Bells Bend
Bells Bend, first known as White's Bend, is an 18-square-mile area encompassed by a U-shaped bend in the Cumberland River. Numerous archaeological sites indicate that the area has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years. Bells . . . — — Map (db m191958) HM
In 1783, Chickasaw chiefs met with white settlers at a spring 100 yards north and agreed on land rights — the Cumberland country for the settlers, the Tennessee River lands beyond the Duck River ridge for the Chickasaw. This tribe became firm . . . — — Map (db m147822) HM
Allan Gipson, a pioneer settler of Franklin County (1814), was a merchant, planter, and original benefactor to the University of the South. He dedicated a large tract to the Sewanee Domain. Gipson served as a private in the Tennessee Mounted . . . — — Map (db m116015) HM
"Long time we travel on way to new land...Womens cry... Children cry and men cry... but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep go towards West. Many days pass and people die very much."
-Recollection of a survivor of the Trail of . . . — — Map (db m29815) HM
The land that was to become Giles County was claimed as hunting lands by both the Chickasaw and Cherokee Nations. The treaties of Hopewell between the U.S.
Government and the Cherokees (1785) and the Chickasaws (1786) established boundaries between . . . — — Map (db m151150) HM
This sculpture is a small piece of theater, a tableau to engage the spectator in the heartbreak of the Cherokee walking west on the two routes of the Trail of Tears that crossed in Pulaski. Fear, suffering, survival, and resolve are expressed within . . . — — Map (db m81562) HM
Bell's Route of the Cherokee Trail of Tears in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, 1838-1839 Overview
The detachment headed by John Bell differed from the parties under Cherokee Chief John Ross's supervision. Bell's detachment was composed of . . . — — Map (db m29811) HM
John Benge's Route of the Cherokee Trail of Tears in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma, 1838-1839
John Benge led one detachment of approximately 1100 Cherokee with 60 wagons and 600 horses that left from Alabama on . . . — — Map (db m29812) HM
Two Cherokee Detachments traveling on the Trail of Tears crossed Richland Creek in Pulaski just two weeks apart in the autumn of 1838. John
Benge led one group of nearly 1100 Cherokee with 60 wagons and 600 horses through Pulaski, possibly on . . . — — Map (db m151136) HM
The Trail of Tears Interpretive Center Popularly known as the Rock Church, this beautiful chapel of Gothic architectural design was constructed by native limestone and was dedicated as the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church on August 10, 1941. A . . . — — Map (db m29810) HM
The 1830 Indian Removal Act mandated the removal of all American Indian Tribes East of the Mississippi River to lands in the West. Pulaski, Tennessee is where the Bell and Benge routes crossed in 1838. Benge's route left Fort Payne, AL on September . . . — — Map (db m81601) HM
Refreshed the Indians… Sustained the early settlers it attracted… Powered a 19th century grist mill until 1941… Tennessee homecoming 1986 — — Map (db m156651) HM
One-half mile south of here, John Carter found an Indian fortified village, made peace with the Indians and established a camp for settlers, shortly after coming here from Surry Co., North Carolina, in 1783. Many settlers and their descendants are . . . — — Map (db m158136) HM
The site of Greeneville was a
juncture of two Indian trails, and
the presence of the Big Spring
furnished a stopping off place for
the weary Indian traveler. The
Scotch-Irish pioneers made the
spring the reason for the founding
of . . . — — Map (db m23001) HM
On October 11, 1838, the last group of 650-700 treaty party Cherokees (so-called), led by conductor John A. Bell, also Cherokee, left Ft. Cass in Charleston, TN, headed for their new homes in the West. With them was U.S. Army LT. Edward Deas, . . . — — Map (db m167640) HM
The Cherokees refused to emigrate and on May 26, 1838 the Army and civilian volunteers began the brutal roundup of the Cherokees. They captured men and women in their homes, farmers working in fields, and children at play. The captives were often . . . — — Map (db m165896) HM
Hiwassee Island and the Tennessee River – Hiwassee River confluence area were inhabited by groups of Native Americans for over 10,000 years until the early 1800’s. Between the 11th and 15th centuries A.D., prehistoric Native American . . . — — Map (db m165864) HM
Indian and United States government relations were defined by treaties between sovereign nations and recognized as law by our Constitution. In exchange for land that became Alabama and Mississippi, President Thomas Jefferson made an agreement in . . . — — Map (db m165866) HM
Witnessed a young Sam Houston, who gained favor with Chief Jolly on Hiwassee Island nearby, witnessed the Indian removal and countless events that shaped Meigs County, the State of Tennessee and points westward.
Commemorated in 2016 to . . . — — Map (db m165865) HM
...we walked by a corduroy road two or three miles across the spit of land enclosed by the bend in the river.
Henry Y. Thompson
November 24, 1863
The road trace you see before you is rich with history. In 1805, the . . . — — Map (db m191689) HM
Established 1817 by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, it played an important part in the educational development and Christianizing of the Cherokee. Brainerd Cemetery contains graves of whites and Indians who died at the . . . — — Map (db m1986) HM
Welcome to Moccasin Bend National Archaeological District, a unit of Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. Prehistoric and historic sites located on Moccasin Bend reveal varying stories of human occupation spanning 12,000 years. . . . — — Map (db m84232) HM
The Chickamauga Dam was built to provide flood control, navigation, and electric power. Chickamauga Dam was the fourth of TVA's projects on the Tennessee River. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the Dam on September 2, 1940. At 129 feet high . . . — — Map (db m182816) HM
Trail of Tears
In 1838, nearly 2,000 Cherokee, their enslaved Africans, and others stopped at Brown's Ferry (a few yards to your left) and gazed across the Tennessee River toward the landing on the opposite bank. They must . . . — — Map (db m84250) HM
The home of this early trader and pioneer stood about 250 yards east. Born in Scotland, 1760, coming to this area in 1785, he shortly after married a daughter of John McDonald, trader, who lived at the site of Rossville, Ga. His eldest son, John, . . . — — Map (db m4497) HM
How did the National Park Service find the Brown's Ferry Federal Road trace, a small portion of a larger road network that radiated throughout the United States and its territories?
With the road hidden by the dense undergrowth of trees and . . . — — Map (db m191690) HM
The tree-covered mound, which you see before you, dates to the Woodland Period of prehistory (900 B.C.-900 A.D). It was originally surrounded by an extensive village and probably used as a burial mound for high-ranking individuals. Named after the . . . — — Map (db m167959) HM
Established by the American Board of Commissioners for foreign missions in 1817. First called Chickamaugah, changed to Brainerd in 1818. Maintained with aid of the United States Government until the removal of the Indians in 1838. Here forty . . . — — Map (db m164932) HM
Named for a pioneer occupant, this island was the site of an Indian village and probably of an 18th Century French trading post. Here, on May 31, 1862, James J. Andrews, leader of the Andrews Raid, was captured following his escape from jail in . . . — — Map (db m81677) HM
In May 1836, the United States Senate ratified the Treaty of New Echota by the margin of a single vote and set in motion the forcible removal of the Cherokee nation to the west. In 1838, the U.S. Government removed more than 16,000 Cherokee and . . . — — Map (db m69239) HM
May this sculpture serve to honor the countless generations of native Americans who for 10,000 years lived in this place.
"Among these people every man is a king unto himself and no man is above any other," (Jesuit Relations, c.1640)
"They are . . . — — Map (db m36276) HM
John Ross was the grandson of John McDonald and the son of Daniel Ross natives of Scotland and partners in a trading post established at Ross’s Landing. He dedicated himself to the education of the Cherokee Nation. JOHN ROSS is called the greatest . . . — — Map (db m238572) HM
Established about 1816 by John Ross some 370 yards east of this point, it consisted of a ferry, warehouse, and landing. With the organization of Hamilton County in 1819 north of the river, it served not only the Cherokee trade but also as a . . . — — Map (db m81672) HM
Once a ferry crossing connecting the worlds of the Native American Cherokee and the Anglo-American settler, Ross's Landing was the heart of the town of Chattanooga.
This place was once a river crossing known as Ross's Landing. John Ross, an . . . — — Map (db m184223) HM
A-NE-TSO-DA
Stickball
Stickball, also known as "Little Brother to War," is an ancient game played by native nations throughout eastern North America. Playing fields often covered several miles and participants were occasionally killed or . . . — — Map (db m140845) HM
In May 1838 soldiers, under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott, began rounding up Cherokee Indians in this area who had refused to move to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). About 15,000 Cherokees were placed in stockades in Tennessee and Alabama until . . . — — Map (db m81675) HM
About ½ mile N of here, a Chickamauga village was destroyed by Evan Shelby's punitive expedition of 1779. Following his expulsion from Georgia, this wealthy Cherokee chief built a homestead here, with three racetracks, about which a new village . . . — — Map (db m4493) HM
The Chattanooga area was firmly controlled by the Chickamauga Indians at the time of The American Revolution. The Cherokee Indian chiefs had signed peace and land treaties with the Colonial settlers. However, a small group of rebellious Cherokees . . . — — Map (db m4496) HM
[Left-Side of Text]: Mountain Cliffs
As you walk along this path, you see piles of rock (sandstone) built up in layers. It is a hard rock that forms the cap of Lookout Mountain and the other ranges of the Cumberland . . . — — Map (db m58866) HM
So named because of an auction, near here, in 1779, of supplies furnished the Cherokees by British agents to stimulate their warfare against the settlers. The supplies were captured by frontiersmen under command of Col. Evan Shelby, and sold on . . . — — Map (db m26016) HM
This Cherokee sub-chief lived in the area to the north of the road following the expulsion of his tribe from Georgia and until their forced removal to Indian Territory in 1838. An influential citizen here, he had served in Col. Gideon Morgan's . . . — — Map (db m28767) HM
The old Savannah-Bolivar Road, aligned with present-day US Hwy 64. was the route taken by approximately 660 Cherokees led by John Bell and military escort US Army Lieutenant Edward Deas. John Bell was a signer of the Treaty of New Echota which set . . . — — Map (db m164129) HM
Savannah stands at the junction of two major corridors- the north-south Tennessee River and the east-west road of Memphis. Savannah's secure, high ground and deep water made it an important port. For decades pioneers and area farmers found the water . . . — — Map (db m103113) HM
The Chickasaw Nation has enjoyed a long and faithful collaboration with the National Park Service here in our homeland and also in Oklahoma. It is important to preserve the culture and history of the Chickasaw Nation in tis area. This exhibit . . . — — Map (db m225031) HM
The Mississippian-the ancient people who lived here-were unlike their ancestors in several ways. Instead of being nomadic hunter-gatherers, they were farmers who devised an agricultural lifestyle based on corn. They settled in towns along the . . . — — Map (db m107014) HM
You are entering the largest surviving prehistoric site in the Tennessee River Valley and one of the least disturbed areas of earthen mounds in the eastern United States. Early European settlers were familiar with the site. After the Civil War . . . — — Map (db m107015) HM
Shiloh Indian Mounds
has been designated a
National
Historic Landmark
This site possesses national significance in commemorating the history of the United States of America.
1989
National Park Service . . . — — Map (db m225120) HM
Archeologists are like detectives. They gather evidence, look for clues, and make educated assumptions. The people who lived here did not leave behind any written records. But they did leave earthen mounds, pieces of pottery, stone tools, bits of . . . — — Map (db m107016) HM
Topped off with a temple, a chief's residence, or a governmental building, this mound served as the social and ceremonial focus of the community. The summit offered an unparalleled view of religious ceremonies, dances, games, and everyday . . . — — Map (db m107007) HM
Seven hundred years ago you would have been looking at a mound covered with bright red clay instead of green grass, and you would have been gazing respectfully at a ceremonial building on the top.
The largest mound rises 25 feet above the . . . — — Map (db m107011) HM
On the site of this mill, Robert Patterson build a fort about 1775, shortly thereafter a mill. It was one of two stations at which the settlers took refuge during the Cherokee raid under The Raven in 1776. — — Map (db m91886) HM
Near here was the site of “New Market,” home of Joseph McMinn, Revolutionary veteran, governor of Tennessee, 1815–1821, and Indian agent for the Cherokee from 1822 to his death near Calhoun, on Hiwassee River, in 1824. He is buried . . . — — Map (db m104342) HM
About two miles southwest, about 1784, young Joab Mitchell, who had successfully made the trip to the North Fork of the Holston bringing salt for the besieged garrison at Big Creek Fort, was ambushed and mortally wounded by Indians. Beating them . . . — — Map (db m97664) HM
The old Natchez Trace was a 450-plus-mile footpath that ran through Natchez, Choctaw, and Chickasaw lands.
The Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail consists of five separate sections for over 60 miles of trail, including some segments of the . . . — — Map (db m107106) HM
Sampson Williams is regarded as the founding father of Jackson County and is considered its first citizen. In a 1789 engagement with the Indians in the Cumberland settlement, Andrew Jackson was under Captain Williams' command. Later, he and Jackson . . . — — Map (db m207600) HM
"Along the vallies of what is now East Tennessee and South-western Virginia, lay the great route and thoroughfare between the northern and southern Indians, in their intercourse with distant tribes, in the hunting excursions, in their . . . — — Map (db m220472) HM
This gap on the overmountain Indian trail was used as a barter site by Indian traders before settlement. Later Daniel Boone, James Robertson and other pioneers used the Trade Gap. This easternmost settlement is one of the oldest in Tennessee. — — Map (db m104306) HM
This Revolutionary veteran and homesteader was the last man killed by Indians in Knox County. On the night of May 25, 1795, investigating a noise in the barn, he was ambushed and slain. The Indians later attempted to force entrance into the home; . . . — — Map (db m151537) HM
On this site, about 1785, Col. John Sawyer, a soldier of the Revolution, built a homestead and fort for protection against Indians. Emory Road, which ran Southwest to the Clinch River in 1788, passed through here. — — Map (db m82198) HM
Initial permanent habitation in the area we now call Farragut began approximately 3,000 years ago when the Woodland Indians moved in the area on a permanent basis and became east Tennessee's first farmers.
The Woodland tribe was replaced around . . . — — Map (db m100831) HM
About 3 miles NW, on Plumb Creek, Nicholas Ball, trapper and Long Hunter, established a camp which was used by westbound emigrants. Several years after founding this camp he was killed by Indians near Wells Station, Dec 23 1793. — — Map (db m32615) HM
This mound was constructed by Native Americans between A.D. 900-1100 and contains the remains of individuals who lived in nearby settlements. The mound was reduced in height
due to agriculture and excavations in the early 19th Century. Another . . . — — Map (db m167267) HM
Signed by Gov. Wm. Blount and forty one Cherokee Chiefs and Warriors. On the site of the home of Gov. Blount, corner of Hill Ave. and State Street, Knoxville Tenn. July 2, 1791 — — Map (db m81209) HM
On July 2, 1791, the United States and the Cherokee Nation signed the Treaty of Holston near this site. The treaty was negotiated by Governor William Blount of the Southwest Territory on behalf of President George Washington.
Among the terms of . . . — — Map (db m134851) HM
In the 49 years that David Crockett called Tennessee his home he migrated from one end of the Volunteer state to the other. From his birthplace near Limestone on the banks of the Nolichucky River to his last home in present day Rutherford (Gibson . . . — — Map (db m107422) HM
The Bell Route
On October 11, 1838, 660 Cherokee led by John Adair Bell left from Fort Cass (present day Charleston, Tennessee) to begin an arduous 700-mile journey. Weak and miserable from being held in removal camps, the people in the Bell . . . — — Map (db m108202) HM
Long time we travel on way to new land… Womens cry…Children cry and men cry…but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days pass and people die very much.
Recollection of a survivor of the Trail of . . . — — Map (db m108204) HM
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 mandated the removal of all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands in the west.
The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail commemorates the removal of the Cherokee and the paths that 17 . . . — — Map (db m63079) HM
700 Members of the Cherokee Tribe passed through downtown Lawrenceburg on November 5th, 1838 during the forced relocation known as the “Trail of Tears.”
Painting by:
Burnice Davidson
Project funded by:
Jones Distribution . . . — — Map (db m53572) HM
Before 1805 the Chickasaw Indians owned all the land in this vicinity. Only the Natchez Trace – part of which remains here – had made inroads into tribal territory.
When the Indians ceded land to the United States in the early . . . — — Map (db m84626) HM
In 1809, renowned explorer Meriwether Lewis traveled up the Old Natchez Trace on his way to Washington, D.C. He stopped here at an inn called Grinder’s Stand, and died during the night.
What is a Compass Rose?
A compass rose is a symbol . . . — — Map (db m84631) HM
This plainly visible, though long deserted road is a section of The Natchez Trace, evolved from Buffalo and Indian Trails, into The First National Highway of the South-West, cut and opened under authority of the United States Government, after . . . — — Map (db m42767) HM
During 1837 and 1838, a forced removal plan of the native people was implemented consisting of the removal of the tribal people of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. Lieutenant Edward Deas, escorted one of the last groups to be . . . — — Map (db m75213) HM
In September 1813 the Army of West Tennessee assembled at Camp Blount on the Elk River just north and east of these oaks. On October 7th, Major General Andrew Jackson arrived in Fayetteville to take command of the army which, included Sam Houston . . . — — Map (db m158777) HM
Camp Blount was the rendezvous point and mustering ground for thousands of Tennessee militia serving under Gen. Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812 and the Creek War. The State of Tennessee has preserved this site as a memorial to Tennesseans who . . . — — Map (db m207926) HM
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 mandated the removal of all American Indian tribes cast of the Mississippi River to lands in the west.
The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail commemorates the removal of the Cherokee and the paths that 17 . . . — — Map (db m152128) HM
300 yards southeast was this muster-ground for militia in the 1790's. It was selected as a "call" on the Indian boundary at the Treaty of Tellico in 1798; it later became a turning point on the Monroe-Loudon County boundary and was at one time a . . . — — Map (db m120195) HM
The history of this area started due to the salt licks which gave Salt Lick Creek its name. It is just as the name implies, whereas the buffalo and other animals came and licked the salt emitting from the ground. Here they obtained their own . . . — — Map (db m183963) HM
The Buffalo Road, which is a branch of the Great Buffalo Road, enters Macon County at the extreme southeast corner and travels northward following Wartrace Road (State Route 56) to the Willette Road (State Route 262). This section was called the . . . — — Map (db m180019) HM
Named by early pioneers traversing thru the region, this designated Indian trail led these settlers into this area during Western migration. This mainly Cherokee trail, (although used some by the Shawnee), originated at Rockwood in Roane County, . . . — — Map (db m180021) HM
Ellis Truett and the Late J. Harry Smith had these concrete busts made about 1954-55. Memphis Concrete Products produced them from molds made by the Memphis Academy of Arts. They weigh 550 lbs. for the male and 500 for the female.
Named Chief . . . — — Map (db m106573) HM
Dimensions: 1200 feet diameter
Enclosed Area: 16.5 Acres
Height of Walls: 5 feet
This earthen geometric enclosure is 1200 feet in diameter. Archaeologists have suggested that this earthen enclosure defined sacred space, where various . . . — — Map (db m234539) HM
Early archaeological excavations at Pinson Mounds uncovered evidence that the site had a minor reoccupation at least 1000 years after the Woodland Tradition builders abandoned the site.
While archaeologists have since found no evidence that . . . — — Map (db m234398) HM
Height: 4.3 feet
Base: 200 feet by 131 feet
Constructed: 200 A.D.
Culture: Middle Woodland
In 1982, archaeological investigations of Mound 10 indicated this was a platform or ceremonial mound. A central hearth was found atop the original . . . — — Map (db m234523) HM
In 1916, Smithsonian Archaeologist William Meyer designated this area as Mound 11. Archaeological investigations in 1978 revealed that this is not an earthen mound but a natural rise that was utilized as a habitation area during the occupation of . . . — — Map (db m223674) HM
Height: 4.5 feet
Age: A.D. 400-500
Base: 75' x 55'
Archaeological investigations on Mound 12 in 1975 revealed this mound was built upon a natural rise that was occupied during the early Woodland Period (ca. 800 - 200 B.C.), prior to the . . . — — Map (db m234395) HM
A Mississippian Wall Trench House
Base: 21 feet by 17 feet
Constructed: A.D. 1000
Culture: Mississippian
Archaeological investigations in this area revealed a rectangular structure known as a Wall Trench House, typically built during . . . — — Map (db m234397) HM
Height: Approximately 4 feet
Dimensions: Base: Approximately 150 x 165
Age: Probably A.D. 1-300
The eastern half of this rectangular platform mound has been severely damaged by plowing and erosion, but the western portion is largely . . . — — Map (db m234412) HM
Mound 28 is a very large, low platform mound that lies near the line of the Summer Solstice sunrise as viewed from atop Sauls Mound.
While not the tallest mound in the Pinson complex, Mound 28 has a tremendous volume of earth fill and a . . . — — Map (db m234546) HM
Height: 13.5 feet
Dimensions: Base Approx. 205 feet by 215 feet
Age: Probably A.D. 1-300
Culture: Middle Woodland
The third largest mound in the Pinson Mounds complex, Mound 28 seems to mark the northeast “corner" of the site. This . . . — — Map (db m234547) HM
Height: 12 feet
Dimensions: Base Approx. 160 feet by 170 feet
Age: Probably A.D. 1-300
Culture: Middle Woodland
Like Mound 28 to the north, this large ceremonial mound is located approximately 3300 feet from the centrally located Sauls . . . — — Map (db m234543) HM
Height: 3.5 feet
Dimensions: Diameter Approx. 80 feet
Age: Probably A.D. 1-300
Culture: Middle Woodland
Located just outside the geometric enclosure, this small earthwork may be a burial mound. Test excavations in 1988 revealed a . . . — — Map (db m234544) HM
Mounds Associated with the Great Circle Enclosure:
Mound 29 is a rectangular platform 161 ft. x 171 ft. at its base and 11 and half feet tall. It seems to be aligned with Saul's Mound, at the center of the complex, on the line of the . . . — — Map (db m234540) HM
Built between 1 and 500 A.D. by prehistoric Indians, this complex of over a dozen mounds contains the oldest flat-topped, ceremonial mounds in America. Religious ceremonies were conducted on the tops of these mounds, the tallest of which is over 70 . . . — — Map (db m52565) HM
Related Middle Woodland mound centers are located in northern Mississippi, eastern Arkansas, western Kentucky, and along the Tennessee River.
Although impresive, none of these centers rival Pinson Mounds in size (about 400 acres) or complexity. . . . — — Map (db m223677) HM
Pinson Mounds seems to have served as a type of pilgrimage site with people traveling great distances to participate in ceremonies.
Archaeologists have recovered portions of ceramic vessels at Pinson that were made and decorated in styles that . . . — — Map (db m223676) HM
Height: 72 feet
Base: About 370 feet by 300 feet
Constructed: 1-300 A.D.
Culture: Middle Woodland
Sauls Mound is the central mound of the Pinson Complex. This ceremonial mound is 72 feet tall and has four corners that point to the . . . — — Map (db m234393) HM
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