army that Project C" unleashed
on the retail district. Images . . . — — Map (db m187767) HM
Birmingham's Black schoolchildren played an important role in moving the
city toward ending legal segregation. Under the leadership of SCLC field coordinators, thousands of children left their segregated schools to join the
marches in the downtown . . . — — Map (db m187682) HM
Built 1922, 1630 4th Ave. N.
Built and designed by African Americans, the Colored Masonic
Temple served as their only major business and social meeting
place for decades. The Temple's gilded auditorium hosted many elegant social functions . . . — — Map (db m188188) HM
In the 1940s and 1950s, the NAACP filed a stream of lawsuits against Jim
Crow laws that had given Whites political, economic and social
superiority over Blacks for more than 100 years. Most of Birmingham's
NAACP cases, filed by local Black . . . — — Map (db m187775) HM
Rev. Shuttlesworth often said he expected to die at an early age in his
toe-to-toe battles with violent White segregationists who were bent on
maintaining power. But he outlived Dr. King and Rev. Abernathy, the last of
"the Big Three." He lived . . . — — Map (db m187571) HM
Many African Americans continued to push for the right to an equal
education that the 1954 Brown decision gave them. Despite angry
threats of violence and intense economic pressure, those first few African American families in Birmingham who chose . . . — — Map (db m187693) HM
Community civil rights leaders who helped organize the Movement and embraced the philosophy of nonviolence looked for well-disciplined children with good moral character who would at retaliate if they encountered bullying or violence by White . . . — — Map (db m187690) HM
Leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) learned they could apply economic pressure to White businesses with more effective results than moral persuasion alone. Therefore, the central strategy of the Birmingham Campaign . . . — — Map (db m73037) HM
Built 1917, 1701 4th Ave. N.
From 1900 to 1960, the Fourth Avenue area west of 18th Street in
downtown Birmingham was the business, social and cultural center
of the city's African-American community. Every major historical
and cultural . . . — — Map (db m188039) HM
Built 1999, SW corner of 4th Ave. N. & 18th St. N.
Urban Impact worked with artist Ronald McDowell who wanted
to create a public park along Fourth Avenue to honor Eddie
Kendricks, Birmingham native and a lead singer of the
legendary Motown . . . — — Map (db m188036) HM
Black leaders debated how best to educate their children to live in a racially segregated society. Former slave Booker T. Washington, founder
of Tuskegee Institute, was America's leading Black spokesman at the
turn of the 20th century and promoted . . . — — Map (db m187636) HM
Constant mistreatment by a brutal police force, a racist state government
and a White community that was either hostile or unconcerned pushed
many Blacks in Birmingham to the breaking point. Many were stuck in
low-paying, low-level jobs. Most . . . — — Map (db m187785) HM
Built 1928, 1717 4th Ave. N.
During the entertainment boom of the 1920s, The Famous, an
African-American movie theater, joined the Frolic, Lincoln,
Champion, Dixie and Savoy Theaters as places of entertainment
for African-Americans who . . . — — Map (db m188038) HM
September 1963
The increasing number of new African American
families moving onto Dynamite Hill required the
building of a new school. The city's segregation
laws prevented their children from attending
all-White Graymont Elementary, even . . . — — Map (db m189184) HM
Built 1939, 1901 3rd Ave. N.
The F. W. Woolworth department store was one of the first sites
targeted for the ACMHR and SCLC's economic boycotts and lunch
counter sit-ins of Project C during the April - May 1963 mass
demonstrations in . . . — — Map (db m188183) HM
As both a lawyer and Smithfield real estate developer,
Arthur Davis Shores' story is also the story of Dynamite
Hill. He played a central role in African Americans' legal
fight to build and buy houses where they wished,
including the White . . . — — Map (db m189185) HM
Built 1950 (Remodeled in the 1970s), 618 19th St. N.
The Greyhound bus station was a stop of the 1961 Freedom Riders, a
group of Blacks and Whites who rode buses together across state
lines to disobey segregation laws in the Deep South. A . . . — — Map (db m187718) HM
Unfair laws forced Birmingham Blacks to create their own distinctive
world of economic and social self-reliance. The historic Black business
district extended several blocks around Kelly Ingram Park and contained
a concentration of Black-owned . . . — — Map (db m187760) HM
[Note: a portion of the wording on the first panel of the marker has been torn away.(See photo #1)]Paired marker
September 9, 1957
In 1957, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth and his followers in
the Alabama Christian Movement for . . . — — Map (db m187702) HM
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) used its Legal Defense and Educational Fund and its team of
skilled lawyers to attack the "separate but equal education laws. Beginning in the 1930s, the NAACP filed lawsuits . . . — — Map (db m187658) HM
As Birmingham's civil rights leaders pushed to desegregate city schools, radical opponents in Birmingham pushed back, sometimes violently. Responses against school integration included death threats by telephone to parents who dared send their . . . — — Map (db m187686) HM
After White business leaders failed to remove segregation signs and
hire African Americans, by 1963 Birmingham Blacks felt betrayed by
broken promises. Many Whites wanted the change that Blacks
demanded to be gradual. Some Whites reasoned that . . . — — Map (db m187824) HM
Birmingham's rise to national prominence in the modern American
Civil Rights Movement began several years after Rev. Fred L.
Shuttlesworth arrived in March 1953 to pastor Bethel Baptist Church,
founded in 1904. The church's prior pastors were . . . — — Map (db m188962) HM
The first march to City Hall was organized in 1955 by Rev. Fred L. Shuttlesworth when he petitioned the city to hire Negro policemen. By 1963, thousands of Blacks marched on City Hall to protest Jim Crow laws that were a constant reminder of Blacks' . . . — — Map (db m73036) HM
People across the country took notice of the Birmingham demonstrations.
Donations began pouring in to help post bail for hundreds of marchers,
mostly children. Local leaders estimated the amount for bail at well over
$200,000. As anger grew in . . . — — Map (db m187835) HM
Built 1871 (renovated from 1979 to mid-1990s),
1601 & 1630 6th Ave. N.
Kelly Ingram Park was the main battleground in the 1963
Birmingham Campaign, dubbed Project C" (with C
meaning "Confrontation"). The campaign was the . . . — — Map (db m187845) HM
A key reason for Rev. Shuttlesworth's success was that he led the ACMHR
by example. He was the first to put himself, even his family, in harm's
way for the sake of the Movement. He did not ask ACMHR members to
do anything he was not willing to do . . . — — Map (db m189112) HM
Another goal of the ACMHR was school desegregation. ACMHR members
like barber James Armstrong filed lawsuits to put their children in
better-funded all-White schools after the U.S. Supreme Court's
landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of . . . — — Map (db m189114) HM
1962
Segregation was still a way of life despite the ACMHR's heroic and
dangerous direct action campaigns and its multiple lawsuits.
Rev. Shuttlesworth knew he needed to put more pressure on the
city. He and other ACMHR leaders spent . . . — — Map (db m189137) HM
The non-violent marches for freedom in Birmingham inspired sympathy
demonstrations in Alabama, across the United States and around the
world. Average Americans began to insist that the federal government
step in to guarantee Blacks their rights . . . — — Map (db m187821) HM
Built 1926-27, 701 Richard Arrington Jr. Blvd. N.
The Birmingham Public Library was the city's main branch for
57 years. It was one of several protest target sites during the
1963 Birmingham Campaign. Like the city parks, Birmingham's
most . . . — — Map (db m187712) HM
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. replaced his initial reluctance to using
"children as foot soldiers' with approval. Thousands of newly recruited
child foot soldiers successfully marched toward the retail district, with
hundreds arrested for the . . . — — Map (db m187773) HM
Immediately after the Civil War, Northern church groups funded by
sympathetic Whites rushed to the South to start elementary schools
and colleges to educate freed slaves. Soon afterward, Blacks took the
lead in educating their own children. . . . — — Map (db m187635) HM
Rev. Bevel and his SCLC team targeted high school students such as
cheerleaders, football players and other student leaders as foot soldiers
in the Movement. These popular teens could influence their peers to join
the sit-ins, pickets and . . . — — Map (db m188922) HM
While working his first job after high school at the Southern Club in
Birmingham, he fell in love with a fellow co-worker, Ruby Lanette
Keeler (b. May 30, 1922). He was smitten with her beauty, complete
with dark brown skin and long wavy hair. . . . — — Map (db m187629) HM
Built 1934-35 (remodeled into science center 1997), 216 19th St. N.
The Loveman's Department Store (originally Loveman, Joseph, &
Loeb), was a high-and retail store targeted for economic boycotts, pickets. "Project C" coordinators . . . — — Map (db m188173) HM
National Register of Historic Places
In many ways, the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision fueled the modern Civil Rights Movement. The NAACP's legal team strategically chipped away at the separate but equal" doctrine to end . . . — — Map (db m188205) HM
On nightly news programs and in newspapers, the images of Birmingham
children under police attack shocked and sickened the nation. It was the
reaction that Project C organizers had hoped for. The "Children's Crusade revived the Birmingham . . . — — Map (db m187837) HM
Built 1955, 1530 4th Ave. N.
Metropolitan AME Zion Church was one of the Movement
churches, hosting ACMHR mass meetings in 1962 and serving as
one of the starting points of the massive demonstrations of
April - May 1963. Project C" . . . — — Map (db m188033) HM
Music was as much a tool in the Birmingham Movement as the marches
themselves. The Movement Choir organized by the ACMHR performed
regularly during the Monday night mass church meetings. The choir
sang songs such as "God Will Make a Way Some How" . . . — — Map (db m187820) HM
Built 1916, Remodeled as an IMAX Theater in 1997, 200 19th St. N.
The former Newberry's Department Store was also one of the
first major retail stores where "Project C" demonstrators staged
economic boycotts and lunch counter sit-ins to . . . — — Map (db m188072) HM
The central principle of the American Civil Rights Movement was non-violence, based on the strategies of Mahatma Gandhi, who led India's independence struggle against the British Empire. Being non-violent did not mean being passive. Using "direct . . . — — Map (db m83833) HM
Rev. Shuttlesworth was not completely satisfied with the settlement Dr. King
worked out with Birmingham's White power structure to end Project C
while he lay injured at the hospital. Even so, Birmingham's African Americans
finally won their . . . — — Map (db m187593) HM
Built 1923, 2316 7th Ave N.
Phillips High School was the flagship school in the center of Birmingham. It was named for John Herbert Phillips, the city's highly-esteemed first school superintendent, who served from 1883 until his death in . . . — — Map (db m187704) HM
Rev. Shuttlesworth recruited Dr. King and the SCLC to build publicity for
the Birmingham Movement, King invited popular jazz singer Al Hibbler,
one of the first celebrities to take part in the Project C" marches. King
hoped Hibbler's arrest . . . — — Map (db m187782) HM
Birmingham Blacks had no love for police, who often harassed and brutalized them rather than protect them from bombings and violence.
Some policemen were suspected Ku Klux Klan members or sympathizers.
Public Safety Commissioner Eugene Bull . . . — — Map (db m73032) HM
Built 1952, 1501 7th Ave. N.
Poole Funeral Chapel served as a safe haven for demonstrators during Project C's mass civil rights demonstrations in
April - May 1963. In 1957, its owners, brothers John and Ernest
Poole, came to the rescue . . . — — Map (db m187905) HM
Some of the marchers in the Movement also went to the main Birmingham Public Library, where Blacks were not allowed to go. As always,
separate did not mean equal in Birmingham. Its Black citizens had a
small library located in rented space at the . . . — — Map (db m187830) HM
April 1916
On April 10, 1916, the U.S. Supreme Court heard a
case from Louisville, Kentucky, where it was illegal
to sell homes to Blacks in areas where Whites lived.
The high court's 1917 decision in Buchanan v. Warley
said Louisville's . . . — — Map (db m189158) HM
1960
This Center Street Historic District was carved from the
plantation of Joseph Riley Smith, who subdivided 600
acres that became Smithfield in 1886. In 1898, the
Smithfield community was home to many Whites,
including Italian and . . . — — Map (db m189177) HM
The explosions in August and the deaths of the girls
and two boys in acts of violence on September 15,
all attached to school integration in 1963, deeply
shook Birmingham. The violence stoked deep
resentment and anger in the Black . . . — — Map (db m189191) HM
Built 1937, 301 19th St. N.
The S. H. Kress store was another site of economic boycotts
and lunch counter sit-ins during the student-led protests of
Miles College students and their leader Frank Dukes in 1962 and
Project C in 1963. Retail . . . — — Map (db m188176) HM
Birmingham had the well-earned reputation of being America's deadliest
defender of segregation in the 1950s and 1960s. Civil rights leaders Rev.
Fred Shuttlesworth, head of the local Alabama Christian Movement for
Human Rights (ACMHR) and Dr. . . . — — Map (db m187681) HM
1953
During the early 1950s, moderate White business
leaders pressured city officials to find and prosecute
the Dynamite Hill bombers and explore racial
reforms. In April 1951, some worked with moderate
Blacks to form the Interracial . . . — — Map (db m189176) HM
White businessmen failed to integrate their stores and remove "Colored
signs from water fountains and dressing rooms as promised in 1962. As
a result, Miles College students led by Frank Dukes organized a boycott
against the stores. They . . . — — Map (db m187758) HM
Many social scientists of the early 20th century promoted the false
belief that Blacks were intellectually and socially inferior to Whites and
fit only for service jobs. Blacks, therefore, did not deserve to be educated on the same level as . . . — — Map (db m187633) HM
Built 1924 (remodeled for offices in 1995), 413 16th St. N.
Judge Helen Shores Lee bought this one-story building, a
garage from the U.S. Post Office, in 1995 and turned into a law
center to honor her father, pioneer civil rights lawyer . . . — — Map (db m188192) HM
The mass demonstrations of Project C forced White Birmingham's
elite business leaders and downtown merchants back to the bargaining
table in May 1963. Once again, leaders of Black Birmingham's power
structure presented a list of demands in . . . — — Map (db m187828) HM
Although Rev. Shuttlesworth resigned from his positions within
the ACMHR and the SCLC in 1969, his dedication to the cause of
equality for African Americans continued for decades after the
height of the American Civil Rights Movement. A split . . . — — Map (db m187576) HM
"Project C and the bombing of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church were
powerful motivators to end racial discrimination in America, but they
were not enough a year later. Even after the assassination of President
Kennedy on November 22, 1963, . . . — — Map (db m187591) HM
1955
After arriving in Birmingham, Rev. Shuttlesworth
became active with the local NAACP and became its
membership chair. He organized 76 Birmingham
ministers to petition Birmingham's commissioners to
hire Black police officers. The petition . . . — — Map (db m187625) HM
One of the last major battles in the struggle for African American civil
rights came in Selma, Alabama. Despite the new Civil Rights Act of
1964, African Americans still faced difficulty voting. Although they
had the right to vote under the . . . — — Map (db m187587) HM
Birmingham's new leaders were much kinder to Rev. Shuttlesworth than their
predecessors. In 1978, officials renamed one of the city's main roads in his
honor. The city's first African-American mayor, Richard Arrington, Jr.,
requested his return . . . — — Map (db m187573) HM
In 1961, Rev. Shuttlesworth finally gave in to his wife Ruby's wishes to leave
Birmingham to become pastor of Revelation Baptist Church in Cincinnati.
But he returned to Birmingham often to organize the Monday night mass
meetings and lead the . . . — — Map (db m187597) HM
By mid-1956, the Montgomery Bus Boycott was crippling that city's economic
base. To stop its success, pro-segregationists searched for a legal loophole to block the NAACP, one of the boycott organizers. That loophole was that it had failed to . . . — — Map (db m187605) HM
The newly formed ACMHR continued Rev. Shuttlesworth's battle to hire Black
Birmingham police officers, mainly as a way to stop White officers from
harassing, beating and, in some cases, even killing Black citizens. When the
city rejected the . . . — — Map (db m187602) HM
On February 1, 1960, four Black college students in Greensboro, North
Carolina, sat down at Woolworth's "Whites Only" lunch counter. This
started a national movement where Blacks used sit-ins as a direct,
non-violent action to combat segregation . . . — — Map (db m187827) HM
Built 1911, 1530 6th Ave. N.
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church was designed by Wallace
Rayfield, a renowned Black architect. It was among
Birmingham's most prominent African-American churches.
By the time of the 1963 Birmingham Movement, it . . . — — Map (db m187523) HM
Built 1959, 1410 & 1414 6th Ave. N.
Sixth Avenue Zion Hill Baptist Church hosted strategy and mass meetings during the Birmingham Movement. It also served as the departure points for the April 12, 1963, Good Friday march to City Hall, led . . . — — Map (db m244958) HM
The Birmingham Movement was a defining moment for African
Americans determined to win equal citizenship in their own country.
Pictures and stories from the Birmingham struggle touched the hearts of
the nation and the world. Often injured by . . . — — Map (db m188908) HM
In Alabama, White parents used the 1956 Alabama Pupil Placement Act that
let them choose which public schools their children would attend. When
Black parents in Birmingham tried to use the same law to send their children
to White schools, . . . — — Map (db m187685) HM
Built 1973, 708 15th St. N.
St. John AME Church and Day Care Center are on the site of
the former church that hosted Monday night mass meetings
during the early 1960s. It was also a center where Project
C" leaders came to strategize about . . . — — Map (db m187892) HM
Built 1904; Renovations 1948-51, 1500 6th Ave. N.
St. Paul United Methodist Church was the site of the first
mass meeting held on Dec. 26, 1956, following the ACMHR's
(Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights) first
major direct action . . . — — Map (db m187868) HM
Built 1949, 1622 4th Ave. N.
This small, one-story, brick commercial taxi stand building was
constructed after the passage of a 1930 City of Birmingham
ordinance that required separate taxi services for Blacks
and Whites. Rev. George . . . — — Map (db m188185) HM
1946
This two-story Queen-Anne-style house at the
corner of Center Street and 11th Court North was built
around 1900 for the Hayes family. White neighbors
objected when they learned the Hayes family sold
their house to a Black couple, . . . — — Map (db m189180) HM
123 entries matched your criteria. The first 100 are listed above. The final 23 ⊳
