101 ► Florida, St. Johns County, Crescent Beach — Old World Showdown / Reyes y fe — Fort Matanzas National Monument —

Near A1A Scenic and Historic Coastal Byway (State Highway A1A) 4 miles south of State Highway 206, on the right when traveling south.

Old World Showdown (English) One of the first colonial conflicts between European nations happened near here in 1565. Spain had already claimed Florida when France established Fort Caroline near present-day Jacksonville. This . . . — — Map (db m127497) HM

102 ► Florida, St. Lucie County, Fort Pierce — Navy Seal Ty Woods — National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum —

Near Florida Route A1A 0.3 miles Jackson Way, on the right when traveling north.

. . . — — Map (db m186566) WM

103 ► Georgia, Bibb County, Macon — Trading with the British 1690-1715 — Ocmulgee National Monument —

Near Park path north of Ocmulgee National Park Road, in the median.

Trading with the British 1690-1715 The Creek Trading Paths, the Trading Post Site, and Civil War (1864) Hundreds of axes, beads, clay pipes, knives, swords, bullets, flints, pistols, muskets, and burial pits were found in this area, . . . — — Map (db m244440) HM

104 ► Georgia, Glynn County, Jekyll Island — 63-18 — Le Sieur Christophe Anne Poulain du Bignon — (1739- 1825) —

On Riverview Dr. near Major Horton Dr., on the right when traveling south.

Horton - Du Bignon House Du Bignon Burial Ground Beginning with Poulain du Bignon, five du Bignon generations made Jekyll Island one of Georgia's most romantic Golden Isles. This tabby ruin and burial ground alone remain from Jekyll Island's . . . — — Map (db m18497) HM

105 ► Georgia, Glynn County, St. Simons Island — Fort St. Simons —

Near Beachview Drive.

British settlement on St. Simons Island dates from 1736 when General James Edward Oglethorpe established the fortified town of Frederica seven miles northwest of today's lighthouse. Fort Frederica served as a defense against the Spanish in Florida . . . — — Map (db m106265) HM

106 ► Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta — Eve — 1806 - 1877 —

On Telfair Street near 6th Street, on the left when traveling west.

Paul Fitzsimmons Eve, native Augustan and a founder of the Medical College of Georgia, was a brilliant surgeon recognized internationally and a prolific writer. His war activities included aid to French, Italian and Confederate forces and service as . . . — — Map (db m114274) HM

107 ► Georgia, Taliaferro County, Crawfordville — 131-7 — Old Tavern Site —

On Broad Street NE (U.S. 278) at Askin Street SE, on the right when traveling east on Broad Street NE.

On this site, Lot 17, provided for, in 1826, in the Town Plan by Hermon Mercer, who laid out the town of Crawfordville, a tavern, inn or hotel has stood continuously. The original tavern, built by Gilbert Rossignol, a refugee from the French . . . — — Map (db m21444) HM

108 ► Georgia, Taliaferro County, Sharon — 131-5 — The Church of the Purification — Locust Grove Academy —

On Washington Road (Georgia Route 47) 0.1 miles Raytown Road (County Route 21), on the right when traveling north.

In 1790 several Catholic families of English descent from Maryland settled near Locust Grove. They established the first Roman Catholic Church in Georgia and erected a log church in 1792. A priest, Father John LeMoin, was sent to it from Baltimore. . . . — — Map (db m24896) HM

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109 ► Georgia, Walker County, LaFayette — 146-1 — Fort Cumming —

On W. Indiana Avenue near Part Street, on the right when traveling west.

Here stood a Cherokee Indian stockade with blockhouse on hill, built by U.S. Government in 1836. Capt. Samuel Fariss and a company of Georgia volunteers guarded Cherokee Indians here before their removal to the west. This fort was . . . — — Map (db m12907) HM

110 ► Hawaii, Hawaii County, Kapaau — Kamehameha I —

On Hawi-Niulii Road east of Kapaau Road.

Kamehameha I — — Map (db m290284) WM

111 ► Hawaii, Hawaii County, Keauhou — The Kamehameha Dynasty —

On Kaleiopapa Street near Ehukai Street, on the right when traveling north.

The Kamehameha Dynasty As a young man, Kamehameha was a proven warrior and political strategist who rose to power with the support of the chiefs of Kona and unified the island of Hawai'i under his leadership in the late 1700a. He embraced . . . — — Map (db m110302) HM

112 ► Hawaii, Maui County, Wailuku — Battle of Kepaniwai - Uniting the Islands —

Near Iao Needle Lookout Trail and Ethnobotanical Loop west of Iao Valley Road, on the left.

Kamehameha I from the island of Hawai'i began waging battles to unite all the islands under waging battles to unite all the islands under his rule in the late 1780s. In 1790, he landed along Kahului Bay with a large fleet of canoes. At Wailuku, . . . — — Map (db m292779) HM

113 ► Hawaii, Maui County, Wailuku — Kūka‘emoku — [ʻĪao Valley] —

Near Iao Valley Road (Hawaii Route 32) when traveling west.

Commonly called ʻĪao Needle, the traditional Hawaiian name for this 2,250 foot high peak is Kūka‘emoku. This peak is known as the phallic stone of Kanaloa, Hawaiian god of the ocean. During periods of warfare, the peak was . . . — — Map (db m31540) HM

114 ► Hawaii, Maui County, Wailuku — Kūka'emoku - 'Īao Needle —

Near 'Iao Needle Lookout Trail and Ethnobotanical Loop west of Iao Valley Road.

The traditional name for this 2,250 foot high peak is Küka'emoku. The peak is known as the phallic stone of Kanaloa, Hawaiian god of the ocean. During periods of warfare, the peak was used as a lookout by warriors. It was here that some of . . . — — Map (db m292777) HM

115 ► Hawaii, Maui County, Wailuku — Sun of Maui —

Near Iao Valley Road west of Aulii Drive, on the left when traveling west.

In commemoration of the centennial anniversary of the October 10th, 1911 Xinhai Revolution, which marks the founding of Modern China, the Maui Chinese Community have gather together to celebrate the memory and legacy of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who was . . . — — Map (db m292747) HM

116 ► Idaho, Teton County, Driggs — 38 — John Colter — Erected Sept. 1938 — Teton County Company

On Scenic State Highway 33 at East Wallace Avenue, on the right when traveling north on State Highway 33Scenic . Reported missing.

Who accompanied Lewis & Clark through the Northwest in 1803-6, was the first white man to enter Teton Valley (Pierre’s Hole) in 1807 and discovered Teton Pass, Jackson Hole and the wonders of Yellowstone Park. Later called “Colter’s Hell.” He . . . — — Map (db m276453) HM

117 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Garfield Ridge — Solidarity Monument — Dignity • Freedom —

On Archer Avenue near 55th Street, on the right when traveling east.

Dedicated to Lech Walesa Solidarność — — Map (db m258757) HM

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118 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Lower West Side — Cuauhtemoc — (1495 - 1525) —

Near West 21st Street at South Blue Island Avenue, on the right when traveling east.

El Gobierno de Guerrero entrega a Chicago esta estatua en memoria de The Government of Guerrero presents Chicago this statue in memory of Cuauhtemoc (1495 - 1525) Nacio en Tenochtitlán Ultimo Emperador Azteca, . . . — — Map (db m255790) HM

119 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Lower West Side — Emiliano Zapata — (1879 - 1919) —

Near South Ashland Avenue south of West 21st Street, on the right when traveling north.

El Gobierno de Morelos entrega a Chicago esta estatua en memoria de The Government of Morelos presents Chicago this statue in memory of Emiliano Zapata (1879 - 1919) Nació en Anenecuilco, Morelos. Fue Jefe Supremo del . . . — — Map (db m255792) HM

120 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Lower West Side — Ignacio Zaragoza — (1829 - 1862) —

Near South Laflin Street south of West 21st Street, on the right when traveling south.

El Gobierno de Puebla entrega a Chicago. esta estatua en memoria de The Government of Puebla presents Chicago this statue in memory of Ignacio Zaragoza (1829 - 1862) Nació en Bahía del Espiritu Santo, entonces parte . . . — — Map (db m255780) HM

121 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Lower West Side — Jose Maria Morelos Y Pavon — (1765 - 1815) —

Near South Ashland Avenue south of West 21st Street, on the right when traveling north.

El Gobierno de Michoacán entrega a Chicago esta estatua en memoria de The Government of Michoacan presents Chicago this statue in memory of Jose Maria Morelos Y Pavon (1765 - 1815) Nació en Valladolid, hoy Morelia, . . . — — Map (db m255788) HM

122 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Lower West Side — Miguel Hidalgo Y Costillá — (1753 - 1811) —

Near South Ashland Avenue south of West 21st Street, on the right when traveling north.

El Gobierno de Guanajuato entrega a Chicago esta estatua en memoria de The Government of Guanajuato presents Chicago this statue in memory of Miguel Hidalgo Y Costillá (1753 - 1811) Nació en Pénjamo, Guanajuato. . . . — — Map (db m255784) HM

123 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Lower West Side — Venustiano Carranza — (1859 - 1920) —

Near South Ashland Avenue south of West 21st Street, on the right when traveling north.

El Gobierno de Coahuila entrega a Chicago esta estatua en memoria de The Government of Coahuila presents Chicago this statue in memory of Venustiano Carranza (1859 - 1920) Nació en Cuatrociénegas, Coahuila. . . . — — Map (db m255797) HM

124 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Lower West Side — Vicente Guerrero — (1782 - 1831) —

Near South Laflin Street south of West 21st Street, on the right when traveling south.

El Gobierno de Guerrero entrega a Chicago esta estatua en memoria de The Government of Guerrero presents Chicago this statue in memory of Vicente Guerrero (1782 - 1831) Nació en Tixtla, Guerrero. Fue uno de los . . . — — Map (db m255882) HM

125 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Morgan Park — Irish Nationalist Monument —

Near West 111th Street east of South Sacaramento Avenue, on the right when traveling east.

Erected Aug. 26, 1888 to the memory of departed brothers God Save Ireland — — Map (db m298756) HM

126 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, Ukrainian Village — Ukraine War and Flight MH17 Memorial — June 2014/Липень 2014 —

On North Oakley Boulevard north of West Superior Street, on the right.

[English language sign on the left:] In memory of the Ukrainian heroes of the current war in Ukraine and the victims of Malaysian Flight MH17 Memory eternal! [Ukrainian language sign on the right:] В . . . — — Map (db m249867) HM WM

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127 ► Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, West Loop — James Connolly —

On Ashland Avenue near Warren Boulevard, on the right when traveling north.

Irish patriot & labor leader 1868-1916 — — Map (db m261140) HM WM

128 ► Illinois, Cook County, Cicero — Lithuanian Independence —

On 15th Street east of 50th Avenue, on the right when traveling east.

[The top of the marker, in Lithuanian:] Lietuvos valstybės atkurimo 50.metis sukakciai pamineti [The bottom of the marker, in English:] To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the restoration of Lithuania's independence — — Map (db m244737) HM WM

129 ► Illinois, Cook County, Willow Springs — Płk Antoni Skarbek-Szacki / Colonel Antoni Skarbek-Szacki —

On Hilton Street south of Archer Avenue (Illinois Route 171), on the right when traveling north.

Polish Inscription Płk Antoni Skarbek-Szacki "Bohun", "Dąbrowski" Legendarny Dowodca Brygady Świętokrzyskiej NSZ Urodził sję 1 marca 1902 r. w Wilnie. W 1919 r, . . . — — Map (db m267572) HM WM

130 ► Illinois, DuPage County, Addison — Heaven's Brigade Memorial —

On Army Trail Road (County Route 11) 0.2 miles east of Glen Ellyn Road, on the right when traveling east.

Heroes never die Герої не вмирають — — Map (db m292526) HM

131 ► Illinois, DuPage County, Lisle — Ryan Daniel Burris —

On Center Avenue at School Street, on the right when traveling east on Center Avenue.

"I can imagine no more rewarding a career. And any man who may be asked in this century what he did to make his life worthwhile, I think can respond with a good deal of pride and satisfaction: I served in the United States Navy." -John F. Kennedy . . . — — Map (db m304903) HM

132 ► Illinois, Jo Daviess County, Elizabeth, Woodbine Township — Building the Apple River Fort —

On Old Fort Road 0.2 miles east of Illinois Street, on the left when traveling east.

This area was the site of several cabins built by the early families of the Apple River Settlement. Located on a hillside, it provided a view of the surrounding area. A spring in the draw to the east supplied water. And the Kellogg Trail, running . . . — — Map (db m253362) HM

133 ► Illinois, Kendall County, Oswego — Vietnam Conflict — (1959-1975) —

Near Main Street near Jefferson Street.

The Vietnam Conflict was a military conflict in present day Vietnam occurring from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The chief cause of the conflict was the failure of Vietnamese Nationals to gain control of southern Vietnam both during and after their . . . — — Map (db m272014) HM

134 ► Illinois, St. Clair County, Belleville — Deidesheimer's Dry Goods Store —

On East Main Street west of High Street, on the right when traveling east.

In 1867, Henry Deidesheimer was one of three businessmen who built three identical buildings on adjoining lots on East Main Street at High Street. Each brick and iron building was three stories tall. Deidesheimer's dry goods and grocery store . . . — — Map (db m157736) HM

135 ► Illinois, St. Clair County, Cahokia Heights — Jarrot Mansion —

On East 1st Street just east of Falling Springs Road, on the right when traveling east.

Major Nicholas Jarrot, 1764 - 1820, Frontier merchant prince, French Revolution refugee, built this Cahokia home, 1799 - 1806, for his American born wife, Julie St. Gemme de Beauvais, 1780 -1875, daughter of American Revolutionary patriots. . . . — — Map (db m145035) HM

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136 ► Indiana, Floyd County, New Albany — Floyd County World Peace Honor Roll —

On East Market Street east of East 10th Street, on the left when traveling east.

In honored memory of Floyd County Servicemen who sacrificed their lives for World Peace SGT. Christopher K. Hilgert U.S. Army • Aug. 8, 1993 • Somalia SGT. Steven P. Mennemeyer US. Army • Aug. 8, 2006 • Iraq . . . — — Map (db m46943) WM

137 ► Indiana, Knox County, Vincennes — Douglas A4D Skyhawk — Buno number 144906 —

Near South 6th Street Road west of Willow Street (Business U.S. 41).

(left marker:) The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk is a single seat carrier-capable attack aircraft developed for the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The A-4 Skyhawk was designed and produced by Douglas Aircraft Company. It is a . . . — — Map (db m180839) HM

138 ► Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis, Downtown — Tippecanoe County — Organized in 1826 — Named for the Tippecanoe River —

Near North Blackford Street north of Indianapolis Cultural Trail, on the right when traveling north.

In the early 19th century, Shawnee Chief Tecumseh and his brother, Tenskwatawa (The Prophet), created a united Native American force with which they hoped to drive white settlers south of the Ohio River. The capital of this Indian confederacy was . . . — — Map (db m238764) HM

139 ► Iowa, Kossuth County, Algona — Lajos (Louis) Kossuth — 1802-1894 —

On West State Street just east of North Hall Street, on the right when traveling west.

The namesake of Kossuth County. Kossuth was a Hungarian freedom fighter and leader of the 1848-1849 revolution for Hungarian independence. He was known as one of the greatest statesmen and orators of the mid-19th century. He was a prominent figure, . . . — — Map (db m161703) HM

140 ► Kentucky, Bath County, Owingsville — 940 — Bath County —

Near West Main Street (U.S. 60).

Formed from Montgomery County, 1811. Named for its many mineral springs. The birthplace of CSA Gen. John B. Hood and US Senator Richard H. Menefee. Owingsville named for Col. Thomas D. Owings. Organizer US 28th Inf. Reg., 1812. Associate in . . . — — Map (db m26286) HM

141 ► Kentucky, Franklin County, Frankfort — "Fight as Kentuckians" — A Brief History of the Kentucky Guard — 1912-1940 —

Near Minuteman Parkway at West Frankfort Connector.

During the early years of the 20th century the National Guard would face some major changes in an attempt to transform the state militia to becoming the National Guard of today. Several pieces of landmark legislation were passed to enhance the . . . — — Map (db m161766) HM

142 ► Kentucky, Hardin County, Fort Knox — M24 Chaffee — Light Tank, M24 —

On Bullion Boulevard 0.5 miles north of North Dixie Road (Kentucky Route 31), in the median.

The M24 Chaffee (officially Light Tank, M24) was an American light tank used during the later part of World War II; it was also used in post-World War II conflicts including the Korean War and by the French in the War in Algeria and the First . . . — — Map (db m307356) HM

143 ► Kentucky, Henderson County, Henderson — Husband Edward Kimmel —

On North Water Street north of 2nd Street, on the left when traveling north.

Born in Henderson, Kentucky on February 26, 1882. Kimmel was one of seven children of Marius Manning and Sibbella Lambert Kimmel. The family home was at 512 North Green Street (a state historical plaque marks the spot). He went through his . . . — — Map (db m119783) HM WM

144 ► Kentucky, Lincoln County, Stanford — Fortitude with Courage — Lt. Col. Anthony Gale USMC —

On Lancaster Street.

. . . — — Map (db m215023) HM WM

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145 ► Kentucky, Oldham County, La Grange — Colonel William Oldham —

On West Main Street west of South 1st Avenue, on the right when traveling east.

Oldham was the 75th county created by the Kentucky Legislature. It was formed on January 15, 1824, from portions of Jefferson, Henry and Shelby Counties. The county is named for William Oldham, Revolutionary War patriot and early pioneer. . . . — — Map (db m136163) HM

146 ► Louisiana, Ascension Parish, Darrow — Bocage Plantation —

On River Road (State Highway 942) at St. Elmo Street (Parish Route 1435), on the right when traveling south on River Road.

Built in 1801 by Marius Pons Bringier as wedding gift for daughter Fanny, who married Christophe Colomb, a French refugee. Remodeled by Architect James Dakin 1837. Restored by Dr. & Mrs. E.G. Kohlsdorf 1941. — — Map (db m85285) HM

147 ► Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge, Downtown — Site of Spanish Fort —

On State Capitol Drive near North 3rd Street.

On this site stood the Spanish Fort captured by the forces of the Republic of West Florida September 23, 1810. Erected by the Historical Society of East & West Baton Rouge January 16, 1917 in celebration of the centennial of the City — — Map (db m242219) HM

148 ► Maine, Androscoggin County, Auburn — A10 — Wabanaki History / Les Wabanaquis — Auburn, Maine — The Museum in the Streets —

On Auburn Riverwalk just east of Main Street (Maine Route 136), in the median.

Wabanaki History: From Amitgonpontook to Lewiston-Auburn During the 1680s several hundred Wabanakis fled the English wars of conquest in the south and gathered here at the town of Amitgonpontook. Nearby fish, farm crops, and . . . — — Map (db m185978) HM

149 ► Maine, Aroostook County, Fort Kent — The Aroostook War —

On Blockhouse Road at Island Road, on the right when traveling west on Blockhouse Road.

The Aroostook War was an undeclared, bloodless “war” that occurred in 1839. The peace treaty that ended the American Revolution in 1783 had not satisfactorily determined the boundary between New Brunswick and what is now Maine. The . . . — — Map (db m102463) HM

150 ► Maine, Cumberland County, Portland, East Bayside — Armenian Genocide Memorial —

On Cumberland Avenue just south of Boyd Street, on the right when traveling south.

This memorial is dedicated to the survivors of the Armenian Genocide 1915 - 1923, who settled in Bayside by the early twentieth century over 250 Armenian families lived in Portland where they established businesses and a vibrant social . . . — — Map (db m256607) HM

151 ► Maryland, Anne Arundel County, Annapolis — Battle of the Severn —

On Ritchie Highway (Maryland Route 450) at Chase Road, on the left when traveling south on Ritchie Highway.

On March 25, 1655, colonial Governor William Stone landed Maryland militia at the Puritan settlement of Providence, located at the mouth of the Severn River. He planned to subdue the settlers who had asserted their independence from the . . . — — Map (db m309692) HM

152 ► Maryland, Anne Arundel County, Annapolis — History of Our Maryland Flag —

On Maryland Avenue south of Prince George Street, on the right when traveling north.

Design The black and gold design on the flag is the coat of arms from the Calvert line. It was granted to George Calvert as a reward for his storming a fortification during a battle. The red and white design is the coat of arms of the . . . — — Map (db m114857) HM

153 ► Maryland, Baltimore, Druid Hill Park — Saving Okapi —

Near Silver Spring Drive east of African Journey, on the left when traveling north.

It is difficult to know how many okapi are still living in Congolese rainforests, but by all estimates, their numbers are declining. To save okapi, we need to preserve and protect their shrinking habitat. Okapi population decline 2000: . . . — — Map (db m189106) HM

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154 ► Maryland, Baltimore, Druid Hill Park — William Wallace —

On Swann Drive, on the right when traveling north.

"Guardian of Scotland" Scottish Wars of Independence Presented to the people of Baltimore by William Wallace Spence November 30, 1893 Re-dedicated on August 22, 1993 by the St. Andrew's Society of Baltimore "It is in truth not for glory, nor . . . — — Map (db m7596) HM

155 ► Maryland, Baltimore, Inner Harbor — The National Katyń Memorial — Bóg, Honor, Ojczyzna — God, Honor, Country —

On President Street at Aliceanna Street, in the median on President Street.

Fire has been used artistically to symbolize a rebirth or transformation in this monument a symbolic fire envelops the Katyń martyrs in its flames and raises them spiritually into the pantheon of national heroes of Poland. The . . . — — Map (db m183379) HM

156 ► Maryland, Montgomery County, Sandy Spring — Kwame Nkrumah — 09/21/1909 - 04/27/1972 — [Sandy Spring Slave Museum & African Art Gallery] —

Near Brooke Road 0.1 miles west of Chandlee Mill Road, on the right when traveling west.

Ghanaian Politician and Revolutionary — — Map (db m188144) HM

157 ► Maryland, Montgomery County, Silver Spring, Colesville — Khmer Rouge Genocide Memorial —

Near New Hampshire Avenue (Maryland Route 650) at Orchard Way, on the left when traveling north.

In memory of the Khmer Route Genocide beginning April 17, 1975. Dedicated on this anniversary day, April 17, 2015 — — Map (db m219661) HM WM

158 ► Maryland, Montgomery County, Silver Spring, Downtown Silver Spring — The Global Refugee Mural — by Joel Beringer ©2009 — creative director Tom Block

On Pershing Drive at Bonifant Street, on the left when traveling west on Pershing Drive. Reported damaged.

This mural tells the stories of 3 refugees who live here in Maryland, who were interviewed for this project. Georges, a former mayor of his city in eastern Congo (DRC), fled with his family when the war came to his region. Mai, from Myanmar (aka . . . — — Map (db m114527) HM

159 ► Maryland, St. Mary's County, St. Mary's City — A Time of Troubles — Struggling —

On Middle Street Path just north of Aldermanbury Street Footpath, on the left when traveling north.

Civil war raged in England during the 1640s between King Charles I and his opponents in Parliament. Maryland's proprietary government, led by Lord Baltimore and other Catholics, sided with the King. Many of the first colonists in Maryland, . . . — — Map (db m138837) HM

160 ► Maryland, St. Mary's County, St. Mary's City — In 1648 Margaret Brent Asks for “Vote…And Voyce” —

Near Old State House Road at Point Lookout Road ( Route 5).

Margaret Brent (ca. 1601–1671), a Catholic gentlewoman, lived in Maryland from 1638 to 1650. In June 1647 the dying governor, Leonard Calvert, made her executrix of his estate with power to pay the soldiers he had hired to put down a Protestant . . . — — Map (db m950) HM

161 ► Maryland, Worcester County, Ocean City — Smaller Conflicts After WWII —

On 24th Street just east of Philadelphia Avenue ( Route 528), on the right when traveling east.

World War II was the last fought in which the President asked Congress for a declaration of war. Since then, United States armed forces have been in combat, including these smaller conflicts: Cuba 1961 The U.S. orchestrates the . . . — — Map (db m150158) HM

162 ► Massachusetts, Middlesex County, Cambridge, Harvard Square — Richard T. Greener — Educator, Lawyer, and Diplomat — 1844 - 1922 —

On Massachusetts Avenue (Massachusetts Route 2A) south of Church Street, on the right when traveling south.

Richard T. Greener, the first African American to graduate from Harvard College, had a distinguished career in public service. Greener was born in Philadelphia. His father, a sailor, disappeared in the Gold Rush in 1853. The family moved to . . . — — Map (db m215383) HM

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163 ► Michigan, Cass County, Marcellus — M-60 Main Battle Tank (1960-1991) — (Received from U.S.Government-1990) —

On Centre Street (Michigan Route 40) 0.2 miles south of East Elm Street, on the right when traveling south.

Weight: 52 tons - Powered with a 750 HP engine. Armed with a 105 MM cannon and a M2HB .50 cal. machine gun. The M-60 was one of the most important tanks during the Cold War, and it was the U.S. Army's primary Main Battle Tank for over 20 . . . — — Map (db m262002) HM WM

164 ► Minnesota, Brown County, New Ulm — Hermann Monument — (Hermann Denkmal) —

Near Monument Street north of Center Street, on the right when traveling north.

Hermann (Arminius) of the Cherusci tribe led several German tribes in battle against their Roman conquerors in 9 A.D., and defeated them in the hills of Teutoburg Forest near present Detmold. To later unified Germany, Hermann . . . — — Map (db m65467) HM

165 ► Minnesota, Crow Wing County, Crow Wing, Crow Wing State Park — Old Crow Wing —

On the road to the campground north of State Park Road (County Road 27), on the left when traveling north.

Few spots in Minnesota are richer in historical lore than Old Crow Wing. Here in 1768, the Sioux suffered a significant defeat in their long struggle to regain central Minnesota from the invading Chippewa. A British fur trader wintered at the . . . — — Map (db m207134) HM

166 ► Minnesota, Crow Wing County, Crow Wing, Crow Wing State Park — Sioux Camp Prior to 1768 Ambush —

Near Crow Wing State Park Road.

[title is text] — — Map (db m282391) HM

167 ► Minnesota, Crow Wing County, Crow Wing, Crow Wing State Park — The Battle of Crow Wing — Chippewa Lookout —

Near State Park Road (County Road 27).

The oral history of the Ojibwe tells of a major battle near this location in about 1768. This legendary story, recorded by historian William Warren in his book, "History of the Ojibway People," tells of a Dakota war party attacking an Ojibwe . . . — — Map (db m304738) HM

168 ► Minnesota, Crow Wing County, Crow Wing, Crow Wing State Park — The Meeting Place — Main Street, Crow Wing — Self-Guiding Trail —

Near Crow Wing State Park Road.

This ''confluence'', or flowing together, of the Mississippi and Crow Wing rivers provide [sic] a prime opportunity for people, too, to come together. Both this bank and Crow Wing Island across the river have been camping and meeting places for . . . — — Map (db m286020) HM

169 ► Minnesota, Crow Wing County, Crow Wing, Crow Wing State Park — The Meeting Place —

Near the road to the campground north of State Park Road (County Road 27), on the left when traveling north.

Crow Wing State Park is located at the confluence of the Crow Wing and Mississippi Rivers. Here, where these two ancient transportation routes came together, people, too, came together. The area, with its varied landscape, was well known as . . . — — Map (db m292737) HM

170 ► Minnesota, Mille Lacs County, Onamia, Mille Lacs Kathio State Park — Dakota Village — Kathio Landmark Trail — National Historic Landmark District —

Near the road to Ogechie Campground.

The mowed area from here to the end of the point into Ogechie Lake was the location of an ancient village. People are known to have lived on this site from about 1,500 years ago to the 1700s. The most intense occupation of the site was in . . . — — Map (db m311414) HM

171 ► Minnesota, Wadena County, Staples — "A Cloud of Barbed Arrows" —

Near Old Wadena Circle.

Near this spot, in 1783, a young Ojibwe boy named Esh-ke-bug-e-coshe (Flatmouth) crouched behind a trading post's log barricade on this wah de nah (sloping or little round hill) while Dakota arrows fell "as thick as snowflakes" around him. A . . . — — Map (db m93189) HM

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172 ► Minnesota, Washington County, Stillwater — Indian Battleground —

Near St. Crois Trail North (State Highway 95) 0.1 miles north of Laurel Street East, on the left when traveling north.

In this ravine at daybreak July 3, 1839, a war party of Sioux overtook a body of Chippewa returning from Fort Snelling where a Sioux had been killed by another Chippewa. A bloody battle took place in which the Chippewa losses were about 50 killed . . . — — Map (db m207756) HM

173 ► Mississippi, Forrest County, Camp Shelby — 33 — BMP1 Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle —

On Forrest Ave W at Museum Street, on the left when traveling north on Forrest Ave W.

Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty (BMP) is translated to "Combat Vehicle, Infantry." Ahead of its time, the BMP1 was the world's first truly mechanized infantry combat vehicle. For the first time, dedicated infantry units could fight from inside their . . . — — Map (db m291264) HM

174 ► Mississippi, Forrest County, Camp Shelby — 31 — ZSU 23-4 Shilka Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun —

On Forrest Ave W at Museum Street, on the left when traveling north on Forrest Ave W.

Zenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka is translated "anti-aircraft self-propelled (gun) mount”. During the 1960s, air mobility concepts were beginning to take hold in first world nations. Once again, Soviet armament designers were ahead of the . . . — — Map (db m291265) HM

175 ► Missouri, St. Louis, Forest Park — Threats and Solutions — Going, going, gone?

Near Wells Drive 0.1 miles west of Concourse Drive, on the right when traveling west. Reported missing.

Too Close for Comfort Habitat destruction has forced gorillas to live closer to human settlements. Since gorillas and humans share most genes, we also share most diseases. Outbreaks of Ebola that have killed hundreds of people before being . . . — — Map (db m219002) HM

176 ► Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden — The Symbol of a King — History & Heritage —

Near Shaw Boulevard west of Tower Grove Avenue, on the left when traveling west.

The "fleur-de-lis" is the symbol for Saint Louis and is thought to be the European and African yellow water flag, Iris pseudacorus. According to one legend, this iris helped save a French army in the 6th century from a hostile force that . . . — — Map (db m219275) HM

177 ► Missouri, St. Louis County, Florissant — St. Ferdinand III of Castile — b. 1199 d. 5-30-1252 —

On Rue Saint Francois at Saint Ferdinand Street, on the right when traveling west on Rue Saint Francois.

King of Spain from 1217 to 1252, he was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. He was a capable and just administrator, spreading Christianity throughout his kingdom. He drove the Moors out of most of Spain, founded monasteries, established the . . . — — Map (db m149381) HM

178 ► Missouri, St. Louis County, Kirkwood, National Museum of Transportation — St. Louis - San Francisco #1621 — Eagle Picher — 1918 —

Near Barrett Station Road east of Old Dougherty Ferry Road, on the right when traveling east.

This is a 2-10-0 decapod type freight locomotive built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for Imperial Russia, which contracted with Baldwin in 1915 for some 1,200 locomotives. Following the Russian Revolution, and therefore the inability to deliver these . . . — — Map (db m304470) HM

179 ► Montana, Blaine County, Chinook — We will stand our ground! — Roaring Eagle: tipiyeléhne?iléseniń (George Comedown) —

Near Cleveland Road (County Road 240) near S-B Road.

Striking on the run, the U.S. Army planned to surprise and overwhelm the Nez Perce camp. Along this ridge Nez Perce warriors fought back fiercely and stopped the cavalry charge. The surprise attack was blunted, but the Nez Perce were pinned down, . . . — — Map (db m142866) HM

180 ► Montana, Chouteau County, Fort Benton — Bloodiest Block in the West —

On Front Street near 15th Street, on the right when traveling north.

"It's a tough town. Walk in the center of the street and keep your mouth shut," Gunslingers walked this street; few earned a reputation but more earned eternity here than in other fabled western towns. Indians were fair game. Their corpses . . . — — Map (db m142304) HM

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181 ► Montana, Chouteau County, Fort Benton — Drowning of the Governor —

On Front Street near 17th Street, on the right when traveling north.

Thomas Francis Meagher was born in Ireland in 1823. An Irish Revolutionary, he was caught and sentenced to death. Meagher's sentence was commuted to exile in Tasmania but he escaped to the United States. As a Brigadier General, Meagher commanded the . . . — — Map (db m142253) HM

182 ► Montana, Missoula County, Lolo — Fort Fizzle —

Near U.S. 12, on the left when traveling west.

(Three panels, presented left to right, form this marker.) The Flight of the Nez Perce In Search of Peace In the mid-1870s the United States government attempted to force the Nez Perce (Nee-Mee-Poo or Nimiipu) people . . . — — Map (db m123125) HM

183 ► Montana, Missoula County, Missoula — Rankin Hall —

On Campus Drive.

Built in 1908 as the University Library, this neoclassical building was Architect A. J. Gibson's fifth and final contribution to campus. In 1983 it was renamed in honor of 1902 graduate, suffragette and pacifist Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973). . . . — — Map (db m144098) HM

184 ► Montana, Powder River County, Broadus — Southeastern Montana —

On U.S. 212 south of Big Powder River East, on the left when traveling north.

Fur trappers came upriver in the wake of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1806. These visitors left behind them tall tales of their adventures and a few trading posts scattered along the Yellowstone River. Southeastern Montana was Indian and . . . — — Map (db m189212) HM

185 ► New Jersey, Burlington County, Bordentown — Point Breeze — Estate of Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844) — Delaware River Heritage Trail —

On West Park Street 0.1 miles west of Prince Street, on the left when traveling west.

The land at the confluence of Crosswicks Creek and the Delaware River was once part of a vast estate created by Joseph Bonaparte, elder brother of Napoleon. During Napoleon's brief reign as Emperor of France, Joseph was appointed King of Naples . . . — — Map (db m160165) HM

186 ► New Jersey, Cape May County, Middle Township, Cape May Court House — American Bison — Bison bison —

Near County Park Road 0.3 miles west of North Main Street (U.S. 9), on the left when traveling west.

Characteristics: The bison has a long shaggy brownish black hair on its head, shoulders, neck and forelegs. The rest of the body is covered in shorter lighter hair. The head has a shaggy beard and a broad forehead with upturned horns. In the . . . — — Map (db m191001) HM

187 ► New Jersey, Cumberland County, Vineland — Sgt. Dominick Pilla —

On Cambridge Street at North 6th Street, on the left when traveling east on Cambridge Street.

Co. B. 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment U.S. Army Died in Mogadishu, Somalia Mar. 31, 1972 - Oct. 3, 1993 Rangers lead the way — — Map (db m153784) WM

188 ► New Jersey, Essex County, Newark, Central Ward — Jose G. Artigas — 1764 - 1850 —

On Broad Street.

National hero of the Republic of Uruguay "Sean los Uruguayos tan ilustrados como valientes" ["May Uruguayans be as enlightened as they are brave"] — — Map (db m291156) WM

189 ► New Jersey, Hudson County, Jersey City, The Village — Jose Protacio Rizal — (1861–1896) —

On Christopher Columbus Drive at Brunswick Street, on the right when traveling west on Christopher Columbus Drive.

The national hero of the Philippines and the pride of the Malay race. He was a physician, poet, linguist and polyglot, sculptor and political essayist. Author of the two famous novels, Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer), 1887, and El Filibusterismo . . . — — Map (db m302850) HM

190 ► New Jersey, Mercer County, Trenton, South Trenton — 1655 —

On Lamberton Street north of New Jersey Route 29, on the left when traveling north.

The Dutch capture New Sweden and absorb the Delaware Valley within New Netherland. — — Map (db m211648) HM

191 ► New Jersey, Mercer County, Trenton, South Trenton — 1664 —

On Lamberton Street north of New Jersey Route 29, on the left when traveling north.

The English capture New Netherland, and King Charles II’s brother – James, Duke of York grants New Jersey to Sir George Carteret and John, Lord Berkeley. — — Map (db m211649) HM

192 ► New Jersey, Mercer County, Trenton, South Trenton — 1673 —

On Lamberton Street north of New Jersey Route 29, on the left when traveling north.

The Dutch regain control of the Lower Delaware Valley for one year before it is recaptured by the English. — — Map (db m211650) HM

193 ► New Jersey, Mercer County, Trenton, South Trenton — 1817 —

On Lamberton Street north of New Jersey Route 29, on the left when traveling north.

Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, flees Europe and settles in Bordentown, later occupying houses in today’s South Trenton and Hamilton Township — — Map (db m211741) HM

194 ► New Jersey, Passaic County, Totowa — John P. Holland — "Father of the Modern Submarine" —

Near Union Boulevard.

Born Liscannor, Ireland 1841 Died New Jersey, USA 1914 Designer of the U.S. Navy's first submarine USS Holand (SS 1) Dedicated Oct. 10, 1976 — — Map (db m145902) HM

195 ► New Jersey, Union County, Elizabeth — Gen. Jose Artigas —

On Winfield Scott Plaza south of East Jersey Street, on the left when traveling south.

Gen. Jose Artigas 1764 - 1850 National hero of Urugay — — Map (db m291121) WM

196 ► New Jersey, Union County, Elizabeth — José Martí —

On Winfield Scott Plaza north of Dickinson Street, on the left when traveling south.

Todos los reyes pierden sus ejercitos, jamas la libertad perdera el suyo. Every King loses his army, liberty shall never lose hers. José Martí 1853 - 1895 Poet, writer and leader . . . — — Map (db m291119) HM WM

197 ► New Mexico, Cibola County, Laguna, New Laguna — Pueblo of Laguna —

On Historic Route 66 (Interstate 40 at milepost 113.5), on the right when traveling west.

Keresan speaking refugees from Santo Domingo, Acoma, Cochiti, and other pueblos founded Laguna after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and the Spanish reconquest of 1692. Named by the Spaniards for a marshy lake to the west, the pueblo still occupies its . . . — — Map (db m280083) HM

198 ► New Mexico, Luna County, Columbus — Columbus —

On State Road 11 at milepost 2.5, on the right when traveling north.

Columbus was founded in 1891 as a U.S./Mexico border station but eventually coalesced around the railroad station three miles to the north in 1903. The area’s history is tied to a March 9, 1916, raid on Columbus by Mexican revolutionary leader . . . — — Map (db m280158) HM

199 ► New Mexico, Luna County, Columbus — Pancho Villa State Park —

Near South Pancho Villa Loop.

Pancho Villa State Park commemorates the historic Columbus Raid of 1916. Ruins of Camp Furlong, headquarters for General John Pershing's expeditionary force, still exist at the park. The old Columbus Customs Service building has been restored to . . . — — Map (db m280161) HM

200 ► New Mexico, Luna County, Columbus — Pancho Villa’s Raid —

Near South Pancho Villa Loop.

On March 9, 1916, Francisco “Pancho” Villa, a major figure in the Mexican Revolution, crossed the international border with a large force, attacking and looting Columbus, New Mexico. Eighteen U.S. soldiers and civilians, and approximately 100 . . . — — Map (db m280162) HM

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